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1.

Objective

The aim of this study was to describe the placement of subpalpebral lavage (SPL) systems in 12 dogs (15 eyes) intolerant of topical ocular medications to assess the suitability, complications encountered and owner perception of use.

Animals Studied

Retrospective review of dogs that underwent SPL placement for treatment of ocular disease at the Ophthalmology Department, University of Bristol Small Animal Hospital between 2017 and 2021.

Procedure(s)

Data recorded included signalment, history, diagnosis, treatment, reason for SPL placement, uni- or bilateral placement, duration of placement, complications, and outcome. Owner perception was assessed using an online questionnaire. Statistical analysis included McNemar and Wilcoxon signed-ranks tests.

Results

Twelve dogs (15 eyes) underwent SPL placement. Eleven owners completed the online questionnaire. Corneal ulceration was the most common disease requiring SPL placement (n = 13/15 eyes, 86.7%). Most cases received multimodal topical therapy (n = 9/15 eyes, 60.0%) via SPL. Owners administered medication 6.63 times daily via SPL (range 1–16 applications/day). All dogs requiring ongoing topical medication (n = 8/12, 66.7%) were trained to accept direct administration during SPL treatment. Statistically significant improvements in medication compliance, ease of application, and reduced perceived risk of iatrogenic ocular injury were reported by owners (p-value = .001, .004, and .031 respectively). Minor complications were infrequently reported but an excellent outcome was achieved for all eyes.

Conclusion

Subpalpebral lavage placement provides a practical and safe solution for the provision of frequent multimodal ocular medication when treating patients with a challenging temperament.  相似文献   

2.
Central bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps) are one of the most popular reptile pets in Australia and around the world. Diseases, including metabolic bone disease, periodontal disease, and gastrointestinal endoparasites commonly affect captive animals. To determine the common reasons these lizards were presented to the veterinarian and to establish the prevalence of disease seen in captive P. vitticeps in Australia, this retrospective study evaluated the clinical records of three exotic pet veterinary hospitals. Records from 724 P. vitticeps were analysed, with 70 reasons for presentation and 88 diseases identified across 1000 visits to the veterinarian. Lethargy was the most reported reason for presentation (n = 181). The gastrointestinal tract (18.25%) and skin (18.25%) were the equally most commonly affected organ systems, followed by the musculoskeletal system (15.17%). Endoparasites were the most common single disease process (n = 103), followed by metabolic bone disease (n = 65), skin wounds (n = 59) and periodontal disease (n = 48). Of the patients that presented for routine preventive health examinations (n = 159), 45.30% received some form of intervention to treat or prevent disease. Many of the conditions that were identified by the veterinarians in this study are traditionally correlated with suboptimal husbandry and may be easily prevented. This study identified the common reasons for presentation to the veterinarian and the prevalence of disease in captive P. vitticeps in Australia, providing the first extensive retrospective analysis of objective reference literature for central bearded dragon owners and aspiring reptile veterinarians.  相似文献   

3.
IntroductionThere is scarce information about the prevalence of anomalies and anatomical variations of the main great thoracic vessels in dogs, particularly in dogs without congenital heart disease.AnimalsThe study included 878 privately owned dogs.Material and methodsComputerized tomography (CT) thoracic studies carried out between 2011 and 2014 for a variety of reasons were reviewed. The prevalence of anomalies and anatomical variations of the aorta and vena cava, the arterial branches of the aortic arch and the main branches of the intrathoracic veins in dogs with no evidence of congenital heart disease was evaluated. Poor-quality CTs, CTs with thoracic pathology that impaired visualization or those of young dogs with clinical evidence or suspicion of congenital cardiac disease were excluded.ResultsEight hundred two CT studies were analysed. Eight dogs (1%) showed an anatomic anomaly. The most common anomaly was an aberrant retroesophageal right subclavian artery (n = 7, 0.8%). One dog showed a dilated azygos vein secondary to an interrupted vena cava. Three types of branching of the common carotid arteries were observed: both arteries arising at the same point (type I: n = 506/742; 68.2%), separated (type II: n = 212/742; 28.6%) or from a common trunk (type III: n = 24/742; 3.2%).ConclusionsMajor anatomical variations or anomalies of the main great thoracic vessels in dogs without congenital cardiac disease were rare. An aberrant retroesophageal right subclavian artery was the most common anomaly found. Three slight variations of common carotid artery branching were identified. These findings might be of relevance for surgical or catheterization procedures.  相似文献   

