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1.
山东蓬莱葡萄灰霉菌对7种杀菌剂的抗药性检测   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
为了明确葡萄灰霉菌对啶酰菌胺、多菌灵、咯菌腈、异菌脲、腐霉利、嘧霉胺的抗药性和对抑霉唑的敏感性,本试验采用菌丝生长速率法和孢子萌发法检测了采自山东蓬莱地区的69株葡萄灰霉菌对上述前6种杀菌剂的抗药性、对抑霉唑的敏感性及抑霉唑与其他6种杀菌剂的交互抗性关系。结果表明,抑霉唑对这69株葡萄灰霉菌的EC50分布在0.403～28.76μg/mL之间,平均值为(9.34±10.34)μg/mL;葡萄灰霉菌菌株中抗啶酰菌胺(BosR)、多菌灵(CarR)、咯菌腈(FluR)、异菌脲(IprR)、嘧霉胺(PyrR)、腐霉利(ProR)的比例分别为100%、100%、9.47%、97.18%、100%、89.20%,测试菌株的抗药性均为多抗类型,没有单抗菌株,其中对3种杀菌剂(啶酰菌胺、多菌灵、嘧霉胺)、对4种杀菌剂(啶酰菌胺、多菌灵、异菌脲、嘧霉胺)、对5种杀菌剂(啶酰菌胺、多菌灵、异菌脲、嘧霉胺、腐霉利或啶酰菌胺、多菌灵、咯菌腈、异菌脲、嘧霉胺)和对6种杀菌剂(啶酰菌胺、多菌灵、咯菌腈、异菌脲、嘧霉胺、腐霉利)的抗性频率分别为2.33%、9.30%、79.07%、2.33%、6.97%,表明啶酰菌胺、多菌灵、嘧霉胺对测试葡萄菌株完全丧失防效,建议在该葡萄产区停止使用这些药剂,测试菌株对腐霉利、异菌脲的抗性频率高,建议采取限制使用、禁止单独使用等措施,测试菌株对咯菌腈的抗性频率较低,可以继续使用但需按照科学使用规则进行。抑霉唑与其他6种杀菌剂间不存在交互抗性关系,说明其可以和其他药剂同时使用但建议减少使用。  相似文献   

2.
为了提高木霉菌和杀菌剂协同对北苍术白绢病的防治效果,减少杀菌剂的使用量,本文采用生长速率法测定了12种杀菌剂对齐整小核菌及其拮抗木霉菌株的EC50,并采用平板对峙法和协同系数法筛选出与3种木霉菌具有生物相容性和增效作用的杀菌剂后,测定杀菌剂与木霉菌协同对北苍术白绢病的田间防治效果。结果表明：240 g/L噻呋酰胺SC、30%噁霉灵AS和80%代森锰锌WP与棘孢木霉T16、深绿木霉T15和哈茨木霉T11间的VEC50均大于1,具有良好的生物相容性。噻呋酰胺与棘孢木霉和深绿木霉协同对北苍术白绢病的田间防治效果分别达到了80.76%和78.82%,比噻呋酰胺的防治效果分别增长了13.36%和10.64%。由此可见,在减少化学杀菌剂使用量时,棘孢木霉T16和深绿木霉T15均可与噻呋酰胺协同防治北苍术白绢病且具有增效作用。  相似文献   

3.
为了探明寡雄腐霉分泌物中小分子量物质对病原真菌的作用,应用玻璃纸法和生长速率法测定了分子量小于8 kD的寡雄腐霉分泌物对9种植物病原真菌菌丝生长的抑制作用。结果表明,分子量小于8 kD的寡雄腐霉分泌物能强烈抑制森禾腐霉、灰葡萄孢、黄色镰刀菌的菌丝生长,抑菌率分别达到88．9%、86．7%和84．6%;对供试的4种腐霉以及尖孢镰刀菌的4个专化型的抑菌率均达显著性差异。在扫描电镜下可见,经寡雄腐霉分泌物处理的灰葡萄孢菌,菌丝细胞壁破裂、穿孔、干瘪,且菌丝分化出的分生孢子梗少,产孢量明显下降。温室盆栽试验表明,寡雄腐霉滤液对番茄灰霉病具有显著的预防保护作用与治疗作用,其预防保护作用与杀菌剂多菌灵1000倍的防治效果达到同一显著水平。  相似文献   

