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1.
The concept is presented of combined cultivation of legumes and sorghum–maize and their use as conserved ruminant feed in tropical regions, with special reference to Cuba. Good yields are obtained during the rainy season through intercropping (alternate rows of either sorghum or maize and soybean). When followed by ensiling, this provides high‐quality ruminant feed for the tropical dry season. Soybean compensates for the low crude protein content of sorghum, whereas sorghum allows good silage quality in combination with legumes. The paper reviews and updates recent studies assessing combined sorghum–soybean cultivation and ensiling as well as determination of their feed value. The high nutritive quality and forage potential when these crops are intercropped demonstrate that silage from these plants can be used successfully in ruminant diets in Cuba and other tropical areas. Perspectives for new studies in this field are suggested, particularly with legume species that are more adapted to specific tropical regions and/or with higher forage yield. In addition, it is suggested that there is a need to assess the supplementation impact on meat and milk production at the farm level, as well as its environmental impact, when ruminants are fed combined silages from whole plants of sorghum–legumes. 相似文献
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The present investigation was conducted at Vittal, Karnataka, India during 2004-2007 to study the feasibility of intercropping of medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) in arecanut plantation. The results revealed that MAPs can be successfully grown as intercrops in arecanut plantation with increased productivity and net income per unit area. Kernel equivalent yield of MAPs varied between 272 kg ha−1 in case of Piper longum to 1218 kg ha−1 in Cymbopogon flexuosus. Pooled data indicated that Asparagus racemosus produced fresh root yield of 10,666 kg ha−1 of arecanut plantation and contributed to maximum kernel equivalent yield of 1524 kg ha−1 among all medicinal and aromatic plants. Intercropping of MAPs in arecanut was found economical. The net return per rupee investment was highest in C. flexuosus (4.25) followed by Bacopa monnieri (3.64), Ocimum basilicum (3.46) and Artemisia pallens (3.12). The total system productivity of arecanut + MAPs intercropping system varied from 2990 to 4144 kg ha−1. Arecanut + O. basilicum intercropping system registered significantly higher production efficiency 8.2 kg ha−1 day−1 than other systems. Intercropping of MAPs had more positive effect on soil pH in arecanut based cropping system. The soil pH was 5.6 in 2004 and it was 0.3-0.9 units higher in 2007. Soil organic carbon (SOC) content varied significantly due to intercropping of MAPs at the end of experiment. The SOC content increased in Aloe vera, A. pallens, P. longum and B. monnieri, while it depleted in grasses and rhizomatic MAPs. Based on demand and marketing opportunities for MAPs, farmers are advised to grow aromatic plants in large areas on a community basis to meet huge industrial demand and variety of medicinal crops in small areas to meet the requirement of traditional systems of medicine. 相似文献
3.
A series of 9 experiments carried out on an alluvial soil at two levels of fertility during the period 1971–3 showed that cultivation of the mineral soil was unnecessary for the satisfactory germination, emergence and establishment of a wide range of forage crops. With small-seeded crops (grasses and clover) non-cultivation gave improved establish ment and early growth compared with crops from soil which had been disturbed. A second series of 6 experiments investigated the effects of surface plant material on the establishment of a smaller range of forage crops sown without cultivation. The presence of this mat or trash was associated with a reduction in establishment of seedlings, but not with subsequent growth of the plants that became established. Treatments which processed or partially removed the organic matter were associated with increased emergence. Crops with small seeds were more susceptible to the effects of organic matter than those with larger seeds. 相似文献
4.