4.
ObjectivesSurgical mitral valve repair is a possible option for dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease. However, information on surgical results and postoperative echocardiography is limited. This study aimed to verify the stage-specific surgical results of mitral valve repair and postoperative echocardiographic changes for two years following surgery.AnimalsAdult dogs (n = 55) treated with surgical mitral valve repair using the loop-in-loop technique were included in this study. Medical records were retrospectively reviewed.ResultsNinety percent of cases (50/55) survived to discharge, which survival was significantly decreased in myxomatous mitral valve disease advanced-stage dogs, Stage B2 (n = 14): 100%, Stage C (n = 27): 96.2%, and Stage D (n = 14): 71.4%. Significant reductions of overall heart size (vertebral heart score: preoperative 11.4 vs. post one month 10.2, P < 0.001), left atrium (left atrium to aortic root ratio: preoperative 2.3 vs. post one month 1.5, P < 0.001) and left ventricle (left ventricular end-diastolic diameter [normalized for bodyweight]: preoperative 2.2 vs. post one month 1.5, P < 0.001) were documented one month after surgery, showing successful management of mitral regurgitation. All medications for mitral valve disease were discontinued three months after surgery. The recurrence of mitral regurgitation was not evident during the two-year follow-up period.ConclusionsSurgical mitral valve repair with the loop-in-loop technique is associated with significant decreases in indices of cardiac size at one-month post-repair. Disease stage influences operative survival after surgical mitral valve repair.  相似文献   

5.
IntroductionTo determine whether dogs with atrial fibrillation (AF) are more likely to develop right-sided manifestations of congestive heart failure (R-CHF) than dogs without AF.AnimalsTwo hundred twenty dogs diagnosed with congestive heart failure (CHF) secondary to degenerative mitral valve disease (DMVD, n = 155) or dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM, n = 65) at a referral institution.MethodsMedical records were reviewed to extract relevant clinical and echocardiographic data.ResultsFifty dogs had AF at the time of CHF diagnosis, including 17/155 (11.0%) dogs with DMVD and 33/65 (50.8%) dogs with DCM. Sixty dogs had R-CHF evidenced by cavitary effusions. Among DMVD dogs, R-CHF occurred in 13/17 (76.5%) dogs with AF compared with 10/138 (7.2%) dogs without AF; among DCM dogs, R-CHF occurred in 24/33 (72.7%) dogs with AF compared with 13/32 (40.6%) dogs without AF. Dogs with AF were more likely to manifest R-CHF signs than dogs without AF (p < 0.0001 for DMVD; p = 0.0125 for DCM). The presence of AF, diagnosis of DCM, and moderate to severe tricuspid regurgitation were associated with R-CHF in multivariate analysis. AF was the strongest predictor of R-CHF (odds ratio, 14.44; 95% confidence interval, 5.75–36.26).ConclusionsDogs with AF are more likely to manifest R-CHF than dogs without AF. Cavitary effusions are an expected finding in approximately three-quarters of dogs with AF and CHF secondary to either DCM or DMVD.  相似文献   

6.
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7.
ObjectiveTo determine the effects of the COVID-19 associated restrictions on the ability of owners in Michigan (MI), USA versus Ontario (ON) and British Columbia (BC), Canada, to obtain care for their chronically painful dogs.Study designCross-sectional survey.PopulationA total of 90 owners met the inclusion criteria for the study.MethodsAn anonymous electronic survey was distributed to owners at four veterinary integrative medicine (IM) clinics during July and August 2020. Two clinics in MI and one each in ON and BC were recruited. Owners were asked about availability of IM care preceding and during COVID-19 restrictions and their opinions of the impact of COVID-19 on their dog’s health. The survey asked where owners sought care for their dogs, types of chronic conditions treated, therapeutic modalities used, and if owners had a medical background. Comparisons were made within and between groups. Thematic analysis, Fisher’s exact test, chi-square analyses, McNemar’s and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests for paired comparisons were performed (p < 0.05).ResultsDuring COVID-19 restrictions, access to IM care was better for dogs in ON and BC than in MI (p < 0.001). The negative effect of the pandemic restrictions to IM care on quality of life was perceived greater by owners in MI than those in ON and BC (p < 0.001). The owners’ medical backgrounds had no effect on attempts to access care during this time (p = 0.76).Conclusions and clinical relevanceThe results suggest that a widespread disease in humans had an adverse impact on animal welfare. Providers of veterinary care should use this experience to establish protocols to ensure continuity of care for chronically painful animals in the event of a similar situation in the future.  相似文献   

