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1.
调查广西常用无机肥料中重金属含量情况,为控制土壤重金属污染,科学施用肥料,保障农产品质量安全提供数据支撑。对广西14个地市的424个无机肥料样品5种有害元素含量进行检测,检测结果根据GB 38400-2019《肥料中有毒有害物质的限量要求》的要求进行分析。结果表明,常用无机肥料中5种有害元素总体超标率为7.1%。其中,氮肥超标率为11.6%,磷肥6.2%、钾肥6.8%、复混肥料5.4%。铅、镉、砷、铬、汞5种有害元素超标率分别为0.5%、1.2%、2.1%、0.2%、3.1%。由调查情况可以看出,广西农业常用的无机肥料5种有害元素超标情况与有机肥料产品相比并不高,但由于有害元素具有累积特性,仍会影响农产品质量安全,应引起重视。 相似文献
2.
福建铁观音茶园土壤中铅、镉、砷、铬、汞、铜、氟的环境质量现状分析 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
为了解福建省铁观音茶园土壤中主要污染元素的含量状况及其对茶叶生产的影响, 采用野外调查和室内分析相结合的方法研究了福建省铁观音茶主产地安溪、华安和永春县150 个茶园土壤中铅、镉、砷、铬、汞、铜、氟的含量, 并进行了环境质量现状评价。结果表明, 所有土壤的镉、铅、氟含量, 97%以上土壤的铬、砷、汞含量均低于茶叶产地环境技术条件(NY/T 853—2004)中相应的限量; 92%以上土壤的镉、铬、砷、汞含量和70%以上土壤的铅含量低于有机茶产地环境条件(NY 5199—2002)中相应的限量。变质岩发育的土壤镉和氟含量较高, 砂岩类发育的土壤铬含量较高, 流纹质凝灰岩类发育的土壤铅含量较高, 流纹岩类发育的土壤砷含量较高, 闪长岩类发育的土壤汞和铜含量较高; 水稻土改种的茶园土壤镉、铅和汞含量较高, 铬和砷含量较低; 赤红壤发育的土壤中铅含量较高, 黄壤发育的土壤中铬和砷含量较高, 红壤发育的土壤中铜含量较高。就所研究的元素而言, 大部分供试茶园土壤是清洁和安全的。 相似文献
3.
浙江省复混肥料、有机-无机复混肥料和有机肥料品质的研究 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
浙江省61个具有代表性的复混肥料、有机-无机复混肥料和有机肥料产品的养分含量、物理性状及重金属含量的检测结果表明,浙江省复混肥料、有机-无机复混肥料、有机肥料的养分含量和物理性状总体较好。三类肥料的养分含量合格率分别为:有机肥料95.0%、有机-无机复混肥料72.2%、复混肥料86.3%。从三类肥料的重金属含量的检测情况看,有机肥料中的铜、锌、铅、镉、铬含量均高于有机-无机复混肥料和复混肥料,而且高含量段的分布频率也大。按相应标准判定,有机肥料中35%的样品镉含量超过限量标准,10%的样品铅含量超过限量标准,所有样品的铬含量均在限量标准内;有机-无机复混肥料样品中三种重金属元素均在限量标准内。对有机肥料中的有机肥肥源的重金属含量检测结果表明,有机肥料与其相应的有机肥源中的铜、锌、铅、镉、铬等五种重金属元素的含量均呈显著正相关。 相似文献
4.
池州市茶叶中重金属元素铅铬镉砷汞的测定分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
采用原子吸收光谱法和原子荧光光谱法对安徽省池州市茶叶主产区的10批次茶叶样品中铅、铬、镉、砷、汞5种重金属元素的含量进行测定,评估受污染程度,为研究减污措施提供科学依据。结果表明:茶叶样品中铅铬镉砷汞5种重金属元素含量在0.001 8～4.896 0 mg·kg-1;重金属元素铅、铬、镉、砷、汞含量均不超过国家标准,但有2批次样品铅含量处于临界值。 相似文献
5.
