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1.
Reasons for performing study: Previous studies have suggested that agreement between equine veterinarians subjectively evaluating lameness in horses is low. These studies were limited to small numbers of horses, evaluating movement on the treadmill or to evaluating previously‐recorded videotape. Objectives: To estimate agreement between equine practitioners performing lameness evaluations in horses in the live, over ground setting. Methods: 131 mature horses were evaluated for lameness by 2–5 clinicians (mean 3.2) with a weighted‐average of 18.7 years of experience. Clinicians graded each limb using the AAEP lameness scale by first watching the horse trot in a straight line only and then after full lameness evaluation. Agreement was estimated by calculation of Fleiss' (κ). Evaluators agreed if they picked the same limb as lame or not lame regardless of the severity of perceived lameness. Results: After only evaluating the horse trot in a straight line clinicians agreed whether a limb was lame or not 76.6% of the time (κ= 0.44). After full lameness evaluation clinicians agreed whether a limb was lame or not 72.9% of the time (κ= 0.45). Agreement on forelimb lameness was slightly higher than on hindlimb lameness. When the mean AAEP lameness score was >1.5 clinicians agreed whether or not a limb was lame 93.1% of the time (κ= 0.86), but when the mean score was ≤1.5 they agreed 61.9% (κ= 0.23) of the time. When given the task of picking whether or not the horse was lame and picking the worst limb after full lameness evaluation, clinicians agreed 51.6% (κ= 0.37) of the time. Conclusions: For horses with mild lameness subjective evaluation of lameness is not very reliable. Potential relevance: A search for and the development of more objective and reliable methods of lameness evaluation is justified and should be encouraged and supported.  相似文献   

2.
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Equine lameness is commonly evaluated when the horse is being ridden, but the influence of the rider on the lameness has not been documented. OBJECTIVE: To document the effect of 2 riders of different training levels on the vertical movement of the head and croup. METHODS: Twenty mature horses were ridden at trot by an experienced dressage rider and a novice rider, as well as trotted in hand. Kinematic measurements of markers placed on the horse's head and sacral bone were carried out. The asymmetries of the vertical head and sacral bone motion were calculated as lameness parameters and compared with paired t tests. RESULTS: Trotting in hand, 17 horses showed forelimb lameness (1-4/10) and 13 hindlimb lameness (1-2/10). Intra-individually, 11 horses showed significant differences in forelimb lameness and 4 horses showed significant differences in hindlimb lameness when ridden. Over all horses, hindlimb lameness increased significantly under the dressage rider compared to unridden horses. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of a rider can alter the degree of lameness; however, its influence cannot be predicted for an individual horse. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: In order to evaluate mild lameness, horses should be evaluated at trot both under saddle and in hand. If lameness is exacerbated, a second rider may be helpful; the level of training of the rider should be taken into consideration.  相似文献   

3.
Clinical features of proximal suspensory desmopathy (PSD) and concurrent injury of the proximal aspect of the accessory ligament of the deep digital flexor tendon (ALDDFT) have not been documented. The objectives were to describe clinical signs and diagnosis. This was a retrospective study. Patient details, lame limb(s), response to diagnostic analgesia, and radiographic and ultrasonographic findings were recorded. PSD and injury of the proximal aspect of the ALDDFT were identified in 19 horses, 14 with forelimb lameness (unilateral 5, bilateral 9) and 5 with hindlimb lameness (unilateral 2, bilateral 3). Localising clinical signs were seen in 7/31 lame limbs (subtle thickening in the region of the ALDDFT [n = 3], pain on palpation of the body of the suspensory ligament (SL) [n = 6], heat in the proximal metacarpal or metatarsal region [n = 2]). Forelimb lameness was abolished by perineural analgesia of the palmar metacarpal (subcarpal) nerves in 17/23 limbs. In the remaining limbs intra‐articular analgesia of the middle carpal joint (n = 2) or an ulnar nerve block (n = 4) were required to eliminate the lameness. Hindlimb lameness was abolished by perineural analgesia of the deep branch of the lateral plantar nerve (n = 2) or local infiltration of the proximal plantar aspect of the metatarsus (n = 3); a tibial nerve block resolved lameness in the remaining 3 limbs. Lesions of the SL and of the ALDDFT were characterised ultrasonographically by enlargement, heterogeneous echogenicity and loss of long linear echoes in longitudinal images. In 3 horses adhesions between the ALDDFT and the SL were identified post mortem. Close apposition of these structures seen ultrasonographically may indicate adhesion formation. It was concluded that the clinical features of PSD and concurrent injury of the ALDDFT are similar to those for PSD alone, highlighting the need for comprehensive and systematic ultrasonographic assessment.  相似文献   

