共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 468 毫秒
1.
2.
镉对草莓的毒害及调控 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
镉是一种稀有分散元素，是毒性较强的重金属元素之一，它危害植物的生长发育并最终影响人类的身体健康。植物镉污染的来源主要是废气、污施、污灌。对草莓的毒害主要表现为果实数减少，品质下降，可采用金属元素和化学物质如CaC03和Na2Si03等调控。 相似文献
3.
铅、镉单一及复合污染对11个空心菜品种种子萌发和幼苗生长效应的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以11个品种的空心菜种子为研究对象,研究了不同浓度的铅、镉及其复合污染对不同空心菜种子萌发率、幼苗根长、苗高及生物量的影响,比较了不同处理对空心菜种子萌发和幼苗生长抑制效应的品种差异,旨在为重金属中轻度污染农田土壤栽培空心菜的品种选择及农产品质量安全保障提供参考。结果发现：铅、镉单一或复合污染对幼苗生长比种子萌发的抑制作用更明显,其中幼苗根生长对铅镉污染比种子萌发等指标更为敏感,因此将幼苗根生长作为评价重金属铅镉毒害的指标更为合理。随着铅、镉单一及铅镉复合污染浓度的加大,其对空心菜各品种幼苗生长的抑制作用也逐渐增大,且同样浓度下,铅镉复合污染往往比单一重金属污染的抑制率更高,说明铅镉污染存在协同效应。其中,对空心菜各指标的综合抑制效应在铅、镉单一污染下最高达48.78％和42.84％,而在铅镉复合污染时最高达59.73％。另外,不同品种对铅、镉污染的敏感性不同,通过比较,区分了3个耐铅镉污染品种和2个铅镉污染敏感品种。 相似文献
4.
向日葵、油菜对镉胁迫反应及对镉污染土地修复作用研究进展 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
《作物研究》2017,(1)
随着人类活动的增加,越来越多的重金属进入土壤中造成土壤污染,其中镉是对人体毒害最强的,土壤镉污染治理已经成了人们最关心的问题之一。对比不同的土壤重金属污染治理的方法,植物修复被认为是最好的。总结了向日葵和油菜对镉胁迫的反应,以及它们对镉污染土地的修复作用,并对以后的研究方向进行了探讨。 相似文献
5.
水稻对镉的吸收和转运的分子机理 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
《杂交水稻》2015,(3):2-8
日益严重的稻田镉污染威胁着中国生态安全和食品安全,培育低镉积累品种以降低稻米镉含量或者培育耐镉品种以用于植物修复是治理稻田镉污染的理想手段,阐明植物对镉的吸收和转运的分子机理是培育低镉品种和耐镉品种的前提。综述了水稻等植物对镉的吸收和转运的生理机制以及镉吸收、转运、隔离及外排过程中参与的各种镉诱导转运蛋白功能的研究进展有利于低镉积累水稻品种的培育,并促进水稻作为植物修复模式植物在降低土壤镉污染的生态治理中的应用。 相似文献
6.
镉胁迫对小麦的影响及小麦对镉毒害响应的研究进展 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：6
镉是植物生长的非必需元素,具有很强的毒性,与其他种类的重金属相比,镉(Cd2+)更易被小麦吸收累积,从而会引起人的健康隐患。本文综述了近年来Cd2+毒害对小麦生长、生理生化及分子生物学水平等方面的影响以及小麦对Cd2+毒害响应的研究进展,主要包括Cd2+毒害对小麦种子萌发、幼苗生长、酶活性、光合作用、可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量、根系分泌物及在遗传损伤效应和蛋白基因表达水平的影响以及小麦对Cd2+的吸收、分配和积累等方面的响应规律,探讨了目前该领域研究中存在的问题,并提出了今后进行大田条件下Cd2+对小麦根际微生态系统影响机制的研究方向,以期为小麦的Cd2+污染控制和合理耕作提供一定的科学依据。 相似文献
7.