我国水溶肥料中重金属含量、 来源及安全现状 总被引：10，自引：1，他引：9
【目的】研究我国水溶肥料中有毒有害重金属As、 Pb、 Cd、 Cr、 Hg的含量及超标情况,调查超标重金属的来源,探讨有关肥料标准中重金属安全限量问题,旨在充分了解水溶肥料的安全现状,减小重金属环境风险,保障农产品质量安全。【方法】样品全部来自国家化肥质量监督检验中心(北京)肥料登记产品,重金属含量采用农业行业标准NY/T 1978-2010《肥料 汞、 砷、 镉、 铅、 铬含量的测定》方法检测,超标重金属来源分析采用企业调研方法,原料中重金属的含量研究采用公开发表文献数据进行分析。【结果】5种水溶肥料中As、 Pb、 Cd、 Cr、 Hg平均含量均符合NY/T 1110-2010《水溶肥料 汞、 砷、 镉、 铅、 铬的限量要求》,且远远低于标准限量值。部分水溶肥料重金属出现超标情况,但超标率较低,主要集中在As和Cd上,As和Cd超标率分别为3.50%和1.27%,Pb、 Cr和Hg超标率均小于1%。Cd超标样品的重金属含量是标准限量值的几至几百倍,As、 Pb和Cr超标程度接近,一般是限量值的1至几倍。超标样品调查结果显示,水溶肥料中重金属主要来自生产原料,原料中的重金属一半以上来自磷肥和微量元素肥料。大量元素水溶肥料中重金属主要来自磷酸二氢钾、 磷酸一铵等磷肥,其次来源于硫酸锌等微量元素肥料; 微量元素水溶肥料中重金属多来自硫酸锌和硫酸亚铁; 含氨基酸水溶肥料中As和Cd主要来自硫酸锌、 硫酸亚铁和氨基酸; 含腐植酸水溶肥料中重金属超标集中在As上,As多来自腐植酸钠、 腐植酸钾和磷肥。生产原料中重金属含量分析表明,氮肥和钾肥中重金属含量极低,作为水溶肥料的原料比较安全,而磷肥和微量元素肥料中重金属含量普遍较高,作为生产原料,必需严格检验,否则容易导致产品中重金属超标。通过相关标准分析发现,我国现行肥料标准中As、 Pb、 Cd、 Cr、 Hg安全限量或没有限制或制订的普遍较宽泛,且缺乏针对性。【结论】我国水溶肥料总体质量较好,重金属超标率较低,施用于农田是安全的,但对于水溶肥料中As和Cd的监测依然需要高度重视,肥料重金属限量标准和安全评价体系的制定也需要加强和完善。 相似文献
6.
海伦县土壤重金属含量的空间变异性研究 总被引：22，自引：6，他引：22
兼顾土壤类型和相对均匀性的前提下,在黑龙江省海伦县中部地区采集黑土土壤样品60个(0-20cm),在GIS的支持下,采用经典统计学与地统计学相结合的方法研究了土壤铜、铬、铅、镉、汞、砷含量的空间变异性及分异规律。结果表明,就空间相关域而言,铜含量的空间变异性比铬要大;铅、镉、汞、砷含量存在很好的空间结构性,趋势项可用一次趋势面方程分离,一次趋势面方程代表了这四种元素的宏观分布趋势;铜、铬、铅含量的空间分异表现为起伏变化较大,岛状区域分布较多;铅、镉、汞含量以靠近海伦县县城处相对较高,砷含量不同空间位置上变化相对比较平缓。 相似文献
7.
西安市蔬菜中重金属污染调查研究 总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12
用原子吸收光谱法和原子荧光光度法测定了西安市10种蔬菜80个样品中铜、锌、汞、砷、铅、铬和镉含量。结果表明,蔬菜中铜、锌、汞、砷、铅、铬、镉含量分别为(0.982±0.680)mg/kg,(3.049±1.185)mg/kg,(0.00196±0.00248)mg/kg,(0.045±0.061)mg/kg,(0.409±0.280)mg/kg,(0.092±0.124)mg/kg,(0.00059±0.00109)mg/kg,其中分别有2.5%,75.0%,2.5%的蔬菜样品中汞、铅、铬含量超出了国家卫生标准中的允许量,10种蔬菜总体合格率为86.6%。铅仍为西安市蔬菜中的主要污染元素。进一步摸清了西安市蔬菜中7种重金属的含量分布及污染状况。 相似文献
8.
