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板栗腐烂机理及防腐保鲜技术的研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
板栗腐烂由生理病变和微生物侵染所致.研究了由病理引起板栗腐烂的原因及防腐保鲜方法.试验结果表明,引起板栗腐烂的原因是,一方面,泡囊假单胞杆菌Pseudomonas vesicularis Galarneault & Leifson和多主小穴壳菌Dothiorella ribis Gross et Duggar分泌的纤维素酶和淀粉酶使板栗果壳的纤维素和果仁的淀粉分解产生各种糖,为泡囊假单胞杆菌和多主小穴壳菌的生长和蔓延提供营养并破坏其组织结构,使板栗变褐变黑并发出腐臭味;另一方面板栗的不同品种与腐烂有密切关系,含水量高或贮藏期失水率大,含糖多,淀粉酶活性强,是导致栗果腐烂的内在原因.板栗贮藏环境对致腐微生物的感染、繁殖有密切关系,从而影响栗果防腐保鲜.多主小穴壳菌在低温条件下生长受到抑制,淀粉和纤维素作碳源时生长不快;紫外线处理和黑暗培养都生长不好;在pH值为6.2时适合其生长且菌丝干质量最大.泡囊假单胞杆菌能很好的利用各种糖.防腐保鲜措施的研究表明,杀菌剂以75%托布津500倍液抑制多主小穴壳菌生长的效果最好,抗生素以庆大霉素2 000 mg/L和链霉素160 mg/L抑制泡囊假单胞杆菌生长效果最好.对9个板栗品种进行贮藏试验,筛选出锥栗、铁栗它、和韶栗18号为耐贮藏品种,防腐保鲜方法以5℃低温贮藏和75%托布津+木屑瓶装贮藏两种方法较好. 相似文献
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碱性纤维素酶发酵条件的研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
采用芽孢杆菌Bacillus sp.AC-2作为碱性纤维素酶的生产菌株，对其发酵条件进行了研究。适宜的种子茵龄为24h；适于产酶的培养温度为37℃，培养基初始pH值10．5；在碳源和氮源分别为1％的淀粉和2％的豆饼粉时，碱性纤维素酶活力可达到76．04U／mL。该酶反应的最适温度为60℃；酶液在70℃以下、pH值6．0～10．0范围内稳定。该酶制剂在棉织物洗涤和纸浆脱墨方面具有良好的应用前景。 相似文献
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用紫外光对假单胞菌株进行诱变,以竹炭为载体,将紫外诱变假单胞菌固定在竹炭上,用竹炭固定化紫外诱变假单胞菌处理间甲酚水样。考察竹炭固定化紫外诱变假单胞菌投加量和水样pH值对间甲酚去除的影响以及进水浓度随反应时间的变化关系,研究竹炭固定化紫外诱变假单胞菌去除间甲酚的反应动力学。结果表明:相对于原菌株,菌株经紫外诱变后,生长周期缩短了6h。经紫外照射120s的假单胞菌可以在竹炭表面及内部孔隙形成明显菌胶团,诱变菌在竹炭上所成的生物量明显较未经诱变菌增加。竹炭固定化紫外诱变假单胞菌能有效地去除水样中间甲酚。竹炭固定化紫外诱变假单胞菌投加量和水样pH值影响到间甲酚的去除效果,pH值在4～6时,间甲酚的去除效果较好。20g竹炭固定化紫外诱变假单胞菌处理100mL初始浓度50,100,120,150,180mg·L-1间甲酚模拟水样42h,去除率依次为90.9%,76.4%,72.9%,64.6%和49.7%。竹炭固定化紫外诱变假单胞菌对间甲酚的去除能较好地符合零级反应方程。 相似文献
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轻木（Ochroma lagopus）是木棉科多年生木本植物，其木材主要用于制造风力发电机叶片；然而我国轻木完全依赖进口。为保障新能源产业稳定发展，轻木国产化刻不容缓；本研究探索轻木种子的最佳萌发条件、轻木对低温的耐受性以及苗木生长的最适pH值，完善轻木种植技术，指导轻木国产化种植。(1)轻木种子浸泡过夜后分别置于45℃、 50℃、 55℃、 60℃、 65℃、 70℃、 75℃、 80℃水浴中处理50min后，置于培养基上萌发；(2)轻木幼苗分别在0℃、2℃、4℃、6℃、8℃低温条件下处理3 d后，比较损伤率和恢复指数；(3)轻木植株用不同pH值的水持续浇灌调节土壤pH值，设置4.0、4.5、5.0、5.5、6.0、6.5、7.0七个pH值进行持续处理，并统计轻木幼苗120 d的生长量。轻木种子55℃处理后萌发率最高，可达80%；而未处理的种子萌发率仅34%，热处理提高了轻木种子的萌发率。低温处理结果显示4℃、6℃、8℃处理幼苗几乎不受损伤，0℃和2℃幼苗叶片损伤严重；0℃、2℃和4℃处理后幼苗死亡率分别为79.24%、35.83%和6.28%。5℃和4℃低温处理土培苗3 d后死亡率... 相似文献
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在实验室条件下模拟环境因子进行沙地樟子松林下常见3种外生菌根真菌的纯培养试验,探讨培养基、pH值、水分和温度对外生菌根真菌生长的影响,以期得到3种外生菌根真菌的最适生长条件.结果表明:外生菌根真菌在含有松针汁、马铃薯汁、酵母粉和维生素的培养基里生长较好;pH值对外生菌根真菌的生长影响较小,L.deliciosus 和B.sp.的最适生长pH分别为6.0和5.0,L.sp.在较广的pH范围内均可生长得良好,且在中性和弱碱性的培养基中长势均好于另外两种;水分对实验菌株的影响较大,在较低的PEG浓度(100 g PEG·kg-1 H2O)下,三种菌株生长良好,最适得生长PEG浓度为10%;高温容易导致外生菌根真菌死亡,3种外生菌根真菌的最适生长温度范围是25-28℃. 相似文献
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[目的]目前有关松材线虫与伴生细菌的关系及伴生细菌的病原作用是松树枯萎病研究的重点。为了揭示松材线虫与伴生细菌之间存在的密切关系,作者对松材线虫L_Ⅳ幼虫携带的细菌进行了分离鉴定。[方法]根据培养性状和16S rDNA序列同源性以及系统发育学等方面进行分析鉴定。[结果]确定L_Ⅳ幼虫携带的是香茅醇假单胞杆菌(Pseudomonas citronellolis),携带率为100%;每条L_Ⅳ幼虫携带量在1.4×10~5~4.5×10~5。L_Ⅳ幼虫生活在松褐天牛体内,是引起松材线虫病侵染流行的唯一虫态;新发现的香茅醇假单胞杆菌能分解纤维素及降解或合成萜烯和酚类化合物。[结论]L_Ⅳ幼虫携带香茅醇假单胞杆菌的发现,揭示了松树、松褐天牛、松材线虫、细菌同为一体的紧密关系,并为揭示松树枯萎病机制提供了一种新病原和重要的研究思路。 相似文献
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[目的]研究固氮功能菌株的生长特性,探索适地适菌原则。[方法]本研究以103株固氮功能细菌为研究对象,以p H值及培养温度为考量指标,分别研究了8个温度梯度、10个p H值梯度对菌株生长的影响。[结果]表明:经检测,含有nif H基因的菌株有103株;菌株的最适生长条件为温度28℃、p H=7,各菌株的温度适宜生长区为20、28、37℃,大量菌株生长的适宜p H值为4、5、7、8;在低温、碱性土中的适用菌株为6003,在高温、碱性土中的适用菌株有09ul27、1010、2024、2029、7002、lk2-1c(2)和zk3-1,在酸性及碱性土中均适宜生长的菌株为1012和2025。根据菌群不同生长特性,对所有菌株进行非层次聚类,使用SSI算法得出最优分类为9类,其中,第5类和第7类全部属于伯克霍尔德属,第2类基本为芽孢杆菌属,其它类别中各菌属没有出现明显的聚类现象,且生长条件分类与菌种的初步鉴定分类没有明显的相关性。[结论]固氮功能菌株的适宜生长环境较一致,最适宜的生长条件为温度28℃、p H=7。筛选出适合在特殊环境生长的固氮功能细菌10株,各菌株初步鉴定为枯草芽孢杆菌、蜡样芽孢杆菌、巨大芽胞杆菌、Chitinophaga pinensis、Burkholderia xenovorans、Burkholderia phymatum、Burkholderia bannensis。通过生长条件聚类分析及所有菌株的16S r DNA鉴定比对得出,菌株的生长特性与其生物学特征不完全相关。 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(5):427-435
In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(3):206-217
The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(1):53-61
This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(1):15-27
The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. 相似文献
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本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(2):131-138
The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(5):472-479
Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken. 相似文献
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Srisuda Thippayarugs Banyong Toomsan Patma Vityakon Viriya Limpinuntana Aran Patanothai Georg Cadisch 《Agroforestry Systems》2008,72(2):137-148
In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic
or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts
(stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea
(Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content
as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest
N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized
to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea,
largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for
N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant
components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N
released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures
were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality
components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in
the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols.
Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest
age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its
components are mixed. 相似文献
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A. Rigueiro-Rodríguez M. R. Mosquera-Losada E. Gatica-Trabanini 《Agroforestry Systems》2000,48(3):245-256
The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste
disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization,
(2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha−1 target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two
pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha−1. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha−1) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha−1) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha−1); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha−1) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha−1) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha−1). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea
(Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m2, with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect
on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage
sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but
affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral
systems.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献