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1.
BackgroundCircumcaval ureter is an anomaly in the development of the caudal vena cava, rarely reported in ferrets.Materials and methodsInclusion criteria for ferrets were circumcaval ureter confirmed on surgery or post-mortem examination. Data collection of ferrets with circumcaval ureters presented between January 2014 and January 2021 included signalment, medical history, clinical signs, laboratory diagnostics, diagnostic imaging results, treatments, and clinical outcomes.ResultsTwo ferrets met the inclusion criteria. One presented following diarrhea, and one was found on routine examination that revealed a right nephromegaly. Abdominal ultrasound revealed severe unilateral hydronephrosis associated with hydroureter in both ferrets. No obvious cause of obstruction was identified. Biochemical results were unremarkable in both patients. Hydronephrosis was investigated through CT scans, revealing Type 1 circumcaval ureter in both ferrets. Section and relocation of the right ureter by uretero-vesical anastomosis was performed in one ferret. This ferret died 48 hours later following a nephrectomy performed due to persistent hydronephrosis. The second cas underwent right nephrectomy andd ureter resection due to severe hydronephrosis and stenosis of the circuncaval segment. This ferret has remained healthy on followup with no abnormalities found in biochemistries or ultrasound examination.Conclusion and case relevanceFindings suggest that circumcaval ureter should be suspected in ferrets with unilateral hydronephrosis and associated hydroureter without any identified cause of obstruction on abdominal ultrasonography. It should be confirmed with CT scan and/or urography and treated surgically.  相似文献   

2.
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether heavy (> or = 680 kg [> or = 1,500 lb]) draft horses undergoing surgical treatment for acute signs of abdominal pain were at a greater risk for anesthetic and postoperative complications and lower postoperative survival rates than light (< 680 kg) draft horses. DESIGN: Retrospective case series. ANIMALS: 72 draft horses. PROCEDURES: Medical records of draft horses that underwent exploratory celiotomy for signs of acute abdominal pain from October 1983 to December 2002 were reviewed. Medical records of draft horses in which a celiotomy was performed for correction of reproductive abnormalities were not included in the study. RESULTS: When compared with light draft horses, heavy draft horses had longer durations of anesthesia, more postoperative complications, and lower survival rates. Seventy-six percent of horses that recovered from anesthesia had postoperative complications. Postoperative complications associated with low survival rates included myopathy and neuropathy, ileus, diarrhea, and endotoxemia. All horses with postoperative myopathy and neuropathy died or were euthanized. The short-term survival rate for horses that recovered from anesthesia was 60%. Horses undergoing small intestinal surgery had a worse prognosis for short-term survival than those undergoing large intestinal surgery. The survival rate for horses for which long-term (> 1 year) follow-up information was available was 50%. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Draft horses weighing > 680 kg that underwent surgery because of acute signs of abdominal pain had longer durations of anesthesia, more postoperative complications, and higher mortality rates than draft horses weighing < 680 kg.  相似文献   

3.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate signalment, clinical signs, and prognosis associated with high-grade second- or third-degree atrioventricular block (AVB) in dogs. DESIGN: Retrospective case series. ANIMALS: 124 dogs. PROCEDURES: Data were gathered from ECGs, veterinarian questionnaires, echocardiograms, and radiographs submitted for review; compared with data from a large control group; and examined for association between variables and duration of survival. A new classification system for AVB was evaluated. RESULTS: Afghan, Catahoula Leopard Dog, Chow Chow, Cocker Spaniel, German Wirehaired Pointer, and Labrador Retriever breeds were predisposed to high-grade second- or third-degree AVB. Heavier, older, and sexually intact female dogs were overrepresented in the study group. Weakness, lethargy, exercise intolerance, and syncope were the most common clinical signs. The presence of clinical signs was not associated with duration of survival. Dogs with high-grade second-degree AVB had a duration of survival similar to that of dogs with third-degree AVB. Dogs with high-grade second- or third-degree AVB were at high risk for sudden death in the first 6 months after diagnosis. High ventricular escape rhythm rate and narrow escape-complex QRS width were negatively associated with duration of survival. Pacemaker implantation had a significant positive association with survival. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Pacemaker implantation should be strongly considered in all dogs with high-grade second- or third-degree AVB regardless of whether clinical signs are evident. If medical treatment is warranted, vagolytic medications may be the best choice. A new classification system for AVB may merit further investigation.  相似文献   