4.
本文开展了8种杀菌剂对制种西兰花菌核病的防治效果试验。结果表明8种杀菌剂均有防治效果,以40%菌核净可湿性粉剂的防治效果最好,防效为99.19%,比空白对照增产167.05%,千粒重最高,达到5.38g;其次为2亿活孢子/g木霉菌可湿性粉剂和50%腐霉利可湿性粉剂,防效分别为82.39%和81.69%,比空白对照分别增产147.44%和151.70%,千粒重分别为5.34和5.36g。其他杀菌剂的防治效果为51.06%~73.23%,比对照增产76.99%~107.39%,千粒重为4.73~5.28g,空白对照的千粒重为3.23g。综合分析认为,制种西兰花菌核病的防治可选用40%菌核净可湿性粉剂、2亿活孢子/g木霉菌可湿性粉剂和50%腐霉利可湿性粉剂等3种杀菌剂,并交替轮流使用。  相似文献   

5.
深绿木霉T2菌株对百合疫霉拮抗作用及机制   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
本文采用对峙培养、抗生物质测定、对扣培养、圆盘滤膜法、酶活性测定等方法,研究了深绿木霉对百合疫霉病菌的拮抗作用及机制。结果表明,深绿木霉T2菌株具有较强的营养竞争与重寄生作用;并发现其有抗生物质和溶菌酶类产生,对峙培养60 h时,深绿木霉生长速率是百合疫霉的3.68倍,能够与其竞争营养,抑制了百合疫霉的生长与扩展,深绿木霉寄生在百合疫霉菌丝上生长,导致百合疫霉菌丝降解;其代谢产物能够抑制百合疫霉的生长,48 h时难挥发性和易挥发性代谢产物对百合疫霉的抑菌率分别为85.07%和79.10%;深绿木霉T2菌株的发酵液有较高的β 1,3 葡聚糖酶活性,并在第5天达到峰值,为18.54U;深绿木霉发酵液对百合疫霉菌丝有降解作用。  相似文献   

6.
蔬菜灰霉病菌对腐霉利抗药性变异及其治理   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  
蔬菜灰霉病菌（Botrytis cinerea）分生孢子经紫外光灯照射，可获得10^-4～10^-5频率的腐霉利抗药性突变体。获得的13个抗性突变体的抗性水平平均EC50值为18.45ug/ml,EC90值为305.17ug/ml。抗性突变体的可溶性蛋白谱带比其亲本敏感菌株多2～4条，其中Rf=0.38的蛋白谱带是抗性菌株所拥有而敏感菌株所共同缺乏的。抗性菌株对腐霉利抗药性稳定遗传，具有与亲本菌株相同的致病性。苗期抗、感测定结果表明，灰霉克杀菌剂对腐霉利突变体具有明显的克抗作用。田间抗性菌治理使用灰霉克400～800倍对大棚番茄灰霉病平均防效为95.93%～75.8%,优于腐霉剂600倍的平均防效(61.32%)。  相似文献   

7.
番茄叶霉病菌异菌脲抗药性突变体的诱导与生物学性状   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  
测定了苯并咪唑类杀菌剂敏感-乙霉威抗性(BenS-DieR)、苯并咪唑类杀菌剂抗性-乙霉威敏感(BenR-DieS)和苯并咪唑类杀菌剂抗性-乙霉威抗性(BenR-DieR)3种类型的番茄叶霉病菌Cladosporium fulvum菌株对不同类型药剂的敏感性。结果表明,蕃茄叶霉病菌对供试药剂的敏感性与其对苯并咪唑类杀菌剂及乙霉威的敏感性无关。根据药剂对3类菌株EC50值的平均值, 16种杀菌剂抑制菌丝生长的活性依次为腐霉利＞乙烯菌核利＞异菌脲＞戊唑醇＞百菌清＞嘧霉胺＞醚菌酯＞代森锰锌＞8-羟基喹啉铜＞丙环唑＞苯醚甲环唑＞嘧菌酯＞灭锈胺＞烯酰吗啉＞烟酰胺＞三唑酮;抑制孢子萌发的活性依次为醚菌酯＞腐霉利＞百菌清＞乙烯菌核利＞灭锈胺＞8-羟基喹啉铜＞异菌脲＞代森锰锌＞嘧菌酯＞烟酰胺＞嘧霉胺＞戊唑醇＞丙环唑＞苯醚甲环唑＞三唑酮＞烯酰吗啉。通过紫外诱变共获得17株抗异菌脲突变体,突变频率为4.5×10-7。其中低抗、中抗和高抗菌株分别占 17.65%、70.59%和11.75%。这些突变体对腐霉利和乙烯菌核利表现交互抗性,对苯并咪唑类、脱甲基抑制剂(DMIs)、QoIs等药剂的敏感性与亲本菌株之间没有显著性差异,与亲本菌株在生长、产孢、致病能力等方面也无显著差异,但对渗透胁迫的敏感性要显著高于亲本。  相似文献   