4.
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Lameness has often been suggested to result in altered movement of the back, but there are no detailed studies describing such a relationship in quantitative terms. OBJECTIVES: To quantify the effect of induced subtle forelimb lameness on thoracolumbar kinematics in the horse. METHODS: Kinematics of 6 riding horses was measured at walk and at trot on a treadmill before and after the induction of reversible forelimb lameness grade 2 (AAEP scale 1-5). Ground reaction forces (GRF) for individual limbs were calculated from kinematics. RESULTS: The horses significantly unloaded the painful limb by 11.5% at trot, while unloading at walk was not significant. The overall flexion-extension range of back motion decreased on average by 0.2 degrees at walk and increased by 3.3 degrees at trot (P<0.05). Changes in angular motion patterns of vertebral joints were noted only at trot, with an increase in flexion of 0.9 degrees at T10 (i.e. angle between T6, T10 and T13) during the stance phase of the sound diagonal and an increase in extension of the thoracolumbar area during stance of the lame diagonal (0.7degrees at T13, 0.8 degres at T17, 0.5 degres at L1, 0.4 degrees at L3 and 0.3 degrees at L5) (P<0.05). Lameness further caused a lateral bending of the cranial thoracic vertebral column towards the lame side (1.3 degrees at T10 and 0.9 degrees at T13) (P<0.05) during stance of the lame diagonal. CONCLUSIONS: Both range of motion and vertebral angular motion patterns are affected by subtle forelimb lameness. At walk, the effect is minimal, at trot the horses increased the vertebral range of motion and changed the pattern of thoracolumbar motion in the sagittal and horizontal planes, presumably in an attempt to move the centre of gravity away from the lame side and reduce the force on the affected limb. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: Subtle forelimb lameness affects thoracolumbar kinematics. Future studies should aim at elucidating whether the altered movement patterns lead to back and/or neck dysfunction in the case of chronic lameness.  相似文献   

5.
The relationship between lameness and crooked tail carriage (CTC) in horses is unclear. The objectives of this study were (i) to determine the association between CTC and lameness; (ii) among lame horses, to determine associations between CTC and lameness diagnosis, saddle slip, thoracolumbar range of motion (ROM), epaxial muscle tension and pain, and sacroiliac joint region (SIJR) pain, and (iii) to determine whether abolition of lameness and SIJR pain by diagnostic anaesthesia modified CTC. In this study, 520 lame and 170 nonlame sports horses were examined for CTC and other characteristics by one clinician (S.J.D.). All horses were evaluated when ridden. Lame horses were also assessed in hand and on the lunge. Crooked tail carriage, its direction, lameness, musculoskeletal and tack-related parameters were recorded as binary variables and analysed using 2 × 2 contingency tables. Sacroiliac joint region pain was diagnosed using local anaesthesia. Standard errors are shown in square brackets. 32.5% of lame horses had CTC, compared with 5.3% of nonlame horses (odds ratio = 8.6 [confidence intervals 4.4, 16.7]; P = 2×10−12). Of 169 lame horses with CTC, 103 (60.9% [3.8%]) held their tail to the left. There was no association between the side of the predominant lame limb and CTC direction. However, CTC was more common (P = 0.005) in horses with hindlimb lameness (35.7% [2.4%], N = 401) compared with forelimb lameness (21.0% [4.1%], N = 100). Crooked tail carriage was associated with SIJR pain (P = 0.0007) and thoracolumbar epaxial muscle tension (P = 0.0007), but not with saddle slip, reduced thoracolumbar ROM or thoracolumbar epaxial muscle pain. Limitations of the study included the facts that nonlame horses were a convenience sample and lameness assessment, other clinical observations and determination of the presence of CTC were subjective, with potential for bias. Video recordings and photographs are available for verification of tail position. It was concluded that CTC is more prevalent in lame horses than nonlame horses. There is a positive association between CTC and hindlimb lameness, SIJR pain and thoracolumbar epaxial muscle tension.  相似文献   