随着工业的发展,重金属的排放越来越多。加之重金属对水体的毒害作用非常大,水体重金属污染已经成为一个日益严重的环境问题。被植物吸收的重金属达到一定量时,植物内部将产生毒害引起植物生长发育不良。因此,水体的重金属污染的治理工作具有非常积极的现实意义。本文以茶叶产业为例,就其重金属污染的种类和来源进行了阐述,对重金属污染引起茶叶的危害进行了讨论,在调查分析的基础上提出治理水体重金属污染的相关对策。 相似文献
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
《Journal of Crop Improvement》2013,27(2):81-114
Summary The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices. 相似文献
13.
Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：4
Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity. 相似文献
14.
Whereas the concept that availability of resources drives seed production is sound in principle, it is incomplete as there are many solutions to the allocation of resources that derive from the trade-off between number and size. This paper examines evolutionary aspects of this trade-off in annual grain crops. The analysis is centred on the working hypotheses that, for a given species and environment, allocation of resources to reproduction involves (H1) high plasticity in seed number, which allows for variable resource availability, and (H2) a relatively narrow range of seed size that results from evolutionary and agronomic selection. Comparisons between crops and fish are used to highlight common evolutionary elements in taxa where parents provide little or no care to their offspring, with the consequence that both number and early survival of offspring, hence fitness of parents, are partially related to embryo size and reserves.
The plasticity of seed number in relation to availability of resources is analysed against the established relationship between offspring number and parent growth rate during critical stages. The notion that seed size is under stabilising selection is analysed against three conditions: (1) mean seed size is conservative for a given species and environment, (2) seed size affects fitness, and (3) seed size is heritable. Databases from published papers were compiled to analyse the relative variability of seed size and number, and the heritability of seed size. Evidence for and against the link between seed size and parental fitness is revised using the Smith–Fretwell model as framework (Am. Nat., 108, 499–506).
The proposal of high plasticity of seed number and narrow variability of seed size resulting from stabilising natural selection is generally consistent with evolutionary and genetic considerations. Agronomic selection may have reinforced natural selection leading to relatively narrow seed size in species such as wheat and soybean, where cultivated types retained high plasticity for seed number. In contrast, selection for one or few inflorescences in crops like sunflower and maize may have morphologically reduced seed number plasticity and increased variability of seed size and its responsiveness to resource availability in relation to their wild ancestors. 相似文献
15.
Yanhua Lu Chongwei Zhang Peter Bucheli Dongzhi Wei 《Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands)》2006,61(2):55-63
Flavonoids-enriched tissues of citrus such as peel, immature fruit and flower are consumed as culinary seasonings, tea ingredients in China for centuries. This HPLC quantitative study on the five citrus flavonoids, naringin, hesperidin, neohesperidin, sinensetin and nobiletin on a wide range of Chinese citrus fruits and several Traditional Chinese Medicinal food ingredients in East China, revealed a great diversity in flavonoid composition. Huyou peel (C. paradisi cv. Changshanhuyou) was found to be the best naringin (3.25%) and neohesperidin (2.76%) source; C. aurantium, a major ingredient of several citrus-related TCM, is also a suitable source of naringin and neohesperidin, and a good juice source for flavanone glycosides; the peel of Wenzhoumiju (C. unshiu) is one of the richest local species in hesperidin (up to 6.25%); Zaoju (C. subcompressa) has the highest content of nobiletin (0.59%), a polymethoxylated flavone. LC-ES-MS analysis of Zanthoxylum genus for flavonoids revealed for the first time the presence of significant amounts (0.74%) of hesperidin in the root of Liangmianzhen (Z. nitidum (Roxb.) DC), a relative of Sichuan pepper, which is a spice widely used in China. 相似文献
16.
Summary The viability of five pathogens was decreased by treatment with hot water when tested in vitro.Polyscytalum pustulans was most sensitive andRhizoctonia solani least sensitive.
Potato tubers were exposed to 55°C for 5 min in a commercial continuous hot water treatment plant using naturally contaminated
seed tubers and tubers which had been inoculated by dipping in comminuted cultures. The frequency of eyes colonised byP. pustulans, Helminthosporium solani, andR. solani was reduced to virtually zero and the effect persisted on tubers subsequently stored at 4°C and at 15°C for up to 16 wk.
Results withColletotrichum coccodes were inconclusive. Treatment suppressedPenicillium spp. which, however, rapidly recolonised the eyes during storage, leading to higher contamination levels in the treated than
in the untreated tubers. With tubers inoculated withPhoma foveata, good control was achieved when the incubation period before treatment was 10 d but not when the period was 42 d. 相似文献
17.