M.J. Black C. Whittaker S.A. HosseiniR. Diaz-Chavez J. WoodsR.J. Murphy 《Industrial Crops and Products》2011,34(2):1332-1339
Providing food, energy and materials for the rising global population is a challenge which is compounded by increased pressure on natural resources such as land, water and fossil sources of raw materials. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from human activities have increased with industrial development and population expansion, and it is anticipated that resulting climate change might further limit agricultural productivity, through changes to weather patterns and global availability/distribution of agriculturally productive land. Growing crops as feedstocks for industrial uses is seen as one way of reducing GHG emissions and dependency on fossil resources. However, determining the extent to which the development of crops for industrial use will effect GHG balances and provide for a more energy efficient manufacturing system requires the development and use of appropriate calculation methodologies.Research at the Porter Institute has identified over 250 different scenarios for bioenergy production systems using commodity crops. In order to rationalise this complexity and diversity, a modular approach to Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and sustainability analysis has been taken. This allows characterisation of discrete sections of supply chains and enables comparisons to be made between different crop production systems, different process systems and different end product uses. The purposes of this paper are to introduce the concepts of biofuel GHG and sustainability metrics, to introduce the approach taken by our organization and to use the example of UK grown willow in a lignocellulosic ethanol production system to demonstrate how GHG emission outcomes can be reviewed for “new” crops and technologies.The results show a range of variation, in both growing and process systems and how outcomes such as energy and GHG balances can be affected by various activities.LCA methodologies provide data to inform governments and industry of the potential specific supply chains may have for energy and GHG saving. However, methodological approaches can also affect assessment outcomes. Unresolved issues in LCA methodology must also be evaluated e.g. impacts resulting from land use change. Sustainability assessments of crop growing systems, irrespective of the end use, also assist in the assessment of environmental impacts of supply chains. However, it is critical that data continue to be collected, analysed and reviewed, to ensure that the most appropriate crops are grown and processed for the most appropriate end use. 相似文献
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Nagendra Kumar Kaushik Neha Kaushik Sunil Pardeshi Jai Gopal Sharma Seung Hyun Lee Eun Ha Choi 《Marine drugs》2015,13(11):6792-6817
The substance secreted by mussels, also known as nature’s glue, is a type of liquid protein that hardens rapidly into a solid water-resistant adhesive material. While in seawater or saline conditions, mussels can adhere to all types of surfaces, sustaining its bonds via mussel adhesive proteins (MAPs), a group of proteins containing 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) and catecholic amino acid. Several aspects of this adhesion process have inspired the development of various types of synthetic materials for biomedical applications. Further, there is an urgent need to utilize biologically inspired strategies to develop new biocompatible materials for medical applications. Consequently, many researchers have recently reported bio-inspired techniques and materials that show results similar to or better than those shown by MAPs for a range of medical applications. However, the susceptibility to oxidation of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine poses major challenges with regard to the practical translation of mussel adhesion. In this review, various strategies are discussed to provide an option for DOPA/metal ion chelation and to compensate for the limitations imposed by facile 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine autoxidation. We discuss the anti-proliferative, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial activity, and adhesive behaviors of mussel bio-products and mussel-inspired materials (MIMs) that make them attractive for synthetic adaptation. The development of biologically inspired adhesive interfaces, bioactive mussel products, MIMs, and arising areas of research leading to biomedical applications are considered in this review. 相似文献
7.
《中国油料作物学报(英文)》2021,6(3):105-113
Oil crops, mainly comprised of soybean, rapeseed, groundnut, sunflower and etc., have provided substantial edible oil and other tremendous nutrients for human beings, as well as valuable biofuels for associated industries. The genetic improvement of significant oil crops and/or domesticating novel high-yielding oil crops are in urgent need to cope with the ever-increasing demand for various oil crop products. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats)-based genome editing technology, born a few years ago, edits stretches of DNA in a targeted and RNA-dependent fashion. The Characteristics of targeted mutagenesis and easy manipulation owned by the technology make it have been applied to many plants and exhibited great potential in the genetic improvement of many important oil crops. In the face of growing need for oil crop products and the rapid developments in CRISPR-based genome editing technology, a critical review regarding the technology and its application in oil crops is badly required to provide references for the better use of this technology to modify the oil crops for higher yield. In this review paper, we briefly described the CRISPR-based genome editing technology and summarized its applications and future prospects in oil crops. 相似文献
8.
