共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 171 毫秒
1.
[目的]分析百喜草土柱孔隙结构与土壤抗侵蚀能力之间的联系,为水土保持植物措施的优化布设以及效益评估提供科学依据。[方法]依托植物土柱长期微区试验,通过CT扫描技术研究种植百喜草的土柱孔隙指标(孔隙长度密度、体积密度、表面积密度和孔隙数密度),开展边坡水槽冲刷试验。设置3个坡度(10°,20°和30°)和5个流量(0.8,1.6,2.4,3.2,4.0 L/s)组合量化土壤抗侵蚀能力,分析孔隙指标与抗侵蚀能力因子之间的关系。[结果]百喜草土柱孔隙发育程度随生长时间不断增强,而随土层深度减弱;4个孔隙结构指标在0—5 cm土层的数值远大于5—10 cm土层,且表层0—5 cm的平均土壤细沟可蚀性(0.026 s/m)和临界水流剪切力(7.0 Pa)分别是下层5—10 cm的0.33,1.54倍。[结论]植物根系发育的孔隙指标能够表征土壤抗侵蚀能力变化,CT扫描获取的4个孔隙结构指标与细沟可蚀性等因子显著相关,其中孔隙表面积密度与土壤抗侵蚀能力指标关系最为密切。 相似文献
2.
黄土斜坡优先流促滑机理研究现状及展望 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
[目的]对斜坡中因节理、裂隙、孔洞等优势通道的存在而发育的优先流所产生的促滑效应研究现状进行总结,以期引起学者重视优先流理论在斜坡地质灾害研究中的应用,为准确开展滑坡预测预警提供科学依据。[方法]从优先流的定义与类型出发,分析了优先流的众多影响因素,重点综述和评价了优先流对斜坡稳定性的影响、斜坡优先流探测技术以及稳定性评价模型方面的研究现状,总结了黄土斜坡优先流促滑致灾的4个发展阶段,并以典型滑坡作为实证,最后分析了优先流促滑作用机理研究中存在的问题。[结果]黄土斜坡优势渗流通道中普遍发育的优先流是有限降雨影响深度条件下斜坡失稳的合理解释,然而,优先流在滑坡致灾规律理论及应用上仍需更多实践检验。[结论]斜坡优先流是斜坡水文学、非饱和土力学、地质灾害学等相关学科方面一项重要的理论,多年来已取得不少成果,今后还需继续深入开展黄土斜坡优先流促滑效应研究,加强多学科交叉和新技术应用,来提高地质灾害科学预测与防治水平。 相似文献
3.
黄土地区降雨的优势入渗深度 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
[目的]分析黄土地区降雨入渗深度,为研究黄土滑坡破坏机理提供依据。[方法]通过现场观测实验监测不同深度土体的含水量变化趋势,并基于颗粒离散元方法对降雨入渗过程进行数值计算。[结果]监测结果表明黄土地区降雨入渗深度不超过1.5m。进一步通过数值计算发现:优势通道入渗的深度和裂缝几何尺寸有关,裂缝越深、越宽,降雨入渗的深度越大,影响范围越广,且裂缝的几何形态随着降雨入渗过程的发展而发生变化。[结论]黄土降雨入渗分为非饱和入渗和优势通道入渗2种,非饱和入渗深度有限,优势通道入渗深度更大,易诱发大规模滑坡灾害。 相似文献
4.
[目的] 明确降雨对西宁市浅层滑坡失稳的影响,为该市降雨型浅层滑坡灾害的监测预警防治提供依据。 [方法] 以青海省西宁市南川东路H7滑坡为例,采用“天—空—地”协同观测技术对滑坡体进行观测调查,基于流固耦合原理和非饱和土强度理论进行水力耦合数值模拟,得出降雨作用下斜坡的孔隙水压力、应力、位移演化及塑性区分布,通过强度折减法计算不同降雨时长下斜坡安全系数。 [结果] ①南川东路H7滑坡整体形态呈长条状,为“牵引—推移”式滑坡,运动模式表现为坡脚失稳牵引、中部变形滑移及顶部失稳推移。 ②雨水入渗引发斜坡土体饱和度上升、基质吸力消散、有效应力降低、抗剪强度衰弱,导致斜坡的下滑力增大、抗滑力减小,诱使南川东路滑坡稳定性持续下降。 ③ 模拟降雨72 h后,在浅层土体内形成接近贯穿的圆弧形塑性滑动面,斜坡的安全系数从1.17降至1.01,处于“暂时稳定—变形”的欠稳定状态。水平位移在坡脚处最大,为6.89 cm;竖向位移在坡体上部最大,为5.98 cm。 [结论] ①“天—空—地”协同观测技术可有效支撑滑坡灾害的调查与评估,有限元水力耦合数值模拟对降雨型滑坡稳定性研究适用性强、效果较好。 ②南川东路H7滑坡在高强度持续降雨下稳定性将进一步降低,威胁道路、建筑及居民安全,需重视潜在滑坡风险。 相似文献
5.