8.
Introduction/objectivesWhether the aldosterone antagonist spironolactone has beneficial survival effects in dogs with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is not known. The primary objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of spironolactone, when added to conventional therapy, on survival time in Doberman pinschers with congestive heart failure (CHF) due to DCM.AnimalsSixty-seven client-owned Doberman pinschers with CHF due to DCM.Materials and methodsThe trial design was prospective, randomized, blinded, and placebo controlled. Dogs were randomized to receive 50–75 mg of spironolactone twice daily (n = 34) or a placebo (n = 33), in addition to standard CHF therapy. Follow-up visits were targeted every one–six weeks until endpoint. Quality-of-life questionnaire and physical examination were performed at every visit, while renal biochemistry, ECG, echocardiography, and thoracic radiography were reassessed as needed. The primary endpoint was time to cardiac death, defined as death or euthanasia from CHF or sudden death.ResultsMedian time to primary endpoint in the spironolactone group (183 days) was not statistically significantly different than that for the placebo group (124 days) (P = 0.254). The development of atrial fibrillation (AF) was significantly less frequent in the spironolactone group (n = 7) than the placebo group (n = 15, P = 0.037).ConclusionsWhile median time to cardiac death in the spironolactone group was not statistically significantly different than that in the placebo group, adding spironolactone to conventional therapy resulted in reduced occurrence of AF.  相似文献   

9.
ObjectiveTo establish if preoperative maropitant significantly reduced intraoperative isoflurane requirements and reduced clinical signs associated with postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) in dogs.Study designRandomized clinical trial.AnimalsTwenty-four healthy, client-owned dogs undergoing routine ovariohysterectomy.MethodsPremedication involved acepromazine (0.03 mg kg−1) combined with methadone (0.3 mg kg−1) intramuscularly 45 minutes before anaesthetic induction with intravenous (IV) propofol, dosed to effect. Meloxicam (0.2 mg kg−1) was administered intravenously. Dogs were randomly assigned to administration of saline (group S; 0.1 mL kg−1, n = 12) or maropitant (group M; 1 mg kg−1, n = 12) subcutaneously at time of premedication. Methadone (0.1 mg kg−1 IV) was repeated 4 hours later. Anaesthesia was maintained with isoflurane in oxygen, dosed to effect by an observer unaware of group allocation. The dogs were assessed hourly, starting 1 hour postoperatively, using the short form of the Glasgow Composite Pain Score (GCPS), and for ptyalism and signs attributable to PONV [score from 0 (none) to 3 (severe)] by blinded observers. Owners completed a questionnaire at the postoperative recheck.ResultsOverall mean ± standard deviation end-tidal isoflurane percentage was lower in group M (1.19 ± 0.26%) than group S (1.44 ± 0.23%) (p = 0.022), but was not significantly different between groups at specific noxious events (skin incision, ovarian pedicle clamp application, cervical clamp application, wound closure). Cardiorespiratory variables and postoperative GCPS were not significantly different between groups. Overall, 50% of dogs displayed signs attributable to PONV, with no difference in PONV scores between groups (p = 0.198). No difference in anaesthetic recovery was noted by owners between groups.ConclusionsMaropitant reduced overall intraoperative isoflurane requirements but did not affect the incidence of PONV.Clinical relevanceMaropitant provided no significant benefits to dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy with this anaesthetic and analgesic protocol, although clinically significant reductions in isoflurane requirements were noted.  相似文献   

10.
The objective of this study was to survey the owners regarding the frequency and duration of their daily interactions with their indoor cats, the provision of toys and activities by the cat owners, and the prevalence of 6 selected behavior problems (aggression to owner, aggression to visitors, periuria, inappropriate defecation, inter-household cat aggression, and intercat aggression to outdoor cats). The sample population was 277 clients from 5 veterinary practices who presented their domestic cat for anything except a behavior problem. The average number of toys and activities reported by owners per cat was 7, and the most common toys/activities used by owners in this survey were furry mice (64%), catnip toys (62%), and balls with bells (62%). A total of 78% of the owners reported that they leave the cat's toy(s) available all the time. All owners reported playing with their cat, whereas most owners (64%) played with their cat more than 2 times per day and reported play bout durations of 5 (33%) or 10 minutes (25%). Owners who reported play bout time of 5 minutes or more reported fewer behavioral problems than those with play bouts of 1 minute (P < 0.05). A total of 61% of the owners reported that their cat engaged in 1 or more of the 6 selected behavior problem(s), but only 54% of the owners who reported behavior problems in their cats reported that they had talked to their veterinarian about the problem. The 2 most frequently reported behavior problems were aggression to the owners (36%) and periuria (24%). Female cats were 50% less likely to be reported to have 1 or more behavior problems than males despite an equal sex distribution in the survey population (P < 0.05). The relationship between individual behavior problems and individual toys and activities was evaluated by use of a logistic stepwise regression. These findings are discussed as they relate to the understanding of behavioral needs of indoor-housed cats and the potential role of environmental enrichment in the home setting.  相似文献   

