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1.
A total of 127 normal placentas from Arabian mares resident in the United Arab Emirates were examined. The mean linear dimensions of the placenta were, on average, 84% of those previously recorded for the placentas of the Thoroughbred. Significant differences in the size of the allantochorion between primigravid and multiparous mares were seen only in the linear dimensions of the body portion. The pregnant horn was more commonly on the right than left side of the uterus (P = .01; 74/127; 58%). Cord attachment was primarily at the base of the two placental horns (112/127; 88%), with the remainder showing anomalies from this position. The mean (±SEM) total length of the umbilical cords was 62.2 ± 1.2 cm, being composed of the allantoic portion (29.7 ± 0.9 cm) and amniotic portion (32.5 ± 0.6 cm), which averaged 53 ± 0.01% of the total length. The amniotic portion was usually, but not always, longer than the allantoic portion (79/127; 62%). Longer cords were associated with a greater proportion of allantoic length. An enlarged yolk sac remnant (YSR) was present in 16/127 (13%) placentas. Cords with YSRs displayed a significantly longer allantoic portion than those without (P = .02). The total cord length was not correlated with the weight or area of the allantochorion or amnion, any linear measurement of the allantochorion, gestation length, the month of foaling, parity of the dam, or birthweight or sex of the foal. The purpose for which the mare was bred (i.e., racing or showing) influenced the cord length, those of show mares being significantly longer.  相似文献   

2.
Objective– Failure of passive transfer in neonatal alpacas is often corrected by IV administration of commercial camelid plasma. The goal of this study was to characterize changes in pulmonary function, gas exchange, and cardiovascular parameters associated with IV plasma transfusion. Design– Prospective clinical study. Setting– A university‐based referral hospital. Animals– Eleven clinically healthy alpaca crias (age: 1–18 days) with failure of passive transfer (IgG<8 g/L [800 mg/dL]). Interventions– Thirty milliliters per kilogram of commercial camelid plasma was administered IV over 90 minutes. Before and after the transfusion, the following cardiopulmonary measurements were obtained: arterial blood gas analysis, pulmonary functional residual capacity (FRC), PCV, total plasma protein and echocardiographic M‐mode measures. Additionally, central venous pressure and indirect arterial blood pressure were monitored throughout the plasma transfusion. Measurements and Main Results– The IV plasma transfusion resulted in significantly reduced PCV (−5.4±5.1%), increased total plasma protein (+4±4 g/L [0.4±0.4 g/dL]), elevated central venous pressure and changes in left and right ventricular M‐mode indices, consistent with plasma volume expansion. Transfusion was further associated with a significant increase in arterial oxygen pressure (PaO2) (+11.2±15 mm Hg) and decrease in FRC (−5.6±8.3 mL/kg). Conclusions– IV administration of 30 mL/kg camelid plasma to neonatal crias resulted in measurable plasma volume expansion and a concurrent reduction in FRC. Administration of this quantity of plasma appeared to be safe in healthy neonatal crias. However, changes in lung volume associated with plasma administration may create risks for crias with underlying cardiopulmonary or systemic disease.  相似文献   

3.
Background: Substantial bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV)‐related production losses in North American alpaca herds have been associated with BVDV type Ib infection. Objectives: To classify and differentiate the long‐term clinicopathological characteristics of BVDV type Ib infection of alpaca crias, after natural virus exposure. We hypothesized that persistently infected (PI) alpacas specifically demonstrate growth retardation, clinicopathological evidence of opportunistic infections, and early mortality. Animals: Thirty‐five crias naturally exposed to BVDV (18 acute, 3 chronic, 14 PIs), and 19 healthy cohort controls of 5 northeastern alpaca farms were prospectively evaluated over 2 years (September 2005–September 2008). Methods: Observational cohort‐control study. Results: Chronically (viremia >3 weeks) and PI crias demonstrated significantly lower birth weights, decreased growth rates, anemia, and monocytosis compared with control animals. Common clinical problems of PI alpacas included chronic wasting, diarrhea, and respiratory disease. Median survival of PI alpacas that died was 177 days (interquartile range, 555) with a case fatality rate of 50% within 6 months of life. Transplacental infection was confirmed in 82% (9/11) of pregnant females on 1 farm, resulting in the birth of 7 PI crias (7/10 deliveries; 1 animal was aborted). Mean gestation at the beginning and end of BVDV exposure was 64 and 114 days, respectively. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Natural BVDV type 1b infection during early pregnancy resulted in a high incidence of PI offspring. Although PI alpacas may have distinct clinical characteristics, verification of persistent viremia in the absence of endogenous, neutralizing antibodies is essential to differentiate persistent from chronic infection.  相似文献   