《Journal of Crop Improvement》2013,27(2):379-400
Summary Heterocyclic 1,4-benzoxazin-3-ones and related benzox-azolinones are important natural products of the cereal crops maize, wheat and rye. Much research has focused on the role of these compounds as defensive agents against plant diseases and pests. Studies of a wide variety of biological effects on herbivores and nematodes, plant pathogenic fungi and bacteria are reviewed in this article. Phytotoxic activity of the compounds is also considered with respect to allelopathic interaction with higher plants. Recent investigations of molecular aspects of interactions of cyclic hydroxamic acids and related benzoxazo-linones with acceptor organisms have demonstrated different effective detoxification strategies and tolerance mechanisms. This research has greatly advanced our knowledge about the multiple roles that these allelochemicals play in ecological systems. 相似文献
18.
Potential of dry fractionation of wheat bran for the development of food ingredients,part I: Influence of ultra-fine grinding 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Youna Hemery Marc Chaurand Ulla Holopainen Anna-Maija Lampi Pekka Lehtinen Vieno Piironen Abdelkrim Sadoudi Xavier Rouau 《Journal of Cereal Science》2011
Wheat bran is an undervalued by-product of white flour and has great nutritional potential due to its high content in fibres and bioactive compounds. Micronized bran could be used as a food ingredient to improve the nutritional potential of cereal products, or be used as a starting material for other processes (bioactive compound extraction or bran fractionation). The aim of this work was to find a way to efficiently decrease the particle size of bran. The influence of the grinding temperature (ambient or cryogenic grinding) on the granulometric distribution of particles, their composition, and their microstructure was studied, at lab-scale and pilot-scale. It showed that the intrinsic characteristics of bran (glass transition within intermediate layers at −46 °C) had more influence on its grinding behaviour than the type of grinding device used: the particles size distributions obtained after grinding at lab-scale and pilot-scale were very similar. At both scales, the granulometric curves were narrow for cryogenic grinding, while for ambient grinding they were spread over the whole particle size range. Ultrafine particles were obtained in both ambient and cryogenic conditions. Negative temperatures, by increasing the material’s brittleness, favoured a fast fragmentation of bran: one step of cryogenic grinding allowed a median particle size of nearly 50 μm to be reached, whereas three successive steps of ambient grinding were needed for the same result. On the other hand, ambient temperature favoured the dissociation of the different constituent layers of wheat bran, and produced less composite particles than cryogenic grinding. 相似文献
19.
Multiple use of plants: Studies on selenium incorporation in some agricultural species for the production of organic selenium compounds 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
The technique of spraying plants with inorganic forms of selenium can be employed for phytochemical production of organic selenium compounds. Fractionation of the plant material makes it possible to produce a highly concentrated and well defined selenium supplement with potential use in animal and human nutrition. The fractionation also gives opportunities to combine production of organic selenium compounds with other products, for example plant fibres. Multiple use of plants can contribute to a more efficient utilization of land area (in comparison to monocultures solely adapted to food production). It also gives the opportunity to develop systems suitable for long term fixation of carbon, as long as the plant material is not reoxidised to carbon dioxide. Plant fibres could provide raw material for the production of paper or building materials in combination with the production of organic selenium compounds preferentially accumulated in another fraction of the processed plant. 相似文献
20.
Summary
Macrosiphum euphorbiae, collected in the field from potato plants infected with potato leafroll virus (PLRV), transmitted the virus to fewer potato
plants in a field trial than did laboratory-rearedMyzus persicae. In the laboratory,M. persicae was the only efficient vector of PLRV fromPhysalis floridana seedlings, potato sprouts or excised leaves toP. floridana. Two clones ofM. euphorbiae and one clone ofAulacorthum solani transmitted PLRV from infected potato plants toNicotiana clevelandii as effeciently asM. persicae but a clone ofAphis gossypii was an inefficient PLRV vector. An isolate of PLRV, whichM. persicae transmitted inefficiently from potato toN. clevelandii, was also transmitted inefficiently byM. euphorbiae andA. solani. 相似文献