11.
Stereotactic radiation therapy (SRT) has emerged as a convenient definitive treatment modality in veterinary medicine, but few studies exist evaluating outcome with treatment for canine nasal tumors, and no studies report the treatment of one single tumor histotype. This retrospective, observational study evaluates toxicity, response, and survival in 17 dogs with nasal carcinomas treated with SRT. Dogs received a median of 3000 centigray in three fractions via 6‐MV linear accelerator. Eighty‐eight percent of patients (n = 15) demonstrated clinical benefit. Of dogs with repeated CT imaging (n = 10), 60% (n = 6) achieved a partial response and 10% (n = 1) achieved a complete response. Median progression‐free survival (PFS) was 359 days. Median survival time (MST) was 563 days. Among dogs evaluable for acute toxicity, 50% (n = 10) developed low grade toxicity (grade 1, n = 4; grade 2, n = 1). No patients developed grade 3 toxicity. 16 dogs (87%) evaluable over the long term developed signs consistent with possible late toxicity. The majority of late toxicities were mild (alopecia, hyperpigmentation, and leukotrichia n = 10; ocular discharge and keratoconjunctivitis sicca n = 5). Thirty‐seven percent of patients (n = 6) developed seven possible grade 3 late toxicities (blindness, n = 3; fistula, n = 1; seizures, n = 3), which were difficult to distinguish from progressive disease in most patients. Of the prognostic factors evaluated (demographics, tumor stage, dosimetric data, epistaxis, facial deformity, clinical response, image‐based response, nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, and chemotherapy), only clinical response was a positive prognostic factor on MST (P < .00). No factors were found to be significantly associated with PFS.  相似文献   

12.
Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined for 805 domestic Campylobacter jejuni isolates obtained from broilers (n = 459), bovines (n = 120), human patients (n = 95), natural waters (n = 80), wild birds (n = 35) and zoo animals/enclosures (n = 16) with known multilocus sequence types (MLST) for 450 isolates. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values for erythromycin, tetracycline, streptomycin, gentamicin and the quinolones ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid were determined with the VetMIC method. MICs were compared with MLST types to find possible associations between sequence type and resistance. The proportions of resistant isolates were 5% (broilers), 6.3% (natural waters), 11.4% (wild birds), 11.6% (human patients), 16.7% (bovines) and 31.3% (zoo). The most common resistance among the human and bovine isolates was quinolone resistance alone while resistance to streptomycin alone was most often detected among the broiler isolates and tetracycline resistance was most commonly observed in the wild bird, water and zoo isolates. No or negligible resistance to erythromycin or gentamicin was detected. In all data, 12/26 of the tetracycline‐resistant isolates were also resistant to streptomycin (P < 0.001) and the clonal complex (CC) ST‐1034 CC showed a high proportion of 75% (9/12) of tetracycline‐resistant isolates, most originating from the zoo and broilers with closely associated MLST types from these sources. No association between quinolone resistance and MLST type was seen. The low percentage of resistant isolates among the domestic Campylobacter infections is most probably due to the long‐term controlled use of antimicrobials. However, the higher percentage of tetracycline resistance observed among the zoo isolates could present a risk for zoo visitors of acquisition of resistant C. jejuni. The resistance pattern of tetracycline and streptomycin most often found in ST‐1034 CC could indicate a common resistance acquisition mechanism commonly present in this CC. Overall, MLST typing was found to be a useful method in recognition of potential genetic lineages associated with resistance.  相似文献   