4.
The objective of this study was to detect changes in intracellular reactive oxygen species (superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide) production and lipid peroxidation during cryopreservation of alpaca spermatozoa. Twelve alpaca semen samples were conventionally cryopreserved. Intracellular superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide were evaluated by fluorescence microscopy using dihydroethidium (DHE)/YO‐PRO‐1 and dichlorofluorescein diacetate (H2DCFDA)/propidium iodide (PI), respectively. Evaluations were performed during cooling curve at (1) 25°C, (2) 15°C, (3) 5°C/0 min, (4) 5°C/15 min, (5) 5°C/30 min and (6) after freezing/thawing. Evaluation of lipid peroxidation by measuring malondialdehyde (MDA) was performed at 25°C, 5°C/30 min and after thawing. Maximum percentages of total spermatozoa producing superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide were found at 5°C/30 min (62.8 ± 6.3% and 30.5 ± 5.6%, respectively), and these results were higher (p < .05) than initial (25°C: 10.8 ± 3.8% and 6.8 ± 0.7%, respectively) and after thawing (29.8 ± 9.5% and 7.5 ± 1.8%, respectively) values. However, considering only viable spermatozoa, production of superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide during overall stabilization at 5°C (>76% and >91%, respectively) and after thawing (74.9 ± 5.0% and 78.9 ± 2.2%, respectively) was higher (p < .05) than initial values at 25°C (38.7 ± 3.1% and 53.6 ± 2.0%, respectively). Lipid peroxidation at 25°C, 5°C/30 min, and post‐thawing were 346.5 ± 99.8, 401.1 ± 64.8 and 527.7 ± 142.8 ng/ml MDA, respectively. These results showed that high percentage of viable alpaca spermatozoa produces intracellular reactive species oxygen (ROS) during the cryopreservation process of alpaca semen.  相似文献   

5.
There are numerous publications about feline renal imaging information; however, none have established reference values for kidney size using computed tomography (CT). This study aimed to determine renal size and shape as well as the morphology of renal‐related structures in clinically normal cats (Felis catus) that underwent CT. Twenty‐seven healthy cats underwent pre‐ and post‐iodinated contrast‐enhanced CT. Most cat (59%) kidneys were located at the same level. The average pre‐contrast dimensions of the left kidney included a width of 2.46 ± 0.28 cm, a length of 3.52 ± 0.44 cm and a height 2.19 ± 0.31 cm, whereas those of the right kidneys were 2.45 ± 0.27 cm, 3.54 ± 0.46 cm and 2.05 ± 0.23 cm, respectively. After contrast enhancement, kidneys were slightly enlarged though not significantly. Additionally, renal length (LK or RK) was compared with second lumbar vertebra (L2) length and abdominal aorta diameter (AO). AO was significantly larger in male cats whereas L2 length appeared longer in male cats, but was not statistically different from the female cats. The LK/L2 and RK/L2 ratios were 2.29 ± 0.23 and 2.36 ± 0.20, respectively, and the LK/AO and RK/AO were 11.72 ± 1.37 and 12.05 ± 1.47, respectively. Renal vessels were examined. The renal vein was obviously larger than the renal artery, and paired renal veins were observed periodically. This study provides CT information about the feline kidney, which may help to establish reference values and information regarding renal structure prior to surgery in practice.  相似文献   