降雨入渗作用下秭归向斜核部南段斜坡稳定性评价 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
[目的]开展降雨条件下湖北省秭归县向斜核部斜坡稳定性评价研究,为政府部门减灾防灾工程提供科学支持,为滑坡灾害的预测和管理提供科学依据。[方法]以耦合了地下水动力学的TRIGRS无限斜坡稳定性计算模型为基础,详细介绍了斜坡稳定性评价的数据处理过程以及参数选取方法。[结果]发生斜坡失稳的区域多位于松散土体中等厚—较厚,地形坡度中等的区域,尤其是土层厚度在7—10m,地形坡度在20°~30°范围内为斜坡失稳高发区。[结论]在土层厚度和地形地貌的双重控制下,短历时强降雨入渗作用导致孔隙水压力增大,这些区域的斜坡土体极易发生滑动,为滑坡危险性较高的多发区域。斜坡稳定性评价结果和滑坡实际分布吻合程度较高,在一定程度上反映出降雨诱发滑坡空间分布关系和分布规律。 相似文献
6.
基于CT图像的土壤孔隙结构三维重建及水力学性质预测 总被引：6，自引：4，他引：2
为了更好地了解土壤孔隙结构对水分运动过程的影响机制,该文利用黄淮海平原原状潮土CT扫描图像,通过数字图像分析和计算机重建技术对孔隙结构进行三维重建,根据图像分析获得的孔隙大小分布和连通性等形态学参数建立了用于描述孔隙尺度结构特征对水分运动影响机制的网络模型,据此预测了样本尺度(样本体积为385.84cm3)的土壤水力学性质。结果表明,模型预测的水力学性质和实测值基本吻合,变化趋势基本一致,二者的决定系数达0.94以上。结果表明相关网络模型可以较好地模拟孔隙尺度的水分运动过程,可用于预测土壤的非饱和水力学性质。 相似文献
7.
黄土土柱入渗的优先流试验研究 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
在黄土高原塬区的长武试验站,采用大型土柱监测天然降雨补给下土柱底部下渗量的变异.对2007-2010年期间的5次连续监测数据分析,结果表明:100-300 cm深度土柱在不同测定时段多数土柱有一定的渗出量,但渗出量具有十分显著的差异性;渗出量差异性可用土壤大孔隙连通或阻隔来解释,且黄土土柱大孔隙稳定性与降雨和土柱深度有关.降雨补给增大时,大孔隙贯通性增强;土柱越深.贯通性变差.以黄土非饱和入渗的均匀介质理论难以解释其补给地下水的差异性,黄土大孔隙流应是降雨补给地下水的主要机制. 相似文献
8.
利用CT扫描技术对太湖地区主要水稻土中大孔隙的研究 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
采集了太湖地区3种主要水稻土（白土、黄泥土和乌栅土）的原状土柱为供试土样，利用CT扫描技术，在不破坏土体结构的前提下，准确地得出了不同深度土壤剖面上各种大孔隙的数量、面积以及分布状况。结果表明，3种水稻土均以表层的大孔隙度最大，在30～40cm处达到一个最低点，再往下又呈波浪形变化。土柱各截面上大孔隙面积的变异系数随着深度的变化与大孔隙度相似，大孔隙度大的层次其变异系数也较大。等效直径越大的孔隙（〉5mm）在土壤不同深度下数量的变化也越大。表层上大直径（〉5mm）的大孔隙较多，在土壤剖面30～40cm以下其数量急剧减少；而直径较小孔隙（〈1mm）的数量在土壤剖面不同深度下相差不大。 相似文献
9.