4.
ObjectiveTo evaluate the analgesic efficacy and safety of tumescent local anesthesia (TLA) in cats undergoing unilateral mastectomy.Study designProspective clinical trial.AnimalsA total of 12 ovariohysterectomized female cats.MethodsAll animals were premedicated with pethidine (4 mg kg–1) intramuscularly (IM), followed by induction of anesthesia with propofol (5 mg kg–1) intravenously and maintenance with isoflurane in oxygen. A refrigerated TLA solution (15 mL kg–1, 8 °C) was injected using a Klein cannula. The solution was composed of 0.5 mL of epinephrine (1 mg mL–1) and 40 mL of 2% lidocaine added to 210 mL lactated Ringer’s solution (final lidocaine concentration 0.32%). Heart and respiratory rates, systolic arterial blood pressure, temperature and oxygen saturation were measured during anesthesia. Blood samples were collected from the jugular vein for measurement of plasma lidocaine concentration using high performance liquid chromatography. Postoperative pain scores were evaluated hourly for 6 hours. Analgesic rescue was performed with tramadol (2 mg kg–1) IM and meloxicam (0.15 mg kg–1) subcutaneously.ResultsPlasma lidocaine concentration peaked at 90 minutes after injection of TLA, but no concentration considered toxic for the species was measured. The median postoperative analgesia time was 6 hours after injection of TLA.ConclusionsThis study found that TLA prevented sympathetic response to noxious stimuli during anesthesia and provided satisfactory postoperative analgesia in cats submitted to total unilateral mastectomy, with no apparent signs of toxicity.Clinical relevanceTLA can prevent sympathetic stimulation resulting from noxious stimuli during anesthesia, promoting good intraoperative conditions, proving to be a viable addition to analgesia in cats submitted to a total unilateral mastectomy.  相似文献   

5.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of oral administration of melatonin on clinical signs, tumor size, and serum steroid hormone concentrations in ferrets with adrenocortical disease. DESIGN: Noncontrolled clinical trial. ANIMALS: 10 adult ferrets with clinical signs of adrenocortical disease (confirmed via serum steroid hormone concentration assessments). PROCEDURES: Melatonin (0.5 mg) was administered orally to ferrets once daily for 1 year. At 4-month intervals, a complete physical examination; abdominal ultrasonographic examination (including adrenal gland measurement); CBC; serum biochemical analyses; and assessment of serum estradiol, androstenedione, and 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone concentrations were performed. Serum prolactin and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate concentrations were evaluated at the first, second, and last examinations, and serum cortisol concentration was evaluated at the first and last examinations. RESULTS: Daily oral administration of melatonin greatly affected clinical signs of adrenocortical disease in ferrets; changes included hair regrowth, decreased pruritus, increased activity level and appetite, and decreased vulva or prostate size. Mean width of the abnormally large adrenal glands was significantly increased after the 12-month treatment period. Recurrence of clinical signs was detected in 6 ferrets at the 8-month evaluation. Compared with pretreatment values, serum 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone and prolactin concentrations were significantly increased and decreased after 12 months, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest that melatonin is a useful, easily administered, palliative treatment to decrease clinical signs associated with adrenocortical disease in ferrets, and positive effects of daily treatment were evident for at least an 8-month period. Oral administration of melatonin did not decrease adrenal gland tumor growth in treated ferrets.  相似文献   