13.
The aim of this study was to provide quantitative data on time commitment needed for care of dogs with chronic severe spinal cord injury (SCI) at home and assess effect on the owner's home lives. It was not a study aimed at assessing the quality of life (QOL) of the dogs as this has previously been examined, although a small amount of data was collected on this aspect.A questionnaire was sent to 40 owners of dogs with clinically complete chronic SCI (defined by lack of observable response to a noxious stimulus applied to the hind limbs, the absence of voluntary hind limb locomotor function, and urinary and fecal incontinence for more than 9 months at the time the study was conducted). Owners were asked to quantify the time spent exercising their pet, managing urinary and fecal incontinence and giving general skin and fur care. Other questions sought to determine the effect on family relationships.The study population included 27 dachshunds and 10 other breeds. Twenty-six questionnaires were returned for analysis, giving a response rate of 65%. Owners spent between 2 and 44 hours in total per week managing their dog (median, 14 hours), with between 1 and 30 hours spent on mobility management (median, 10 hours) and between 0 and 16 hours (median, 3 hours) on incontinence. About 92% of owners were living with a partner, and at least one in the couple did not work full time, 84% had no children younger than 16 years, 64% either currently or previously owned another dog, and 73% declared that they had not considered euthanasia as an option at the time of the SCI.Twenty owners strongly agreed that the work involved was worthwhile, and 16 owners felt that the work involved had strengthened the bond between them and their pet. One owner felt that the care required had reduced their own QOL and 2 owners reported serious family problems. The dogs studied form a particular subset of cases because they had been cared for by their owners for at least 9 months. However, this study provides information that will aid informed decision making by owners and veterinarians at the time of a dog SCI, providing an indication of what can be expected in the chronic phase of SCI.  相似文献   

14.
Salmonella enterica serovar Rissen has been recognized as one of the most common serovar among humans and pork production systems in different parts of the world, especially Asia. In the United States, this serovar caused outbreaks but its epidemiologic significance remains unknown. The objectives of this study were to compare the phenotypic (antimicrobial susceptibility) and genotypic attributes of Salmonella Rissen isolated in Thailand (Thai) and the United States (US). All the Thai isolates (n = 30) were recovered from swine faecal samples. The US isolates (n = 35) were recovered from swine faecal samples (n = 29), cattle (n = 2), chicken (n = 2), dog (n = 1) and a ready‐to‐eat product (n = 1). The antimicrobial susceptibility of isolates was determined using the Kirby‐Bauer disk diffusion method with a panel of 12 antimicrobials. Pulse‐field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was used to determine the genotypic diversity of isolates. All Thai isolates showed multidrug resistance (MDR) with the most frequent antibiotic resistance shown against ampicillin (100%), sulfisoxazole (96.7%), tetracycline (93.3%), streptomycin (90%) and chloramphenicol (30%). About half of the isolates of USA origin were pan‐susceptible and roughly 30% were resistant to only tetracycline (R‐type: Te). Salmonella Rissen isolated from Thailand and the USA in this study were found to be clonally unrelated. Genotypic analyses indicated that isolates were clustered primarily based on the geographic origin implying the limited clonality among the strains. Clonal relatedness among different host species within the same geography (USA) was found. We found genotypic similarity in Thai and US isolates in few instances but with no epidemiological link. Further studies to assess propensity for increased inter‐regional transmission and dissemination is warranted.  相似文献   

15.

Background

Chiari‐like malformation (CM) and syringomyelia (SM) cause a pain syndrome in Cavalier King Charles spaniels (CKCS). Clinical signs are not consistently apparent on neurologic examination, and owner reporting of signs provides vital clinical history. However, owner questionnaires for this disease are not well developed.

Objectives

To develop a tool to capture owner‐reported clinical signs for use in clinical trials and to compare owner‐reported signs with the presence of pain on neurologic examination and SM on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Animals

Fifty client‐owned CKCS.

Methods

Owners completed a questionnaire and pain/scratch map. Each dog underwent a neurologic examination and craniocervical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Questionnaire responses were developed into scores, area of shading for pain/scratch maps was measured, and consistency of responses between these tools was assessed. Owner‐reported findings were compared with neurologic examination findings and presence and severity of SM on MRI.

Results

Thirty‐three dogs were symptomatic and 17 asymptomatic; 30 had SM. The most common sign of pain was crying out when lifted (n = 11). Extent of shaded areas on maps positively correlated with questionnaire scores for pain (r2 = 0.213, P = 0.006) and scratch (r2 = 0.104, P = 0.089). Owner‐reported findings were not significantly associated with presence or severity of SM or neurologic examination findings. Owner‐reported lateralization of signs was significantly associated with SM lateralization (P < 0.0001).