《土壤通报》2020,(2):455-461
以泾阳庙店滑坡为研究对象,在非饱和土特性试验基础上,结合野外地质调查结果建立典型斜坡的饱和-非饱和渗流模型,模拟渠道渗漏对于斜坡渗流场的影响,研究了渠道渗漏对于斜坡稳定性的影响。计算结果显示,渠道渗漏引起的水分入渗湿润锋面呈近似椭圆状增大,使得饱和区域面积逐渐增加;当入渗时间足够长时,地表水入渗开始补给地下水,原始补给排泄平衡遭到破坏、之后又逐渐形成新的平衡。在渠道水渗漏与地表水入渗优势通道共同作用下,斜坡稳定性系数随渗水时间的增长而逐渐减小。该地区滑坡发生的主要原因是长期农业灌溉过程中,渠道渗漏水体长时间入渗,改变了斜坡内部孔隙水压力与基质吸力,改变了斜坡的原有的渗流场,降低斜坡土体抗剪强度所致。 相似文献
10.
《水土保持研究》2020,(3)
为研究灌丛根系对土壤大孔隙形成的影响,选取青海湖流域的金露梅灌丛和内蒙古的小叶锦鸡儿灌丛作为研究对象,利用CT扫描和Avizo软件解译,实现两种灌丛的根系和土壤大孔隙的三维可视化和定量化。结果表明:金露梅灌丛根系和土壤大孔隙主要分布在0—25 cm土层,土壤中存在较多随机分布的独立大孔隙,大孔隙和根系的相似程度低于小叶锦鸡儿灌丛;小叶锦鸡儿灌丛根系和大孔隙则是在0—50 cm的范围内均有分布,土壤表层大孔隙集中且杂乱,表层以下大孔隙连通性较好,大孔隙和根系结构有较高相似性。内蒙古小叶锦鸡儿灌丛根系对土壤大孔隙的形成影响较大,而青海湖流域的金露梅灌丛根系对土壤大孔隙形成的影响则相对较小,因此,在不同海拔环境中灌丛根系对大孔隙的形成会因环境差异表现出不同的影响程度。 相似文献
11.
Chen Meng Jianzhi Niu Xiang Li Ziteng Luo Xiaoqing Du Jie Du Xingna Lin Xinxiao Yu 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2017,17(9):2357-2370
Purpose
Macropores have important effects on the movement of soil water, air, and chemical substances. However, the quantitative relationship between complex 3D soil macropore networks and forest communities remains unclear in the northern mountainous area in China. The objectives of this study were to (1) use industrial computed tomography (CT) scanning and image analysis to quantitatively analyze macropore networks in intact soil columns and (2) identify characteristics of soil macropore networks in different forest communities.Materials and methods
Intact soil columns (100-mm diameter, 300 mm long) were taken from six local forest communities with three replicates for a total of 18 samples. Industrial X-ray CT was used to scan soil samples; then, the scanned images were used to obtain the 3D images of rock fragments and macropore structures. Next, the macropore structure was quantified, including volume, diameter, surface area, length, angle, tortuosity, and number of macropores. This technique provided an accurate method to quantify the structure of macropores.Results and discussion
The analysis and results revealed that different forest communities influence soil macropore 3D structure significantly and in different ways. Macropores in mixed Pinus tabulaeformis, Castanea mollissima, and Ulmus pumila forest had the largest diameter, surface area, network density, and length density of macropores as well as the smallest mean tortuosity of soil macropores. This is caused by the fact that mixed forest soils had more complex root systems, better soil structure, and more biotic activity. Within the soils of a single forest community, macropore porosity, network density, surface area density, and length of macropores decreased with increased soil depth, because more roots and more biological activity were present in the surface soil.Conclusions
Advanced industrial CT technology can allow an accurate quantification of soil macropore structure. This is important because this type of structure has significant effects on soil water, air, and chemical transport. The results suggest that mixed forest is the best afforestation model in the northern mountainous area in China because of its ability to improve soil structure.12.
以青海湖流域的高寒草甸土壤为研究对象,对该高寒草甸的坡上、坡中和坡下土壤分别取原状土柱进行CT扫描,利用Fiji软件分析土壤大孔隙结构特征的差异。结果表明:坡位对土壤的大孔隙结构有较大影响,坡上土壤的大孔隙数量、大孔隙度和大孔隙等效直径均大于坡中土壤,坡中土壤的大孔隙参数大于坡下土壤,坡上土壤的平均大孔隙度是坡中和坡下土壤的15.5和46.5倍。坡上土壤的大孔隙主要分布在150~400 mm土层深度,而坡中土壤的大孔隙主要分布在0~150 mm深度,坡下土壤的大孔隙主要在0~200 mm深度分布。坡上和坡中土壤的大孔隙形成主要是在土壤团聚体的作用下形成,植物根系在坡下土壤的大孔隙形成中占主导作用。 相似文献
13.