6.
OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of unilateral synovitis in the distal intertarsal and tarsometatarsal joints on locomotion, including the compensating effects within and between limbs. ANIMALS: 4 clinically normal horses. PROCEDURE: Gait analyses including kinematics, force plate, and inverse dynamic analysis were performed at the trot before lameness, after which synovitis was induced by injecting endotoxin into the right distal intertarsal and tarsometatarsal joints. Gait analyses were repeated 24 to 30 hours later during lameness. Differences between the stride variables during the 2 conditions (lame and sound) were identified. RESULTS: Tarsal joint range of motion, peak vertical force, and vertical impulse were decreased during lameness. Mechanical deficits included a decrease in negative work performed by the tarsal extensors during the early stance phase and a decrease in positive work by the tarsal extensors during push off. No compensatory changes in work were performed by other joints within the lame hind limb during the stance phase. Vertical impulse in the diagonal forelimb decreased, but there were no significant changes in forces or impulses in the ipsilateral forelimb or contralateral hind limb. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results indicate that horses are able to manage mild, unilateral hind limb lameness by reducing the airborne phase of the stride rather than by increased loading of the compensating limbs.  相似文献   

7.
Historically, lameness has been evaluated in hand or on the lunge, but some lamenesses may only be apparent ridden. The objectives were to compare the response to flexion tests, movement in hand, on the lunge, and ridden in sports horses in regular work, assumed to be sound by the owners. It was hypothesized that lameness may be apparent in ridden horses that was not detectable in hand or on the lunge. Fifty-seven sports horses in regular work and assumed to be sound were assessed prospectively in hand, on the lunge on both soft and firm surfaces, and ridden. Flexion tests of all four limbs were performed. Lameness was graded (0–8) under each circumstance in which the horse was examined and after each flexion test. Fourteen horses (24.6%) were sound under all circumstances. Six horses were sound in hand, on the lunge, and ridden but showed a grade 1 or 2 lameness after flexion of a single limb. Sixteen horses (26.3%) were lame in hand. Twenty-four horses (42.1%) showed lameness on the lunge on a soft surface, and 23 horses (40.4%) were lame on the lunge on a firm surface. Twenty-seven horses (47.4%) showed lameness ridden; seven (12.3%) were only lame ridden. There was no significant association between age (P = .09) or work discipline (P = .1) and lameness. It was concluded that freedom from lameness in straight lines is not a reliable indicator of soundness. Some lamenesses are only apparent ridden.  相似文献   