Conclusions

The questionnaire and maps may be useful for clinical trials. Lack of association of owner‐reported signs with SM highlights our lack of understanding of the pathophysiology of pain in this disease.  相似文献   

16.
The effect of probiotic therapy in chronic kidney disease (CKD) in cats is poorly defined, but gaining in popularity. However, cat owners often prefer to administer probiotics by combining them with food, rather than administering capsules intact, as is prescribed by the manufacturer. The efficacy of such non-recommended administration is unknown. In this double-blinded, controlled clinical trial, 10 cats with naturally-occurring CKD were randomized to receive either a probiotic-prebiotic combination (synbiotic) or psyllium husk (prebiotic only) for 2 months. Medications were sprinkled and mixed into food or given as a slurry. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine were measured twice prior to administration of medication, and then monthly for 2 months during the medication administration. Owners and clinicians were masked as to treatment. The maximal percentage change in BUN and creatinine was calculated for each cat. No differences in percentage change were detected between groups (P=0.8 for both BUN and creatinine). The synbiotic supplement used in this study, when applied to food or administered as a slurry fails to reduce azotemia in cats with CKD. Therefore, owners should not administer this synbiotic in this manner.  相似文献   

17.
This retrospective study assessed the diagnoses of emergency presentations and the survival to discharge of backyard chickens in five veterinary clinics within Australia. A total of 333 cases were reviewed from September 2019 to March 2022. October to December was the busiest period in both 2021 and 2020, with cases steadily increasing in the warmer months. Discharge following emergency presentation occurred in 57.4% of reviewed cases. Female chickens represented 92.7% of total cases, with an average age at presentation of 2.2 years (ranging from 1 day to 10 years). The most frequent diagnoses were of reproductive disease (n = 94/333), open diagnosis (n = 55/333), respiratory disease (n = 42/333), predator attack (n = 28/333), musculoskeletal disease (n = 22/333) and parasitism (n = 22/333).  相似文献   

18.
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19.
The aim of this study was to analyse and describe the variability of the umbilical artery. Two hundred and thirty‐two pelvic halves from 116 adult dogs were examined. To study the permeability of the umbilical artery, ten adult dogs, nine newborns and thirteen foetuses between 35 and 50 days of gestation were also used. In relation to the origin of the umbilical artery, six anatomical variations were found. From which five involved a cranial (n = 4) or caudal (n = 1) relocation of its origin, and in one case (n = 1), the umbilical artery arose from the median sacral artery. In eight cases, the umbilical artery gave off the prostatic (n = 1) or vaginal (n = 7) arteries. The permeability of the umbilical artery was the most significant anatomical variation: permeability was detected in 45% (106 of 232 pelvic halves) of all cases, from which 36 were males and 70 females. Interestingly, an equal vascular permeability in both hemipelvises was found for 82% of the dogs, thus additional data related to such feature of the umbilical artery was also recorded. In accordance with the statistical study, the main anatomical variations described showed significant values for gender, side of the body, size and profile variables.  相似文献   

20.
This study examined effects of stage of gestation and nutrient restriction with subsequent realimentation on maternal and foetal bovine pancreatic function. Dietary treatments were assigned on day 30 of pregnancy and included: control (CON; 100% requirements; n = 18) and restricted (R; 60% requirements; n = 30). On day 85, cows were slaughtered (CON, n = 6; R, n = 6), remained on control (CC; n = 12) and restricted (RR; n = 12), or realimented to control (RC; n = 11). On day 140, cows were slaughtered (CC, n = 6; RR, n = 6; RC, n = 5), remained on control (CCC, n = 6; RCC, n = 5) or realimented to control (RRC, n = 6). On day 254, the remaining cows were slaughtered and serum samples were collected from the maternal jugular vein and umbilical cord to determine insulin and glucose concentrations. Pancreases from cows and foetuses were removed, weighed, and subsampled for enzyme and histological analysis. As gestation progressed, maternal pancreatic α‐amylase activity decreased and serum insulin concentrations increased (p ≤ 0.03). Foetal pancreatic trypsin activity increased (p < 0.001) with advancing gestation. Foetal pancreases subjected to realimentation (CCC vs. RCC and RRC) had increased protein and α‐amylase activity at day 254 (p ≤ 0.02), while trypsin (U/g protein; p = 0.02) demonstrated the opposite effect. No treatment effects were observed for maternal or foetal pancreatic insulin‐containing cell clusters. Foetal serum insulin and glucose levels were reduced with advancing gestation (p ≤ 0.03). The largest maternal insulin‐containing cell cluster was not influenced by advancing gestation, while foetal clusters grew throughout (p = 0.01). These effects indicate that maternal digestive enzymes are influenced by nutrient restriction and there is a potential for programming of increased foetal digestive enzyme production resulting from previous maternal nutrient restriction.  相似文献   

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