[目的]探究黄麻土工布覆盖条件下花岗岩红壤表土坡面侵蚀特性,为花岗岩红壤区坡面土壤侵蚀防治提供科学依据。[方法]通过室内模拟降雨试验,在2个坡度(5°和15°坡度)、3种密度(无覆盖,6 cm×6 cm及3 cm×3 cm网格)的黄麻土工布覆盖条件下,研究极端降雨条件下(90 mm/h)花岗岩红壤表土的坡面侵蚀特性,并观测径流系数、土壤侵蚀速率、泥沙颗粒变化规律及富集率等指标。[结果]坡面径流随降雨历时增加而增加,土壤侵蚀速率则相反,表明侵蚀过程是一个分离受限的过程。和对照组相比,黄麻土工布覆盖在不同试验条件下都具有明显的减流减沙作用。另外,由侵蚀泥沙的粒径分选规律可知,坡面土壤中的黏粒和粉粒大小的颗粒倾向于被优先选择性搬运,其结果致使坡面石英粗颗粒富集,在缓坡(5°)与高密度黄麻土工布覆盖条件下(3 cm×3 cm网格)尤为突出。坡面石英粗颗粒随降雨历时增加不断富集进一步增加了原位坡面的侵蚀抗性,产生了土壤侵蚀速率随降雨历时不断降低的现象。[结论]高密度黄麻土工布的覆盖能够有效地减流减沙,增加原位坡面抗蚀性,是一种有效的水土保持措施,在今后的土壤侵蚀防治和劣地恢复工作中应该被重视。 相似文献
14.
X射线CT确定土壤大孔隙结构 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Undisturbed soil core with many macropores and disturbed soil core with only one macropore (diameter is 10 mm) were probed by x-ray computed tomography (CT). The size, number, shape and continuity of macropores in the transverse and vertical sections of soil were characterized using CT scanning images. The probability densities of macropores in the transverse section of soil core exhibited a logarithmic F distribution. Results indicated that CT scanning was a promising nondestructive method for characterizing macropores in soils. 相似文献
15.
土壤大孔隙是土壤水分、空气和化学物质运移优先流的主要途径。本文以青海湖流域土壤为研究对象,在青海湖沙柳河流域取原状土柱,利用CT扫描与Fiji软件相结合的方法,实现了土壤大孔隙结构的三维可视化,以及断层横截面土壤大孔隙度、大孔隙数量和大孔隙等效直径等的量化;并探讨了样地土壤大孔隙特征与理化性质的相关性。结果表明:青海湖流域土壤大孔隙主要分布在土壤表层0~100 mm,100 mm以下大孔隙较少;土壤全磷含量分别与土壤大孔隙数量、大孔隙等效直径有显著相关性;土壤全氮、有机质含量分别与土壤大孔隙平均等效直径有显著相关性;土壤体积质量与大孔隙度、大孔隙平均等效直径等有显著相关性;土壤中0.002≤Ф0.02 mm的颗粒含量与大孔隙的分布特征相关性较大。 相似文献
16.
基于CT的青海湖流域芨芨草草地土壤大孔隙特征分析 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
为探究青海湖流域芨芨草草地的土壤大孔隙特征,以青海湖流域芨芨草草地为研究对象,在研究区芨芨草斑块处和芨芨草斑块间分别采集原状土柱,每块样地选取3个重复样品,通过对样品进行CT扫描并利用Fiji软件解译的方法分析土壤孔隙的结构特征差异。结果表明:芨芨草斑块土壤平均大孔隙数量、不同深度大孔隙数量、平均大孔隙度以及不同深度大孔隙度均大于芨芨草斑块间土壤。芨芨草斑块土壤大孔隙平均数量是芨芨草斑块之间的2.8倍,平均大孔隙度是芨芨草斑块间的12.1倍,芨芨草斑块的土壤大孔隙度随土壤深度增加呈先增加后减少的趋势,斑块间的大孔隙度呈递减趋势。 相似文献
17.