上海地区畜禽粪便重金属污染特征研究 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
按照《有机肥料》(NY 525—2012)和台湾省有机肥标准,规模化养殖场畜禽粪便重金属超标率大小依次是锌、铜、砷、汞和镍,超标率达63.1%;不同粪便类型重金属污染情况不一样,猪粪重金属污染程度高低依次为铜、锌、砷、汞铬、镉、铅和镍,禽粪重金属污染程度高低依次为砷、锌、铜、镍、铬和汞铅镉,牛粪重金属污染程度高低依次为铜、锌、砷、镍、铬、镉和汞铅,羊粪重金属污染程度高低依次为汞、锌、铜、镍、铬、镉和砷铅。通过尼梅罗污染指数法计算,猪粪重金属污染程度最严重,其次为禽、羊和牛,猪粪重金属属重污染等级,禽粪便重金属属轻度污染等级,羊、牛粪重金属属警戒级。本文提出科学合理使用饲料添加剂、加强有机肥料科学使用指导工作和逐步建立畜禽粪便重金属、抗生素、致病微生物等有毒有害物质监控体系3项对策措施。 相似文献
9.
采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法（ICP-MS）测定,比较湿法消解30 min,湿法消解至近干和微波消解等不同前处理方法对有机肥料中镉、砷、汞、铅、铬元素的提取效果,建立了一种基于ICP-MS测定有机肥料多种重金属元素含量的方法。结果表明：湿法消解至近干和微波消解法对有机肥多元素成分分析标准物质（RMH-F001）中5项重金属含量的测试结果均满足标准要求,方法定量值、标准值偏差分别低于6.3%、5.7%;硝酸/过氧化氢体系-微波消解处理下,样品结果稳定性最佳,相对标准偏差为0.8%～6.8%,相对偏差为1.1%～9.0%,相对相差为2.2%～18.0%,加标回收率为99.4%～102.9%。硝酸/过氧化氢体系-微波消解-ICP-MS法可作为有机肥中5项重金属统一化测定的常规方法。 相似文献
10.
连云港市水稻主产区土壤和灌溉水重金属含量分析及在稻米中的累积效应 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
对连云港市水稻主产区的土壤、灌溉水和稻米中重金属含量进行了测定。研究结果表明:(1)该地区水稻灌溉水所含重金属污染较轻,没有对稻米品质造成影响,完全符合无公害稻米生产要求。(2)土壤中砷、铅、镉的平均含量超过国家和江苏省背景值,砷、镉、铬、铅和汞的单项污染指数P<1,污染分担率排序为砷(42.56%)>镉(37.00%)>铬(7.78%)>铅(7.22%)>汞(5.54%),土壤主要以砷、镉污染为主;综合污染指数P综=0.59<0.7,属1级,为安全清洁水平,符合无公害农产品生产基地重金属环境质量要求。(3)稻米中4种重金属污染排序为铅>汞>镉>砷,以铅和汞污染为主;除铅外,稻米中重金属富集效应不明显,徐稻3号累积铅的能力较强,稻米中镉的含量与土壤中pH值存在着负相关关系。 相似文献
11.
中国华北地区近40年物候春季变化 总被引：17，自引：4，他引：17
根据华北地区7个观测站物候资料,分析了华北地区1963-1996年及北京1963-2005年物候春季的变化特征及其与气温的关系。结果表明:华北地区的物候春季有明显提早来临的趋势,而造成这一变化的主要因素是本地区近40 a来冬春季气温的明显上升。其中1963-1996年间华北地区1-3月及4月的平均气温分别上升了2.3℃与1.7℃,物候春季起止日期分别提前了9d和4d,因而使得春季长度也延长了5d;北京1963-2003年间1-3月及4月的平均气温分别上升了3.5℃与2.6℃,物候春季的起止日期分别提前了11d和10d,但春季长度没有明显变化。 相似文献
12.