《Plant Production Science》2013,16(1):74-79
Abstract Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) improve the uptake of immobile mineral nutrients such as phosphate, thereby improving plant growth. In acid sulfate soil (ASS), AMF spore density is generally low which impacts root colonization and phosphate uptake. Thus, inoculation may help increase AMF colonization of crops grown in ASS. AMF spore density decreases after cultivation of a non-host crop or bare fallow. In addition, preceding crops affect the growth and yield of subsequent crops. The production of AMF inocula requires AMF-compatible plants. The objective of the present study is to elucidate the effect of preceding crops on the persistence of inoculated AMF and growth of succeeding maize under an ASS condition with lime application. Spore density of AMF after cultivation of preceding crops (soybean or job’s tears) was maintained in comparison to fallow leading to higher AMF colonization of maize and improved plant growth. Thus, maintenance of AMF spore density, either through selection of preceding crops or application of AMF inoculum, may be a viable strategy to improve maize growth in limed ASS of Thailand. 相似文献
9.
《Plant Production Science》2013,16(3):221-234
AbstractBioethanol is gathering attention as a countermeasure to global warming and as an alternative energy for gasoline. Meanwhile, due to the synchronous increase in bioethanol production and grain prices, the food-fuel competition has become a public issue. It is necessary to see the issue objectively and to recognize that the real background is the change in allocation of limited resources such as farmland and water. In this review, we discuss which, where and how energy crops shouldbe grown to establish a sustainable bioethanol production system. Several combinations of crops, areas and cultivation methods are recommended as a result of a survey of the bioethanol production system with various energy crops. In tropical and subtropical regions, sugarcane can be grown in agricultural and/or unused favorable lands. In other regions, cellulosic energy crops can be grown in abandoned and marginal lands, including lands contaminated with inorganic pollutant like heavy metals and some detrimental minerals. There also is the possibility that, for Japan and other Asian countries, rice can be grown as an energy crop in unused lowland paddy field. Regarding cultivation way, energy saving is beneficial for bioethanol production systems irrespective of energy efficiency. On the other hand, effective energy input should be consideredfor the systems with higher energy efficiency when available land area is limited. Exploring and developing new energy crops and varieties, which show higher biomass productivity and stress tolerances under marginal conditions, are necessary for sustainable bioethanol production because energy crop production would be restricted mostly to marginal areas in future. 相似文献
10.
Hermine Vogel Paula JeldresIván Razmilic Ursula Doll 《Industrial Crops and Products》2011,34(2):1322-1326
Buddleja globosa is a medicinal shrub native to Chile. Its leaves have been traditionally used for wound and ulcer healing. Different medicinal properties, such as outstanding antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, wound healing and analgesic activities have been shown. Today, all raw materials for pharmaceutical process are coming from wild collection or recently established crops but not from selected plants. Studies of the genetic or environmental variability of the species would permit the optimization of yield and quality factors through the selection of genetic material or suitable production sites and management techniques.To assess which traits are determined genetically some yield related plant and leaf characteristics were studied in three wild populations and the cultivated accessions from the same provenances. The cultivated accessions also included three clones coming from individuals found in rural home gardens. For the cultivation studies individuals were arranged in a randomised block design, and those for the irrigation studies in split plots watered at 20% and 65% field capacity.Plant characteristics such as height and width of the plant, the ratio of both, stem diameter and leaf density differed significantly among natural populations. In leaf characteristics only the presence of stipules showed significant differences. The cultivated progenies or clones may give an idea if these differences among populations are due to environmental or to genetic effects. Compared with other provenances, plants from the coastal provenance Los Ruiles are tallest in both natural populations and cultivated clones and also showed superior leaf yields in spite of their lower leaf density.The hairy leaves may cause allergic reactions at the moment of harvest. This characteristic is not influenced by different irrigation treatments and shows no significant differences between cultivated and wild plants.Because of the significant higher leaf yields per plant in home garden clones we assume that formerly individuals with a higher leaf production were selected for cultivation. 相似文献