6.
OBJECTIVE: To determine signalment, clinical signs, concurrent diseases, response to surgical treatment, and long-term outcome of ferrets with bilateral adrenal tumors or adrenal hyperplasia. DESIGN: Retrospective study. ANIMALS: 56 ferrets with bilateral adrenal tumors or adrenal hyperplasia confirmed histologically following subtotal bilateral adrenalectomy. PROCEDURE: Medical records of all ferrets with bilateral adrenal tumors or hyperplasia examined between 1994 and 1997 were reviewed. Ferrets underwent a subtotal bilateral adrenalectomy or a unilateral adrenalectomy initially, followed by a unilateral subtotal adrenalectomy when tumors or hyperplasia later developed on the contralateral adrenal gland. A long-term follow-up of a minimum of 18 months after final adrenal gland surgery was obtained by examination of medical records and follow-up telephone conversations. RESULTS: Clinical signs of hyperadrenocorticism included bilaterally symmetric alopecia, return to male sexual behavior in castrated male ferrets, or swollen vulva in spayed female ferrets. Surgical treatment of bilateral adrenal disease by subtotal bilateral adrenalectomy (or unilateral adrenalectomy followed by contralateral unilateral subtotal adrenalectomy) was effective with a mortality rate of < 2%. Only 3 (5%) ferrets required glucocorticoid or mineralocorticoid replacement following subtotal bilateral adrenalectomy. Recurrence after bilateral adrenalectomy was 15% with a mean long-term follow-up period of 30 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Bilaterally symmetric alopecia, return to male sexual behavior in castrated male ferrets, or swollen vulva in spayed female ferrets are indicative of adrenal tumors or adrenal hyperplasia in ferrets. Surgical treatment of bilateral adrenal disease by subtotal bilateral adrenalectomy is effective, with a low rate of complications and postoperative recurrence rate.  相似文献   

7.
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8.
A 4-year-old female spayed domestic ferret (Mustela putorius furo) presented with a history of vomiting over 24 hours. On physical examination, a significantly enlarged, firm spleen was palpated. Abdominal radiographs and abdominal ultrasound were suggestive of a splenic torsion or splenic infarction. An exploratory laparotomy confirmed the initial diagnosis and splenectomy was performed using a vessel sealing device. Histologic evaluation and culture of the spleen were consistent with primary torsion without evidence of infection or neoplasia. The patient recovered from surgery without complications. Based on a literature search, this is the first report of the clinical diagnosis and successful surgical treatment of a primary splenic torsion in a ferret. Although it appears to be a rare and potentially life-threatening disease in ferrets, splenic torsion should be considered as a differential diagnosis in ferrets that present with non-specific signs and a palpably enlarged spleen.  相似文献   

9.
BackgroundStenting is an effective treatment option for tracheal collapse in dogs. Cross-braided tracheal stents are currently the norm in veterinary medicine, but cross-and-hook braided stents have recently been adopted in human medicine. We examined whether stents manufactured using this novel braiding technique provided additional advantages for the treatment of tracheal collapse in dogs.ObjectivesTo evaluate the outcomes of cross-and-hook braided stent implantation in the treatment of tracheal collapse in dogs.MethodsThe medical records of 22 client-owned dogs that underwent luminal placement of cross-and-hook braided Fauna Stents for the treatment of tracheal collapse between January 2018 and July 2021 were examined and data on canine signalment, clinical signs, diagnostic test results, surgical outcomes, and postoperative complications were retrieved and analyzed statistically.ResultsTwenty-six stents were surgically implanted, with 20 dogs (90.9%) receiving one stent and the remaining two (9.1%) receiving two or more stents. All dogs survived the procedure. The median survival time at a median follow-up of 990 days was 879 days. At the final follow-up examination, loss or mild improvement of cough was observed in all dogs.ConclusionsCompared with conventional lumen stents, the cross-and-hook braided Fauna Stent offered a higher survival rate and improved clinical symptoms in all patients. The results of this study suggest that the Fauna Stent may be a promising treatment option for dogs with tracheal collapse.  相似文献   

