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坡面流水动力学特性研究 总被引：28，自引：11，他引：28
采用变坡水槽研究了坡面流水动力学参数 (流态、流速、水深及阻力系数 )随流量和坡度的变化规律。结果表明 ,坡面流流态与水深密切相关 ,当水流深度小于 0 .316 cm时 ,坡面流呈过渡流 ,水深大于 0 .316 cm时呈紊流流态 ;当坡度为 5～ 2 5°、单宽流量为 0 .6 2 5～ 12 .5× 10 - 3m3/(s· m)时 ,坡面流平均流速和平均水深主要受流量控制 ,坡度的影响并不显著 ,可用简单的线性函数来模拟平均流速、水深与流量和坡度间的关系 (r2分别为 0 .89,0 .78) ;当流量小于 0 .0 0 2 m3/s时 ,坡度对阻力系数的影响较为显著 ,当流量大于 0 .0 0 2 m3/s时 ,阻力系数基本受流量控制 ,随着流量增大 ,阻力系数呈幂函数形式下降。这说明坡面流的水动力学特性与明渠水流存在较大差异 ,在坡面水蚀机理分析、土壤侵蚀物理模型的构造过程中应予以充分考虑。 相似文献
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沟灌三角形长喉道田间量水槽水力特性试验及数值模拟 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
针对目前北方灌区田间沟灌缺乏有效量水设施的现状,提出了一种针对田间小流量情况的新型量水设备—便携式三角形长喉道量水槽,为进一步研究其水力特性,在沟灌简易长喉道量水槽原型试验的基础上,采用基于Flow-3D的计算流体力学方法对该量水槽的内部水流运动进行了模拟计算,对水流流态、水深、傅汝德数、纵向时均流速、紊动强度进行了分析。结果表明:试验水深值与模拟值的最大相对误差小于10%,二者水面线变化规律吻合,模拟结果精度较高;通过临界流理论推导与回归分析得到沟灌简易长喉道量水槽测流公式,其计算结果与实际流量的最大相对误差为4.34%;量水槽收缩段及喉道段纵向时均流速沿程不断增大,流速最大值的位置存在于水面以下,越靠近收缩段、喉道段出口,最大纵向流速位置越低,断面流速分布越不均匀;紊动强度总体呈现沿程增加的趋势,各断面的紊动强度最大值相对位置在0.13到0.30倍水深之间,沿程逐渐上升。 相似文献
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草地覆盖坡面流水动力参数的室内降雨试验 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：5
为研究两种典型黄土的坡面流水力特性变化规律,进行了室内人工降雨试验。以草地盖度为主要影响因子,土壤质地和雨强为辅助影响因子进行分析。结果表明:同一盖度下,随雨强逐渐增大,流量和流速也随之增加;当盖度增加时,流量和流速随之减小。流速随降雨历时的延长而逐渐增大;当雨强增大时,流速曲线整体抬高;当覆盖度逐渐增大,流速曲线整体降低。平均水深随流速增大而减小;同一雨强下,盖度增加时氟汝德数Fr随之增加,雷诺数Re降低,而Darcy-Weisbach阻力系数f及曼宁粗糙系数n均大致呈增加趋势;对同一盖度,雨强增加Fr随之减小,Re逐渐增加,同时f和n均随之减小。因此草地覆盖度增加将改善坡面流水力性质,总体上减小了坡面流速,增加了阻力和粗糙度。 相似文献
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急陡黄土坡面薄层水流水力学参数变化特征 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5
为探明降雨条件下黄土急陡坡坡面薄层水流水力学特性,采用室内模拟降雨的方法,研究了6个坡度(25°、30°、35°、40°、45°和50°)和3个雨强(1.0 mm min~(-1)、1.5 mm min~(-1)和2.0 mm min~(-1))组合条件下坡面薄层水流水力学参数的变化规律。结果表明:(1)坡度相同时,流速随雨强的增加而增大;雨强相同时,坡度对薄层水流流速的影响存在临界效应(40°~45°),小于临界坡度,流速随坡度的增加而增大,大于临界坡度,流速随坡度增加而减小。(2)各坡度条件下,坡面薄层水流的平均径流水深随降雨强度增加呈平稳增长趋势;相同雨强时,径流深随坡度的增大有减小趋势。(3)黄土急陡坡坡面雷诺数(Re)整体较小(远小于580),试验条件下坡面薄层径流属于层流且水流处于层流中的失稳区;弗劳德数(Fr)大于0.8,薄层水流属于急流。(4)阻力系数(f)随着降雨强度增加而增大,随着坡度的增加而减小。(5)方差分析结果显示,雨强、坡度及二者交互作用对急陡坡坡面薄层水流水力学参数均有显著影响(p0.01),但流速、弗劳德数和阻力系数的变化主要受坡度控制,而径流深和雷诺数的变化主要受雨强控制。 相似文献
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流固耦合作用对筒装料管道车水力输送内部流场特性的影响 总被引：3，自引：3，他引：0
为了进一步分析流固耦合作用对筒装料管道水力输送内部流场特性的影响,采用商用ANSYS Fluent 12.0软件对管道流体域与管道车固体域进行联合求解,并将耦合计算的模拟值与试验值进行对比。管道流体域非稳态计算采用雷诺时均动量方程和RNG k-ε湍流模型,管道车固体域瞬时速度与位移的耦合计算采用结构动力学方程。结果表明:模拟值与试验值基本吻合,且管道车运移时瞬时速度、脉动压强、流速分布以及压强分布的最大相对误差分别不超过1.43%、3.16%、5.28%和1.64%,得到采用流固耦合方法求解筒装料管道水力输送的内部流场特性是可行的;随着径长比的增加,管道车车前近壁面区域的轴向流速、径向流速与压强的影响范围增大,涡量幅值的影响范围减小,周向流速的影响范围呈先减小后增大;管道车下游流场的能量耗散与能量转化共同引起了管道车车前近壁面区域出现了低压区,而能量转化使得管道车下游流场的压强又再次回升;管道车的时均压降系数随着径长比的增加呈先减小后增大,且径长比为0.7的管道车时均压降系数最小。该文的研究将为管道车的结构设计与动力学机理分析提供理论参考。 相似文献
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标准马蹄形断面隧洞是农业灌溉等引水工程中经常采用的断面形式,其临界水深是1个超越方程,不容易直接求解。为了得到该断面隧洞临界水深的一套简捷准确的显函数计算公式,该文引入准直线函数作为逼近函数,将马蹄形断面临界水深方程变换为单变量函数方程,通过对马蹄形两种标准型断面临界水深的单变量函数方程在工程常用范围内（即无量纲临界水深在[0.01,1.80]范围内）进行准直线函数逼近,得到了马蹄形标准Ⅰ型、标准Ⅱ型断面临界水深计算的准直线函数表达式,并进行了误差分析及评价。结果表明,准直线函数计算公式在工程常用范围内,计算临界水深的最大相对误差小于0.6%,准直线函数计算公式形式更为简单、精度较高、适用范围广。 相似文献
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坡面细沟发生临界水动力条件初探 总被引：15，自引：2，他引：15