8.
There has been no large‐scale study of the clinical signs of sacroiliac (SI) joint region pain and its association with lameness and/or thoracolumbar pain. Horses with a positive response to infiltration of local anaesthetic solution around the SI joint regions (SI block) and/or abnormal radiopharmaceutical uptake (RU) in the region of the SI joints were included. History, clinical signs, diagnostic imaging findings, response to SI block, and concurrent lameness and/or thoracolumbar pain were recorded. Horses (n = 296) were divided into 2 groups: SI joint region pain only (Group 1, n = 43) and SI joint region pain and concurrent source(s) of pain (Group 2, n = 253). Clinical signs in Group 1 included increased tension in the longissimus dorsi muscles (40%), restricted flexibility of the thoracolumbar region (44%), trunk stiffness during exercise (61%) and poor hindlimb impulsion (56%). When ridden 65% had a poor contact with the bit, in 81% canter quality was worse than trot, and 35% bucked or kicked out with a hindlimb during canter. In both Groups 1 and 2 clinical signs were seen in a significantly greater proportion of horses during ridden work than lungeing (P<0.0001). Following SI block, 98% of horses showed dramatic improvement in clinical signs, including greater overall movement through the trunk, increased hindlimb impulsion and better quality canter. Abnormal RU in the SI joint regions was seen in 85/180 (47%) horses. Of horses with a positive response to SI block that underwent scintigraphy, only 43% had abnormal RU. Per rectum ultrasonographic examination of the SI joint region revealed abnormalities in 41/129 (32%) horses. Clinical signs of SI joint region pain are worse when horses are ridden. Sacroiliac joint region diagnostic analgesia is a useful, safe but nonspecific block. Ultrasonography and scintigraphy can provide additional information in some horses, but negative results do not preclude SI joint region pain.  相似文献   

9.
The accessory ligament of the hindlimb suspensory ligament arises from the plantar aspect of the calcaneus and fourth tarsal bones and blends with the suspensory ligament in the proximal aspect of the metatarsus. The accessory ligament of the suspensory ligament of both hindlimbs of 12 mature horses, with no history of hindlimb lameness, was assessed ultrasonographically. The ligament comprised linear parallel echoes which were consistently shorter than those of the lateral digital flexor tendon; the dorsal and plantar borders were parallel. Lameness associated with injury of the accessory ligament of the suspensory ligament was identified in 6 of 8 lame hindlimbs of 5 horses, unilaterally in 4 horses and bilaterally in one horse. In all horses there was concurrent proximal suspensory desmopathy. There was localised oedematous swelling on the distal medial aspect of the chestnut extending distally in 2 horses. Lameness was best identified when the horses were ridden. Perineural analgesia of the deep branch of the lateral plantar nerve abolished lameness in 3 horses but perineural analgesia of the tibial nerve was required to abolish lameness in the hindlimb with injury of the accessory ligament of the suspensory ligament in 2 horses. Injury of the accessory ligament of the suspensory ligament was characterised by marked decrease in echogenicity of the ligament and loss of parallel alignment of the linear echoes, which were shorter than normal in longitudinal images.  相似文献   

10.
Reasons for performing study: The significance of distal border fragments of the navicular bone is not well understood. There are also no objective data about changes in thickness and proximal/distal extension of the palmar cortex of the navicular bone. Objectives: To describe the distribution of distal border fragments and their association with other radiological abnormalities of the navicular bone and describe the shape of the navicular bone in sound horses and horses with foot‐related lameness, including navicular pathology. Methods: Sound horses had radiographs acquired as part of a prepurchase examination. Lame horses had forelimb lameness abolished by palmar nerve blocks performed at the base of the proximal sesamoid bones. Diagnosis was assigned prospectively based on results of local analgesia and all imaging findings. The thickness of the palmar cortex of the navicular bone and size of proximal/distal extensions were measured objectively. Other radiological abnormalities were evaluated subjectively and each navicular bone graded. Results: Fifty‐five sound and 377 lame horses were included. All measurements were larger in lame compared with sound horses except the size of the distal extension of the palmar cortex. Fragments were observed in 3.6 and 8.7% of sound and lame horses respectively and in 24.1% of horses with a diagnosis of primary navicular pathology. There was an association between fragments and overall navicular bone grade, radiolucent areas at the angles of the distal border of the navicular bone and number and size of the synovial invaginations. Conclusions and potential relevance: The palmar cortex of the navicular bone was thicker in lame compared with sound horses. Distal border fragments were most frequent in horses with navicular pathology. Evaluation of changes in shape of the navicular bone may also be important for recognition of pathological abnormalities of the bone.  相似文献   