10.
ObjectiveTo investigate complications associated with, and without, bupivacaine retrobulbar local anesthesia in dogs undergoing unilateral enucleation surgery.Study designRetrospective, observational study.AnimalsA total of 167 dogs underwent unilateral enucleation surgery via a transpalpebral approach.MethodsRecords from 167 dogs that underwent unilateral enucleation surgery that did (RB) or did not (NB) include retrobulbar bupivacaine anesthesia were reviewed, including anesthetic record, daily physical examination records, surgery report, patient discharge report and patient notes within 14 days of the surgery. Specific complications and severity were compared between RB and NB using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test. A ‘complication burden’ (0–5) comprising five prespecified complications was assigned and tested using rank-sum procedures. Statistical significance was set to 0.05.ResultsGroup RB included 97 dogs and group NB 70 dogs. Dogs in NB had a 17.0 percentage points (points) greater risk for a postoperative recovery complication (38.6% versus 21.6%; 95% confidence interval: 3.0–30.6 points; p = 0.017). There was inconclusive evidence that dogs in group RB had a lower risk of requiring perioperative anticholinergic administration (12.4% versus 22.9%; 10.5 points; p = 0.073). Other complications were similar between groups RB and NB with risks that differed by <10 points. The risk of hemorrhage was similar between groups RB (22.7%) and NB (20.0%) with no significant difference in the level of severity (p = 0.664).Conclusions and clinical relevanceIn this retrospective study, the use of retrobulbar bupivacaine for enucleation surgery in dogs was not associated with an increased risk of major or minor complications.  相似文献   

11.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical and endocrine responses of ferrets with adrenocortical disease (ACD) to treatment with a slow-release implant of deslorelin acetate. ANIMALS: 15 ferrets with ACD. PROCEDURE: Ferrets were treated SC with a single slow-release, 3-mg implant of deslorelin acetate. Plasma estradiol, androstenedione, and 17-hydroxyprogesterone concentrations were measured before and after treatment and at relapse of clinical signs; at that time, the adrenal glands were grossly or ultrasonographically measured and affected glands that were surgically removed were examined histologically. RESULTS: Compared with findings before deslorelin treatment, vulvar swelling, pruritus, sexual behaviors, and aggression were significantly decreased or eliminated within 14 days of implantation; hair regrowth was evident 4 to 6 weeks after treatment. Within 1 month of treatment, plasma hormone concentrations significantly decreased and remained decreased until clinical relapse. Mean time to recurrence of clinical signs was 13.7 +/- 3.5 months (range, 8.5 to 20.5 months). In 5 ferrets, large palpable tumors developed within 2 months of clinical relapse; 3 of these ferrets were euthanatized because of adrenal gland tumor metastasis to the liver or tumor necrosis. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: In ferrets with ACD, a slow-release deslorelin implant appears promising as a treatment to temporarily eliminate clinical signs and decrease plasma steroid hormone concentrations. Deslorelin may not decrease adrenal tumor growth in some treated ferrets. Deslorelin implants may be useful in the long-term management of hormone-induced sequelae in ferrets with ACD and in treatment of animals that are considered at surgical or anesthetic risk.  相似文献   