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《Field Crops Research》1999,60(1-2):57-80
Current and past efforts in breeding for industrial quality (processing, malting, baking, extruding, etc.), as opposed to yield, are reviewed as a prelude to discussion of the criteria that need to be met in breeding programs to improve the nutritional quality of crops for human consumption. In field crops, almost no attempts to improve nutritional value have been made. Recent studies in fact indicate that most criteria can be easily satisfied: existence of sufficient genetic variation, suitable selection methods and markers, workable heritabilities, and compelling reasons for doing so. However, establishing the efficacy in deficient human populations of elite material chosen by simple selection criteria is a major challenge that requires collaboration with human nutritionists. In some cases, developing marketing strategies for nutritionally superior types that may not – by color or other characteristics – appeal to target communities is also an issue breeders must bear in mind. Nevertheless, the fact recently established that desirable traits can be combined with high yield overcomes many obstacles. The widely demonstrated acceptance of new cultivars by farmers, in developing as well as industrialized countries, will ensure high impact of worthwhile improvements in nutritional value. To combine these new traits with high yield will increase the cost of breeding programs considerably, but the benefit–cost ratio is likely to be larger also. 相似文献
13.
Summary In five field trials with the cultivars Gloria (early), Bintje (mid-early) Désirée (mid-late) and Morene (late), crops grown
from conventional 28–35 or 35–45 mm seed were compared with crops grown from microtubers, of various sizes and from various
sources, that had been producedin vitro. The following means to quicken initial crop development from the micropropagated material were tested: large microtubers,
plastic soil cover, and transplanting of plantlets grown from microtubers pre-planted in a glasshouse. Crops grown from microtubers
weighing less than half a gram yielded much less than crops grown from conventional seed crops but their yields were increased
by each treatment. With the later-maturing cultivars, which generally produce few tubers per plant, the yields within seed
grades from plants grown from transplanted microtuber plants were comparable with those of conventional crops. Reasons are
given, why direct planting of microtubers, with or without plastic foil, is not a practical option. 相似文献
14.
麦类作物铝毒害及耐铝机理研究进展 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
铝害是酸性土壤中作物生长发育的一个主要限制因素。作物耐铝性在种间和品种间存在明显差异。目前有关作物铝毒害及不同耐铝性基因型差异的机理尚不十分清楚,限制了相关育种和栽培工作的开展。近几年来,世界各国针对作物的铝毒害及其耐铝机制进行了大量的研究．并取得了较大进展。本文综述了目前有关铝对麦类作物的毒害及其耐铝机理的研究成果,并简要讨论了今后的研究方向。 相似文献
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OMNICROP uses a database composed of labeled data, such as light quality and quantity, general climate characteristics, and soil quality, from successful farming sites to sort and select the most successful crops for a particular set of circumstances. This process provides either earthbound farmers or off-world colonists with the a priori information needed to start successful, productive food production while preventing costly and time-consuming activities that derive from on-site experimentation. The model can also be directly linked to self-managing cultivation chambers, food seedling physiology assessment, and phytopathology treatment on Earth, and for deep space travel crop cultivation. Our results are derived from the comparison between five different algorithms, showing in this case the superiority of the algorithms based on ensemble of decision trees, especially the boosted trees, where our best estimator was the XGBoost. This project is an open source model where any user can input data and obtain results. Frequent reuse will assist the model with learning and continual self- recalibration, providing increasingly accurate results across time. 相似文献
17.
Rice Metabolomics 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Metabolomics is a recently developed technology for comprehensive analysis of metabolites in organisms. Plant metabolites that are produced for the growth, development, and chemical defense of plants against climatic alterations or natural predators are also useful to us as nutrients or medicines; hence, it is important to comprehend the amounts and varieties of plant metabolites. Besides providing an understanding of the metabolic state in plants under various circumstances, metabolomic techniques are applicable to the clarification of the functions of unknown genes by using natural variants or mutants of the target plants. Furthermore, a metabolomic approach might be useful in the breeding of crops, since valuable plant traits such as taste and yield are closely related to metabolic conditions. Here, we describe the methodology of metabolomics including sample extraction and preparation, metabolite detection, and data processing and analysis, and introduce the application of metabolomic studies to rice. 相似文献
18.