8.
黄瓜靶斑病原菌鉴定及室内药剂筛选试验   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
采用生长速率法测定了34种常见杀菌剂对黄瓜靶斑病菌的抑菌活性。结果表明,不同杀菌剂对棒孢病菌的菌丝生长抑制作用不同。二甲酰亚胺类杀菌剂中腐霉利、异菌脲对棒孢病菌的抑菌率较高,分别为94.69%和84.42%;有机硫类保护性杀菌剂福美双、丙森锌和代森锰锌抑菌率次之,分别为68.14%、66.37%和64.96%;咪唑类杀菌剂中咪鲜胺对棒孢病菌也表现较好的抑菌作用,为61.07%;三唑类与嘧啶类杀菌剂抑菌率一般,抑菌率大部分在50%左右,防治卵菌纲药剂氰霜唑和双炔酰菌胺抑菌率最低,为30%左右。  相似文献   

9.
本文研究了哈茨木霉Trichoderma harzianum T1、深绿木霉T.atroviride T3、康氏木霉T.koningii T4和3株绿色木霉T.viride T2、T5和T6对人参锈腐病的室内拮抗作用和田间防治效果。对峙培养结果显示,6个木霉菌株对人参锈腐菌Cylindrocarpon destructans均具有较好的抑制作用,其中T1抑制效果最好,菌落生长抑制率为73.02%。田间试验结果显示,施用木霉菌后人参锈腐病的病情指数显著降低(P0.01),其中T1对人参锈腐病的防效最好,达到44.08%。施用木霉菌后人参产量与对照相比有所增加,但未达到显著水平(P=0.39)。  相似文献   

10.
北京地区番茄灰霉病菌的多重抗药性检测   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  
2009年12月-2010年5月,在北京12个郊区县采集番茄病标样150份,分离纯化得到109个灰葡萄孢（Botrytis cinerea）单孢菌株,用最低抑制浓度法（MIC）测定了其对苯并咪唑类（多菌灵）、二甲酰亚胺类（腐霉利）和氨基甲酸酯类（乙霉威）杀菌剂的抗药性。结果表明：番茄灰霉病菌对多菌灵、腐霉利和乙霉威产生抗性菌株的频率分别为96.3%、80.7% 和58.7%;所测菌株对3类杀菌剂的抗性类型有BenRDicSNPCS、BenSDicSNPCR、BenRDicRNPCS和BenRDicRNPCR 4种,所占比例分别是19.3%、3.7%、21.1%和56.0%,表明北京地区番茄灰霉病菌对苯并咪唑类、二甲酰亚胺类和氨基甲酸酯类三类杀菌剂的抗药性严重,在生产中需慎用,应选择一些替代的新型杀菌剂和生物农药。  相似文献   

11.
Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.  相似文献   

12.
We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.  相似文献   

13.
《干旱区科学》2014,(6):782-782
正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad  相似文献   

14.
Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.  相似文献   

15.
The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.  相似文献   

16.
Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies   总被引：18，自引：0，他引：18  
One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.  相似文献   

17.
Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.  相似文献   

18.
Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F 3, F 4 and F 5, but not in F 1 and F 2 that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F 1 and F 2 in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.  相似文献   

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20.
Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.  相似文献   

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