12.
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13.
OBJECTIVE: To determine plasma concentrations of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) and alpha-melanocyte stimulating-hormone (alpha-MSH) in healthy ferrets and ferrets with hyperadrenocorticism. ANIMALS: 16 healthy, neutered, privately owned ferrets, 28 healthy laboratory ferrets (21 sexually intact and 7 neutered), and 28 ferrets with hyperadrenocorticism. PROCEDURES: Healthy ferrets were used for determination of reference plasma concentrations of ACTH and a-MSH. Diagnosis of hyperadrenocorticism was made on the basis of history, clinical signs, urinary corticoid-to-creatinine ratios, ultrasonography of the adrenal glands, and macroscopic or microscopic evaluation of the adrenal glands. Blood samples were collected during isoflurane anesthesia. Plasma concentrations of ACTH and alpha-MSH were measured by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS: Plasma concentrations of ACTH in 23 healthy neutered ferrets during the breeding season ranged from 4 to 145 ng/L (median, 50 ng/L). Plasma concentrations of alpha-MSH in 44 healthy neutered or sexually intact ferrets during the breeding season ranged from < 5 to 617 ng/L (median, 37 ng/L). Reference values (the central 95% of the values) for ACTH and alpha-MSH were 13 to 100 ng/L and 8 to 180 ng/L, respectively. Plasma concentrations of ACTH and alpha-MSH in ferrets with hyperadrenocorticism ranged from 1 to 265 ng/L (median, 45 ng/L) and 10 to 148 ng/L (median, 46 ng/L), respectively. These values were not significantly different from those of healthy ferrets. Plasma ACTH concentrations of sexually intact female ferrets in estrus were significantly higher than those of neutered females. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Ferrets with hyperadrenocorticism did not have detectable abnormalities in plasma concentrations of ACTH or alpha-MSH. The findings suggest that hyperadrenocorticism in ferrets is an ACTH and alpha-MSH-independent condition.  相似文献   

14.
Lymphoma is the most common malignant neoplasia in domestic ferrets, Mustela putorius furo. However, imaging findings in ferrets with lymphoma have primarily been described in single case reports. The purpose of this retrospective study was to describe imaging findings in a group of ferrets with confirmed lymphoma. Medical records were searched between 2002 and 2012. A total of 14 ferrets were included. Radiographs (n = 12), ultrasound (n = 14), computed tomography (CT; n = 1), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI; n = 1) images were available for review. Median age at the time of diagnosis was 5.2 years (range 3.25–7.6 years). Clinical signs were predominantly nonspecific (8/14). The time between the first imaging study and lymphoma diagnosis was 1 day or less in most ferrets (12). Imaging lesions were predominantly detected in the abdomen, and most frequently included intra‐abdominal lymphadenopathy (12/14), splenomegaly (8/14), and peritoneal effusion (11/14). Lymphadenopathy and mass lesions were typically hypoechoic on ultrasound. Mild peritoneal effusion was the only detected abnormality in two ferrets. Mild pleural effusion was the most common thoracic abnormality (3/12). Expansile lytic lesions were present in the vertebrae of two ferrets with T3‐L3 myelopathy and the femur in a ferret with lameness. Hyperattenuating, enhancing masses with secondary spinal cord compression were associated with vertebral lysis in CT images of one ferret. The MRI study in one ferret with myelopathy was inconclusive. Findings indicated that imaging characteristics of lymphoma in ferrets are similar to those previously reported in dogs, cats, and humans.  相似文献   

15.
ObjectiveTo determine the effect of injection speed on epidural pressure (EP), injection pressure (IP), epidural distribution (ED) of solution, and extent of sensory blockade (SB) during lumbosacral epidural anesthesia in dogs.Study designProspective experimental trial.AnimalsTen healthy adult Beagle dogs weighing 8.7 ± 1.6 kg.MethodsGeneral anesthesia was induced with propofol administered intravenously and maintained with isoflurane. Keeping the dogs in sternal recumbency, two spinal needles connected to electrical pressure transducers were inserted into the L6-L7 and the L7-S1 intervertebral epidural spaces for EP and IP measurements, respectively. Bupivacaine 0.5% diluted in iohexol was administered epidurally to each dog via spinal needle at L7-S1 intervertebral space, at two rates of injection (1 and 2 mL minute?1 groups), with a 1-week washout period. Epidural distribution was verified with computed tomography, and SB was evaluated after arousal by pinching the skin with a mosquito hemostatic forceps over the vertebral dermatomes. The results were analyzed according to each injection speed, using paired t- and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests.ResultsMean ± SD of baseline EP and IP values were 2.1 ± 6.1 and 2.6 ± 7.1 mmHg, respectively. Significant differences were observed between 1 and 2 mL minute?1 groups for peak EP (23.1 ± 8.5 and 35.0 ± 14.5 mmHg, p = 0.047) and peak IP (68.5 ± 10.7 and 144.7 ± 32.6 mmHg, p <0.001). However, the median (range) of the ED, 11.5 (4–22) and 12 (5–21) vertebrae, and SB, 3.5 (0–20) and 1 (0–20) dermatomes, values of the two groups were not related to injection speed.Conclusions and clinical relevanceThe EP profile during injection was measured by separating the injection and pressure monitoring lines. The increase in epidural injection speed increased the EP, but not the ED or the SB in dogs.  相似文献   