《Journal of Crop Improvement》2013,27(2):121-161
Summary A number of crops exhibit allelopathic interactions that play a significant role in the complex environment of agroecosystems. Several studies have shown that allelopathic crops reduce growth, development and yield of other crops growing simultaneously or subsequently in the fields. Another aspect of interest regarding crop allelopathy is that allelochemicals may exhibit inhibitory effect on the same crop which is commonly called as crop autotoxicity. It is predominantly common in fields where sole cropping under reduced or no-tillage system is practiced. Though any crop part can be allelopathic, including even the pollens, but decomposing crop residues exhibit more influence on other plants. Furthermore, the extent of allelopathy by a crop plant varies with age, part and type of cultivar being used. Nowadays allelo-pathic crops are being used as an important tool in managing weeds and harmful pests under sustainable pest management programs. In this context several cover/smother and green manure crops with allelopathic nature hold a good promise as well as challenge for the future as they have a potential to suppress noxious weeds. Likewise, the decomposing residues of such crops can also be used for managing harmful weeds and pests vis-à-vis maintaining the sustainability of the system. The traditional practice of crop rotation which declined with the discovery of synthetic herbicides can also be revived, if allelopathic potential of rotational crops is well understood. Selection of cultivars with high allelopathic potential/high competitiveness is another possible way by which crop allelopathy can be better utilized for weed control and yield enhancement. Crops with less allelopathic potential can be genetically improved by incorporating desired genes encoding the synthesis of allelochemicals. Pure allelochemicals extracted and identified from some crop plants can also be used as bioherbicides. 相似文献
19.
Nematode pests parasitise and cause substantial crop yield and quality losses to a wide range of crops worldwide. To minimize such damage, the exploitation and development of alternative nematode control strategies are becoming increasingly important, particularly as a result of global efforts to conserve the ozone layer as well as our soil and water substrates. Inclusion of Brassicaceae crops in cropping systems is one such alternative and has been demonstrated in most cases to be effective in managing the top-three rated economically important nematode pests, viz. root-knot (Meloidogyne), cyst (Heterodera and Globodera) and lesion (Pratylenchus) nematodes as well as others. In the past nematode pests were and still are generally managed successfully by the use of synthetically-derived nematicides, which are progressively being removed from world markets. However, fragmented and limited information about the use of Brassicaceae crops as a nematode management tool exists in various countries. The need thus arose to summarize, compare and discuss the vast amount of information that has been generated on this topic in a concise article. This paper therefore represents a comprehensive, practical and critical review of the use and effect(s) of Brassicaceae-based management strategies and the biofumigation and cover-crop/rotation characteristics of Brassicaceae in reducing nematode-pest population levels in global cropping systems. 相似文献
20.
《Plant Production Science》2013,16(3):377-384
We studied the year-round cultivation of sweet sorghum, which is a raw material for the fermentation of monosodium glutamate, in East Java, Indonesia. In this savanna area, each year comprises 2 seasons–dry (April–September) and rainy (October–March). Seed crops were sown almost every month for 1 yr, and each seed cropping was followed by a ratoon cropping after the seed crop harvest. The stem-related traits of plants from different sowing or ratooning dates were studied at around 17 weeks after sowing or ratooning. For both plants derived from seed and ratoon, better crop establishment was observed when cultivation was commenced during the rainy season than during the dry season. Although sowing was undertaken each week in August and September during the most severe dry period, germination rate was very low (or zero) and even the germinated plants died within a short time. In contrast, ratoon cropping was started and plants were grown until harvest. In East Java, it is considered possible to produce sweet sorghum throughout the year, mainly by sowing, but also partially by ratooning during the most severe drought period of the dry season. 相似文献