11.
The study was performed to obtain a detailed insight into the load and time shifting mechanisms of horses with unilateral weight-bearing forelimb lameness. Reversible lameness was induced in 11 clinically sound horses by applying a solar pressure model. Three degrees of lameness (subtle, mild and moderate) were induced and compared with sound control measurements. Vertical ground reaction force-time histories of all four limbs were recorded simultaneously on an instrumented treadmill. Four compensatory mechanisms could be identified that served to reduce structural stress, i.e. peak vertical force on the affected limb: (1) with increasing lameness, horses reduced the total vertical impulse per stride; (2) the diagonal impulse decreased selectively in the lame diagonal; (3) the impulse was shifted within the lame diagonal to the hindlimb and in the sound diagonal to the forelimb; (4) the rate of loading and the peak forces were reduced by prolonging the stance duration. Except in the diagonal hindlimb, where peak vertical forces increased slightly in the moderate lameness condition, no equivalent compensatory overload situation was observed in the other limbs. Specific force and time information of all four limbs allow the unequivocal identification of the affected limb.  相似文献   

12.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the types of musculoskeletal problems that result in lameness or poor performance in horses used for team roping and determine whether these problems are different in horses used for heading versus heeling. DESIGN: Retrospective study. ANIMALS: 118 horses. PROCEDURE: Medical records of team roping horses that were evaluated because of lameness or poor performance were reviewed to obtain information regarding signalment, primary use (ie, head horse or heel horse), history, results of physical and lameness examinations, diagnostic tests performed, final diagnosis, and treatment. RESULTS: Among horses evaluated by lameness clinicians, the proportion with lameness or poor performance was significantly greater in horses used for heading (74/118) and lower in horses used for heeling (44/118) than would be expected under the null hypothesis. Most horses examined for poor performance were lame. A significantly greater proportion of horses used for heading had right forelimb lameness (26/74 [35%]), compared with horses used for heeling (7/44 [16%]). Horses used for heading had more bilateral forelimb lameness (18/74 [24%]), compared with horses used for heeling (4/44 [9%]). Horses used for heeling had more bilateral hind limb lameness (3/44 [7%]), compared with horses used for heading (0%). The most common musculoskeletal problems in horses used for heading were signs of pain limited to the distal sesamoid (navicular) area, signs of pain in the navicular area plus osteoarthritis of the distal tarsal joints, and soft tissue injury in the forelimb proximal phalangeal (pastern) region. Heeling horses most commonly had signs of pain in the navicular area, osteoarthritis of the metatarsophalangeal joints, and osteoarthritis of the distal tarsal joints. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Horses used for heading were most commonly affected by lameness in the right forelimb. Horses used for heeling had more bilateral hind limb lameness than horses used for heading.  相似文献   

13.
Our aims were to evaluate the pattern of radiopharmaceutical uptake in horses with lameness related to the metacarpophalangeal and/or metatarsophalangeal joint and compare the results with similar information from sound horses. It was hypothesized that there would be a difference in radiopharmaceutical uptake between the lame and contralateral limb in unilaterally lame horses and that there would be a difference between lame and sound horses. Nuclear scintigraphic images of 43 horses with forelimb lameness and 30 horses with hindlimb lameness were evaluated. In all horses lameness was improved by intraarticular analgesia of the joint, or by perineural analgesia of the palmar/plantar (at the junction of the proximal 3/4 and the distal 1/4 of the metacarpal/metatarsal regions) and palmar/plantar metacarpal/metatarsal nerves. All images were assessed subjectively and a quantitative image analysis was performed by drawing a vertical line profile through the center of each joint in the lateral images and using region of interest analysis in both lateral and dorsal/plantar images. Ratios of radiopharmaceutical uptake were compared for each region between lame and contralateral limbs in unilaterally lame horses and between lame and control horses. There was a significant difference in the ratio of radiopharmaceutical uptake in the proximal aspect of the proximal phalanx between lame and nonlame forelimbs in unilaterally lame horses and in both lame and contralateral limbs of lame horses compared with control horses for the regions of the distal aspect of the third metacarpal/metatarsal bone and the proximal sesamoid bones. However, the profile analysis was of limited clinical value.  相似文献   