16.
Poisoning in ferrets by tissues of alkyl mercury-fed chickens   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
Chickens were fed alkyl mercury-dressed wheat (mercury content about 8 mg/kg) for 35–44 days and were then immediately sacrificed. No signs of untoward effects were observed. Muscle of the chickens, and a minor proportion of liver, were fed to two groups of two ferrets (Mustela furo L. × M. putorius L.), the mercury content of the diet being 7 and 5 mg/kg, respectively. The ferrets of the first group died after 35 and 36 days and those of the second after 58 days.The experimental ferrets showed a marked weight loss, attributable to muscular atrophy in addition to a reduced food intake. Clinical signs appeared in two to three weeks and were primarily neurological such as ataxia, trembling and paralysis. The signs could be correlated with pronounced degenerative changes of the central and peripheral nervous systems involving mainly the cerebellum and peripheral nerves and, to a lesser extent, the cerebrum and the spinal cord. Hypoplasia of the lymphatic tissue of the spleen and degeneration of the graafian follicles were seen as well.High mercury levels were found in the kidneys, liver and brain and also in skeletal muscle and the gonads of the ferrets (Table 2). Methyl mercury constituted the major part of the tissue mercury in the ferrets (as well as in the chickens).The results provide direct evidence of the transfer and accumulation of alkyl mercury in a toxic form through a food chain. The ecological implications are discussed.  相似文献   

17.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the effects of leuprolide acetate, a long-acting gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog, in ferrets with adrenocortical diseases. DESIGN: Case series. ANIMALS: 20 ferrets with adrenocortical disease diagnosed on the basis of clinical signs and plasma sex hormone concentrations. PROCEDURE: Ferrets were treated with leuprolide (100 microg, IM, once), and plasma hormone concentrations were measured before and 3 to 6 weeks after treatment. RESULTS: Leuprolide treatment resulted in significant reductions in plasma estradiol, 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, androstenedione, and dehydroepiandrosterone concentrations and eliminated or reduced clinical signs associated with adrenocortical disease. Decreases in vulvar swelling, pruritus, and undesirable sexual behaviors and aggression were evident 14 days after treatment; hair regrowth was evident by 4 weeks after treatment. The response to treatment was transitory, and clinical signs recurred in all ferrets. Mean +/- SEM time to recurrence was 3.7 +/- 0.4 months (range, 1.5 to 8 months). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest that leuprolide can be safely used to temporarily eliminate clinical signs and reduce sex hormone concentrations in ferrets with adrenocortical diseases. However, the safety of long-term leuprolide use in ferrets has not been investigated, and the long-term effects of leuprolide in ferrets with nodular adrenal gland hyperplasia or adrenal gland tumors are unknown.  相似文献   