Howard B. Ross 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1987,36(3-4):349-363
Trace metals (Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, and Zn) concentrations in atmospheric precipitation have been routinely monitored in Sweden since the autumn of 1983. Concentrations are highest in southern Sweden and decrease northward. It is postulated that the long range transport of anthropogenic pollutants from the rest of Europe is the major source of Cd, Pb, and Zn in precipitation. Evidence for this hypothesis is that enrichment factors indicate anthropogenic origin, and Swedish atmospheric emissions of Zn and Cd are 2 to 3 times smaller than deposition fluxes. Also, Cd, Pb, and Zn concentrations are correlated in both space and time and are also well correlated with exSO4 +, a substance known to be of anthropogenic origin transported long distances. 相似文献
13.
Water, Air, & Soil Pollution - Epiphytic lichens were sampled in a Dutch national monitoring survey, which was carried out twice within 5 yr. The samples were analyzed by neutron activation... 相似文献
14.
Sediment denitrification in waterways in a rice-paddy-dominated watershed in eastern China 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Xiaobo Li Yongqiu Xia Yuefei Li Todd M. Kana Sonoko D. Kimura Masanori Saito Xiaoyuan Yan 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2013,13(4):783-792
Purpose
Rice-paddy-dominated watersheds in eastern China are intensively cultivated, and lands with two crops receive as much as 550–600 kg?ha–1?year–1 of nitrogen (N), mainly through the addition of N-based fertilizers. However, stream N concentrations have been found to be relatively low. Waterways in the watersheds are assumed to be effective “sinks” for N, minimizing its downstream movement. We directly measured net sediment denitrification rates in three types of waterways (ponds, streams/rivers, and a reservoir) and determined the key factors that control net sediment denitrification. Such information is essential for evaluating the impact of the agricultural N cycle on the quality of surface water.Materials and methods
The pond–stream–reservoir continuum was sampled every 2 months at nine sites in an agricultural watershed between November 2010 and December 2011. Net sediment N2 fluxes/net sediment denitrification rates were determined by membrane inlet mass spectrometry and the N2/Ar technique. A suite of parameters known to influence denitrification were also measured.Results and discussion
Net denitrification rates ranged between 28.2?±?18.2 and 674.3?±?314.5 μmol N2–N?m–2?h–1 for the streams, 23.7?±?23.9 and 121.2?±?38.7 μmol N2–N?m–2?h–1 for the ponds, and 41.8?±?17.7 and 239.3?±?49.8 μmol N2–N?m–2?h–1 for the reservoir. The mean net denitrification rate of the stream sites (173.2?±?248.4 μmol N2–N?m–2?h–1) was significantly higher (p?<?0.001) than that of the pond sites (48.3?±?44.5 μmol N2–N?m–2?h–1), and the three types of waterways all had significantly higher (p?<?0.01) mean net denitrification rates in summer than in other seasons. Linear regression and linear mixed effect model analysis showed that nitrate (NO3 ?–N) concentration in surface water was the primary controlling factor for net sediment denitrification, followed by water temperature. Using monitoring data on NO3 ?–N concentrations and temperature of the surface water of waterways and an established linear mixed effect model, total N removed through net sediment denitrification in the pond–stream–reservoir continuum was estimated at 46.8?±?24.0 t?year–1 from July 2007 to June 2009, which was comparable with earlier estimates based on the mass balance method (34.3?±?12.7 t?year–1), and accounted for 83.4 % of the total aquatic N. However, the total aquatic N was only 4.4 % of the total N input to the watershed, and thus most of the surplus N in the watershed was likely to be either denitrified or stored in soil.Conclusions
High doses of N in a rice-paddy-dominated watershed did not lead to high stream N concentrations due to limited input of N into waterways and the high efficiency of waterways in removing N through denitrification. 相似文献15.
天津半干旱地区不同种植年限菜田土壤微生物变化特征的研究 总被引：13，自引：1，他引：12
对天津周边半干旱地区不同种植年限的菜田土壤微生物状况调查研究表明 ,该地区土壤微生物以细菌为主 ,夏季微生物总量大大高于冬季 ;随着种菜年限的增加 ,耕层和亚耕层微生物总量都有增加趋势 ,其中细菌和放线菌增加明显 ,真菌有下降趋势 ;真菌类群分析表明 ,少数纤维素分解菌 ,如青霉 (Penicillium)、木霉 (Trichoderma)等为优势菌 ,而糖和木质素分解菌仅占少数。用尖孢镰刀霉 (Fusariumuoxysporum)、大肠杆菌 (Escherichia coli)接种不同种菜年限土壤 ,检测土壤拮抗菌状况发现 ,拮抗菌仅在种植年限长的老菜田的放线菌中发现。表明北方半干旱地区菜田土壤细菌为优势菌 ,主要存在于土壤微孔隙中 ;而适于生活在土壤疏松大孔隙中的真菌数量极少。应注意土壤结构的改良 ,为丰富土壤微生物提供良好的生态环境 相似文献
16.