14.
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: The compensatory mechanisms of horses with weightbearing hindlimb lameness are still not fully understood. HYPOTHESIS: That weightbearing, unilateral hindlimb lameness would not only alter stride characteristics to diminish structural stress in the affected limb but also induce compensatory load adjustments in the other supporting limbs. OBJECTIVE: To document the load and time shifting mechanisms of horses with unilateral weightbearing hindlimb lameness. METHODS: Reversible lameness was induced in 8 clinically sound horses by applying a solar pressure model. Three degrees of lameness (subtle, mild and moderate) were induced and compared with the nonlame (sound) control measurement. Vertical ground reaction forces were recorded for all 4 limbs simultaneously on an instrumented treadmill. RESULTS: Compared to the sound situation, moderate hindlimb hoof lameness induced a decrease in stride duration (-3.3%) and stride impulse (-3.1%). Diagonal impulse decreased selectively in the lame diagonal stance (-7.7%). Within the diagonal limb pair, vertical impulse was shifted to the forelimb during the lame diagonal stance (+6.5%) and to the hindlimb during the sound diagonal stance (+3.2%). Peak vertical force and vertical impulse decreased in the lame limb (-15%), but only vertical impulse increased in the contralateral hindlimb (+5.7%). Stance duration was prolonged in both hindlimbs (+2.5%). Suspension duration was reduced to a greater extent after push-off of the lame diagonal limb pair (-21%) than after the sound diagonal limb pair (-9.2%). CONCLUSIONS: Four compensatory mechanisms could be identified that served to reduce structural stress, i.e. peak vertical force on the affected limb: 1) reduction of the total vertical impulse per stride; 2) diagonal impulse decreased selectively in the lame diagonal; 3) impulse was shifted within the lame diagonal to the forelimb and in the sound diagonal to the hindlimb; and 4) the rate of loading and peak forces were reduced by prolonging the stance duration. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: Load shifting mechanisms are not only effective in diminishing peak forces in the affected limb, but also suppress compensatory overload in other limbs. Selected force and time parameters allow the unequivocal identification of the lame limb. Future studies have to examine how far these compensatory mechanisms may be generalised for other defined orthopaedic problems in the hindlimb.  相似文献   

15.
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16.
OBJECTIVE: To develop an objective, accurate method for quantifying forelimb ground reaction forces in horses by adapting a human in-shoe pressure measurement system and determine the reliability of the system for shod and unshod horses. ANIMALS: 6 adult Thoroughbreds. PROCEDURE: Horses were instrumented with a human in-shoe pressure measurement system and evaluated at a trot (3 m/s) on a motorized treadmill. Maximum force, stance time, and peak contact area were evaluated for shod and unshod horses. Three trials were performed for shod and unshod horses, and differences in the measured values were examined with a mixed model ANOVA for repeated measures. Sensor accuracy was evaluated by correlating measured variables to clinically observed lameness and by a variance component analysis. RESULTS: 4 of 6 horses were determined to be lame in a forelimb on the basis of clinical examination and measured values from the system. No significant differences were observed between shod and unshod horses for maximum force and stance time. A significant decrease in peak contact area was observed for shod and unshod horses at each successive trial. Maximum force measurements provided the highest correlation for detecting lameness (r = 0.91, shod horses; r = 1.0, unshod horses). A variance component analysis revealed that 3 trials provided a variance of 35.35 kg for maximum force (+/- 5.78% accuracy), 0.007 seconds for stance time (+/- 2.5% accuracy), and 8.58 cm2 for peak contact area (+/- 11.95% accuracy). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The in-shoe pressure measurement system provides an accurate, objective, and effective method to evaluate lameness in horses.  相似文献   