Quantification of soil macropores is important to enhance our understanding of preferential pathways for water, air, and chemical movement in soils. However, the soil architecture of different land uses is not well understood in elusive alpine regions. The objective of this study was to quantify the architecture of soil macropores in a Kobresia meadow, farmland, and sand in the Qinghai Lake watershed of northeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China using X-ray computed tomography. Nine soil cores at 0–50 cm depth were collected at three sites with three replicates. At each site, the three collected cores were scanned using a GE Hi Speed FX/i medical scanner(General Electric, USA). To analyze soil architecture, the number of macropores, macroporosity, and mean macropore equivalent diameter within the 50 cm soil profile were determined from the X-ray computed tomography. Analysis of variance indicated that land use significantly influenced macroporosity, mean macropore equivalent diameter, and number of macropores. The soils of the Kobresia meadow and farmland had greater macroporosity and developed deeper and longer macropores than that of sand. For the Kobresia meadow, macropores were distributed mainly in the 0–10 cm soil layer, while they were distributed in the 0–20 cm soil layer for the farmland. The large number of macropores observed in the soils of the Kobresia meadow and farmland could be attributed to greater root development. The results of this study provided improved quantitative evaluation of a suite of soil macropore features with significant implications for non-equilibrium flow prediction and chemical transport modeling in soils. 相似文献
18.
Mathieu Lamandé Per Schjønning Nicola Dal Ferro Francesco Morari 《European Journal of Soil Science》2021,72(2):769-781
Combining digital imaging, physical models and laboratory measurements is a step further towards a better understanding of the complex relationships between the soil pore system and soil functions. Eight natural 100-cm3 soil cores were sampled in a cultivated Stagnic Luvisol from the topsoil and subsoil, which we assumed had contrasting pore systems. Artificial 100-cm3 cores were produced from plastic or from autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC). Eight vertical holes of each diameter (1.5 and 3 mm) were drilled for the plastic cylinder and for one of the two AAC cylinders. All natural and artificial cores were scanned in an X-ray CT scanner and printed in 3D. Effective air-filled porosity, true Darcian air permeability, apparent air permeability at a pressure gradient of 5 hPa and oxygen diffusion were measured on all cores. The active pore system characteristics differed between topsoil (sponge-like, network of macropores of similar size) and subsoil (dominated by large vertical macropores). Active soil pore characteristics measured on a simplified pore network, that is, from artificial and printed soil cores, supported the fundamental differences in air transport by convection and diffusion observed between top- and subsoil. The results confirm the suitability of using the conceptual model that partitions the pore system into arterial, marginal and remote pores to describe effects of soil structure on gas transport. This study showed the high potential of using 3D-printed soil cores to reconstruct the soil macropore network for a better understanding of soil pore functions. 相似文献
19.
Soil structure heterogeneity in the form of macropores and preferential flow channels can complicate efforts to quantify the physical and biological characteristics of wetland systems. We collected soil cores from two riparian wetlands to determine whether soil associated with macropores had elevated denitrification potentials compared to bulk soil from the same core. Cores were inspected for obvious macropores, which were distinguished as visible holes in the core, sometimes with decaying root matter, or as highly unconsolidated layers that appeared to have a substantially lower bulk density than the surrounding soil. Denitrification potentials were significantly higher in pores (P<0.05) for six of the 16 cores that were obtained from the Cheraw State Park site. In cores obtained from a second site, denitrification potentials were significantly higher in pores for six of 20 cores and the trend of higher denitrification in pores was present in the majority of cores that had measurable activity. In cores with significant differences, denitrification was often 1-2 orders of magnitude greater in soil surrounding the macropore than in the bulk soil. Denitrification potentials of the bulk soils were similar in magnitude to the potentials measured in composited cores from previous studies. It is possible that the difference between macropore and bulk denitrification rates developed due to preferential flow of nitrate-rich water through the macropores. Previous work showed that water entering these riparian systems in groundwater and storm runoff had elevated levels of NO3−. 相似文献
20.
大孔隙对土壤水分入渗特性影响的物理模拟试验 总被引：8，自引：6，他引：2
利用不同粒径砂石和大孔隙域模具模拟同一深度、不同有效面孔隙度,在特制试验装置中研究积水条件下大孔隙流的三维运移行为。结果表明：湿润峰平齐且稳定的转折时间和有效面孔隙度相关性较高;不同有效面孔隙度条件下累积入渗量符合Kostiakov模型但其参数是有效面孔隙度的函数;大孔隙的连通性在一定条件下对土壤水分的优先入渗起主导作用;大孔隙的存在导致大孔隙中心特征剖面湿润面积发生典型变化,给出了大孔隙中心特征剖面湿润面积增量的定量概念及其与有效面孔隙度之间的数学模型,并进行了验证,精度满足要求。 相似文献