通过玻璃水槽试验和土槽放水冲刷试验对坡面细沟侵蚀发生的临界水动力条件进行了初步研究。结果表明 ,坡面径流在顺坡向下流动过程中以滚波形式运动并发生叠加是造成侵蚀方式发生变化的主要原因。由于径流流动过程中发生滚波叠加 ,造成在径流流路上出现局部水深增加 ,导致侵蚀切应力激增 ,当切应力大于该处的土壤抗蚀力时便发生侵蚀 ,并最终造成细沟沟头的出现。通过对土槽冲刷试验的结果分析 ,运用能量守恒原理建立了径流能耗和径流侵蚀产沙率之间的关系 ,给出了给定土壤条件下坡面细沟侵蚀率估算模型。结果表明 ,坡面土壤侵蚀的发生具有一定的临界条件 ,当径流能耗大于 7 3 8(J)时坡面开始有细沟侵蚀发生 相似文献
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坡面流水动力学参数对土壤分离能力的定量影响（简报） 总被引：7，自引：6，他引：1
利用变坡试验水槽,在较大流量（0.5～2.0 L/s）和坡度（0～50%）范围内,详细研究了水深、平均流速、雷诺数、佛汝德数和阻力系数对土壤分离能力的定量影响,旨在得到估算土壤分离能力最简单的方法。研究结果表明：坡面流土壤分离能力与水深、平均流速间均呈显著的幂函数关系;土壤分离能力与水流流态密切相关,与水流佛汝德数相比,水流雷诺数与土壤分离能力的关系更密切;土壤分离能力与水流阻力间呈良好的幂函数关系。研究结果表明,平均流速是预测土壤分离能力的最佳参数。研究结果对于理解土壤侵蚀机理,建立土壤侵蚀过程模型具有重要的意义。 相似文献
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【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
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Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
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《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
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Aleš Lebeda Ivana Doležalová Eva Křístková Barbora Mieslerová 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2001,48(2):153-164
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions. 相似文献
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M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献
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Thomas Larsen Jesper Luxhøi Jakob Magid Lars Stoumann Jensen Paul Henning Krogh 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2007,44(1):59-68
We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization
and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition
with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the
decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots
with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass,
soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration,
N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially
(<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation
in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils,
indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but
the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation
for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community
performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea. 相似文献
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《中国生态农业学报》2014,(7)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
18.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(6)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
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Grete Skrede Berit Karoline Martinsen Anne-Berit Wold Stein-Erik Birkeland Kjersti Aaby 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2013,63(3):193-208
Abstract A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species. 相似文献
20.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(7):865-877
Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L?1 nitric acid (HNO3) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L?1 ammonium acetate (NH4OAc) and 1.0 mol L?1 HNO3 extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils. 相似文献