18.
ObjectiveTo report and characterize cases of acute hyperkalemia of unknown origin in dogs under anesthesia.Study designMulticentric retrospective clinical study.AnimalsMedical records of 19 client-owned dogs that developed acute hyperkalemia during anesthesia.MethodsAnesthetic records of dogs developing acute hyperkalemia from January 2015 to December 2022 were evaluated. Data collected included demographics, duration of anesthesia until the episode, electrolytes and blood gas measurements, electrocardiogram (ECG) abnormalities, drugs used as part of the anesthetic protocol, hyperkalemia treatment and outcome.ResultsA total of 13 cases met the inclusion criteria with documented acute hyperkalemia with no apparent underlying cause during anesthesia. Dogs were [mean ± standard deviation (range)] 6.5 ± 5.0 (3–10) years old and weighed 18.0 ± 14.3 (5.1–40.0) kg. All dogs were administered dexmedetomidine and an opioid as part of the premedication. All dogs had inhalation anesthesia of >60 minutes’ duration. The first clinical sign was bradycardia that was minimally responsive to anticholinergic administration and was often accompanied by moderate/severe hypotension. These signs were rapidly followed by ECG changes compatible with hyperkalemia and/or cardiac arrest. Rapid identification and treatment for hyperkalemia, with or without dexmedetomidine reversal, resulted in survival of 12 dogs and one fatality.Conclusions and clinical relevanceUnknown origin hyperkalemia is a life-threatening complication that can occur during general anesthesia. In healthy dogs, preanesthetic administration of dexmedetomidine in association with an opioid and followed by inhalation anesthesia of more than 1 hour duration may predispose to this complication. A sudden decrease in heart rate >90 minutes after dexmedetomidine administration, or ECG changes, may warrant measurement of blood potassium concentrations.  相似文献   

19.
Ferrets have increased in popularity as pets, and a growing number are seen in companion animal practice. Domestic ferrets are commonly used as animal models for research of human oral conditions. The present study evaluated the prevalence of oral pathology in rescued ferrets which - to the authors' knowledge - has not yet been described in the scientific literature. Conscious oral examination was performed on 63 ferrets, of which 49 underwent general anesthesia for further examination. The most common clinical findings included malocclusion of mandibular second incisor teeth (95.2%); extrusion of canine teeth (93.7%); and abrasion and attrition of teeth (76.2%). Tooth fractures were exclusively associated with canine teeth and found in 31.7% of ferrets. Pulp exposure was confirmed in 60.0% of fractured teeth. The normal gingival sulcus depth measured < 0.5-mm in 87.8% of anesthetized ferrets. Clinical evidence of periodontal disease was present in 65.3% of anesthetized ferrets (gingivitis or probing depths > 0.5-mm), however advanced periodontal disease (i.e. periodontal pockets > 2-mm or stage 3 furcation exposure) was not found upon clinical examination. There was no evidence of tooth resorption, dental caries, stomatitis, or oral tumors in the examined group of ferrets.  相似文献   

20.
Flexible colonoscopy is commonly performed in dogs with signs of large-bowel diseases. Although considered to be a safe procedure, no reports of complications associated with colonoscopy have appeared in the veterinary literature. The purpose of this study was to describe the frequency and types of adverse events that developed during flexible colonoscopy in dogs. Medical records were reviewed from 355 scheduled colonoscopic procedures. Major complications were defined as adverse events in which the dog's life was potentially jeopardized and the complication required intensive treatment or monitoring. Major complications consisting of fatal aspiration of GoLYTELY, colonic perforation, and excessive hemorrhage after biopsy of an adenocarcinoma with rigid forceps occurred in 3 (0.85%) dogs. Minor complications associated with anesthesia or colonoscopy occurred during 3.4% of procedures. Complications were classified as minor if the adverse event required minimal treatment or monitoring, and the complication was not considered a threat to the dog's life. Vomiting of GoLYTELY occurred with the administration of 4.6% of doses in 6.5% of dogs. When administering GoLYTELY, clinicians should be prepared to rapidly remove the orogastric tube and mouth speculum if vomiting occurs to reduce the potential for aspiration. In this group of dogs undergoing flexible colonoscopy, major complications occurred infrequently and minor complications developed uncommonly. Overall, minor or major complications developed during 30 (8.5%) of 355 procedures. Mortality was rare (0.28%). Flexible colonoscopy appears to be a safe procedure in dogs with signs of large-bowel diseases.  相似文献   

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