天津半干旱地区不同种植年限菜田土壤微生物变化特征的研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
对天津周边半干旱地区不同种植年限的菜田土壤微生物状况调查研究表明 ,该地区土壤微生物以细菌为主 ,夏季微生物总量大大高于冬季 ;随着种菜年限的增加 ,耕层和亚耕层微生物总量都有增加趋势 ,其中细菌和放线菌增加明显 ,真菌有下降趋势 ;真菌类群分析表明 ,少数纤维素分解菌 ,如青霉 (Penicillium)、木霉 (Trichoderma)等为优势菌 ,而糖和木质素分解菌仅占少数。用尖孢镰刀霉 (Fusariumuoxysporum)、大肠杆菌 (Escherichia coli)接种不同种菜年限土壤 ,检测土壤拮抗菌状况发现 ,拮抗菌仅在种植年限长的老菜田的放线菌中发现。表明北方半干旱地区菜田土壤细菌为优势菌 ,主要存在于土壤微孔隙中 ;而适于生活在土壤疏松大孔隙中的真菌数量极少。应注意土壤结构的改良 ,为丰富土壤微生物提供良好的生态环境 相似文献
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Phytoremediation is an emerging technology based on the use of green plants to remove, contain, inactivate or destroy harmful
environmental pollutants. Recent developments in Europe and the USA show that the approach is somewhat different on both sides
of the Atlantic. In Europe, phytoremediation has more basically been research driven and, based on the outcomes, applications
have been envisaged. By contrast, the approach in the USA is more application and experience driven. In spite of a growing
track record of commercial success, more demonstration projects are needed to prove that phytoremediation is effective in
order to rigorously measure its underlying economics, and to expand its applications. More fundamental research is also required
to better understand the complex interactions between pollutants, soil, plant roots and micro-organisms at the rhizosphere
level, to increase the bioavailability of pollutants, to fully exploit the metabolic diversity of plants and, thus, to successfully
implement this new green technology. 相似文献
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Shu Wang 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2017,67(7):583-589
Proteolytic bacterial communities, which mineralize organic nitrogen, play a key role in agricultural systems. In this study, alkaline metalloprotease (apr) gene fragments from proteolytic bacteria were investigated in bulk and rhizosphere paddy soil from four fields under organic management (for 2, 3, 5, and 9 years), and from one field under conventional management (for 2 years). We analyzed the abundance and structure of the proteolytic bacterial communities using real-time quantitative PCR and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Our results showed that the abundance of proteolytic bacteria ranged from 1.57?×?108 to 8.02?×?108?copies/g of soil. In addition, the abundance of the proteolytic bacteria in the paddy soils under organic management was significantly higher than those in the paddy soil under conventional management. Moreover, the gene copy numbers in the rhizosphere soils were significantly higher than those in the bulk soils. The abundance of proteolytic bacteria tended to increase with the duration of organic management, with the highest abundance being found in the soil that had been under organic management for 5 years. However, the proteolytic bacteria communities in the paddy soils were not significantly affected by management practices. Phylogeny analysis showed that all gel bands obtained represented genes from Pseudomonas. Additionally, correlation analysis and canonical correspondence analysis showed that C/N, C, and N were important factors that influenced the abundance and community structure of the proteolytic bacteria. These results suggest that proteolytic bacteria are indicators in organic management systems, depolymerize organic N and hence maintain soil sustainability.Abbreviations: CM: conventional management; OM: organic management; DGGE: denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis; qPCR: real-time quantitative PCR detecting system; COFCC: China organic food certification center; CCA: canonical correspondence analysis 相似文献