17.
The metacarpophalangeal joint is a common site of pain in horses. Little information is available about bone marrow lesions in the distal condyles of the third metacarpal bone in sports and pleasure horses. Aims of this prospective, retrospective, observational study were to evaluate the prevalence of bone marrow lesions in the distal condyles of the third metacarpal bone, to describe their anatomic distribution and to correlate lesions with the presence of lameness and the level and type of activity. All sports and pleasure horses undergoing standing low‐field MRI of the front fetlock region between 2009 and 2016 were included and divided into three lameness groups according to the results of diagnostic analgesia. Bone marrow lesions were analyzed and graded by one reader. Grades were compared between anatomical locations and between lameness groups. A total of 166 horses were sampled. The prevalence of bone marrow lesions was 76.5% (127/166). The dorsal aspects of the medial condyle (31%, 39/127) and of the sagittal ridge (28%, 36/127) were the most commonly affected locations. There was no significant difference between both forelimbs (lame limb and non‐lame limb) of the same horse. Lesion severity was neither significantly associated with the lameness group nor with the type or level of activity. The prevalence of bone marrow lesions in the distal condyles of the third metacarpal bone is high in this population and the clinical significance is not always clear. Further studies are required to elucidate the clinical significance of this finding in sports and pleasure horses.  相似文献   

18.
Reasons for performing the study: Flexion tests are a common tool during the prepurchase and clinical lameness examination, yet studies quantifying the effect of flexion, apart from distal forelimb flexion in sound horses, are sparse. Objectives: To investigate the effect of proximal hindlimb flexion on perceivable and measurable changes in movement symmetry in horses with objective movement symmetry falling within the margins of ‘sound’. Methods: Thirteen horses, selected based on objective movement symmetry, were instrumented with inertial sensors on left and right tuber coxae and over the os sacrum. Vertical movement symmetry was quantified at trot before and after proximal hindlimb flexion, with a repeat of flexion after 5 min. Video recordings of the horses were assessed visually. Results: Proximal hindlimb flexion introduced additive changes in movement symmetry to the individual baseline movement, with a tendency towards smaller effects with increasing stride number. The main systematic effect was a decrease in upward movement of the os sacrum following mid‐stance of the flexed limb and an increase in upward movement following mid‐stance of the nonflexed limb, also manifesting in a ‘hip hike’ of the flexed limb; these findings reflected increased movement asymmetry following flexion. Depending on individual baseline asymmetry, flexion can also increase movement symmetry. Conclusions: Proximal hindlimb flexion can exacerbate subtle asymmetry when performed carefully. Variation in measured symmetry following flexion within and between horses showed that the individual response to flexion is highly variable. Potential relevance: Proximal hindlimb flexion may elevate the asymmetry of a slightly lame limb above the threshold for visibility, thus assisting in the clinical gait examination. Further work is needed to examine the causes for a positive response to flexion and possible differences between sound and lame horses as well as horses of different athletic disciplines.  相似文献   

19.
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20.
Summary

The kinematic pattern of mild bilateral lameness was studied by inducing a supporting limb lameness in both forelimbs of 11 sound Dutch Warmblood horses. The kinematics of the horses were recorded while they trotted (3.5 m/s) on a treadmill. The locomotion analysis system CODA‐3 was used to determine the temporal stride patterns, limb movements as well as head and trunk movement patterns. The transient lameness model, by which pressure‐induced pain is evoked on the hoof sole, was used. Differences between left and right limbs as well as between the sound and the lame condition were tested using a paired t‐test.

Stride and stance duration did not change significantly (p < 0.05) during bilateral lameness compared to the pattern of sound horses. Diagonal advanced placement changed to an earlier placement of both forelimbs. Fetlock hyperextension decreased also in both forelimbs, while the pro‐ and retraction, hoof impact angle, maximal hoof height, and all hind limb variables remained unchanged. Vertical head and trunk movements tended to decrease, but these changes were not significant.

It was concluded that fetlock hyperextension and diagonal advanced placement indicate locomotor disturbances, but that mild bilateral lameness may be difficult to distinguish from individual patterns in single assessments because of the lack of locomotor asymmetries. Evaluation of these variables at regular intervals may allow an early detection of bilateral lameness, which then could be confirmed by diagnostic local anaesthesia.  相似文献   

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