6.
There is a paucity of information on the relationships of testicular morphology, echotextural attributes, and blood flow dynamics with pubertal development of rams raised in a subtropical climate. Forty‐five Dorper rams (24 rams aged 8–11 months and 21 rams aged 12–24 months) were examined using a portable ultrasound scanner connected to a 7.5‐MHz transducer. Computer‐assisted analyses of testicular ultrasonograms utilized commercially available Image ProPlus® analytical software. Spectral Doppler scans of testicular arteries were performed immediately after scrotal (B‐mode) ultrasonography to determine peak systolic velocity (PSV), end‐diastolic velocity (EDV), resistive index (RI = [PSV?EDV]/PSV), and pulsatility index (PI = [SPV–EDV]/mean velocity) of the blood vessels. The length of the testes (9.7 ± 0.3 compared with 9.0 ± 0.2 cm) and scrotal circumference (33.3 ± 0.5 compared with 31.8 ± 0.4 cm) were greater (p < 0.05) but testicular depth (4.5 ± 0.1  compared with 4.9 ± 0.08 cm) was less (p < 0.05) in sexually mature compared with peripubertal rams. [Corrections added on 9 Jan 2019 after initial online publication: The testicular size values in the sentence were corrected.] There were no differences (p > 0.05) between the two age groups of Dorper rams in blood flow indices of testicular arteries. Mean numerical pixel values (100.5 ± 4.1 compared with 89.2 ± 4.8) and pixel heterogeneity (25.6 ± 0.6 compared with 23.6 ± 0.5) of testicular parenchyma were greater (p < 0.05) in peripubertal than in postpubertal rams. Semen volume was negatively correlated with PI of testicular arteries (r = ?0.57, p = 0.04). In summary, the attainment of sexual maturity in the rams of the present study was associated with significant changes in testicular length and depth, scrotal circumference, and parenchymal echogenicity/hetrogeneity but not in testicular volume and blood perfusion rates. Testicular artery PI can be used to predict the volume of ejaculate in rams.  相似文献   

7.
The objective of this study was to define the patterns of organogenesis and foetal haemodynamics during the normal gestation of healthy agoutis (Dasyprocta prymnolopha) kept in captivity. Thirty pregnant agoutis that ranged in size from small to medium and weighed between 2.5 and 3 kg underwent B‐mode and Doppler ultrasonography for the biometric evaluation of the foetal organs. The foetal aortic blood flow proved to be predominantly systolic, and the measured flow velocity was 78.89 ± 2.95 cm/s, with a maximum pressure gradient of 2.12 ± 0.27 mmHg. The liver was characterized by its large volume, occupying the entire cranial aspect of the abdominal cavity, and it was associated cranially with the diaphragm and caudally with the stomach. The flow velocity in the portal vein was estimated to equal 12.17 ± 2.37 cm/s, with a resistivity index of 0.82 ± 0.05. The gallbladder was centrally located and protruded cranially towards the diaphragm. The spleen was visualized as an elongated structure with tapered cranial and caudal extremities, and the foetal kidneys were visualized bilaterally in the retroperitoneal region, with the right kidney positioned slightly more cranially than the left. The morphological characterization and hemodynamic analysis of the foetal organs of black‐rumped agoutis via B‐mode and Doppler ultrasonography allow determination of the vascular network and of reference values for the blood flow required for perfusing the anatomical elements essential for maintaining the viability of foetuses at different gestational ages.  相似文献   

8.
Sperm sexing is an emerging reproductive technology which has been successfully used to produce offspring of a pre‐determined sex in domestic and wildlife species but has yet to be applied to New World camelids. The aims of the present study were to (i) optimize the Hoescht 33342 (H33342) staining concentration for the flow cytometric separation of X and Y chromosome‐bearing alpaca (Vicugna pacos) sperm nuclei, (ii) separate alpaca sperm nuclei into high purity (>90%) populations bearing the X‐ and Y‐chromosome and (iii) determine the DNA difference between X‐ and Y‐bearing sperm in alpacas. Semen was collected from alpacas and sperm nuclei stained with H33342, incubated and analysed using a high‐speed cell sorter (SX‐MoFlo®). H33342 staining concentrations of 36, 54, 72 or 90 μm did not affect the proportion of correctly oriented sperm nuclei (43.3 ± 3.9, 46.4 ± 3.7, 44.5 ± 4.0 and 51.1 ± 2.5% respectively) nor the speed of sorting (1381 ± 160, 1386 ± 123, 1371 ± 133 and 1379 ± 127 sperm nuclei/s). Sort reanalysis determined high levels of purity for X‐ and Y‐enriched populations (96.6 ± 0.7% and 96.1 ± 1.1% respectively). The DNA difference, based on fluorescence intensity (determined by the SX‐MoFlo®), was 3.8 ± 0.06%. These data demonstrate for the first time that alpaca sperm nuclei can be separated into high purity populations and the potential for applying sperm sexing technology to New World camelids.  相似文献   

9.
Midazolam is a benzodiazepine with sedative, muscle relaxant, anxiolytic, and anticonvulsant effects. Twelve ball pythons (Python regius) were used in a parallel study evaluating the pharmacokinetics of 1 mg/kg midazolam following a single intracardiac (IC) or intramuscular (IM) administration. Blood was collected from a central venous catheter placed 7 days prior, or by cardiocentesis, at 15 time points starting just prior to and up to 72 hr after drug administration. Plasma concentrations of midazolam and 1‐hydroxymidazolam were determined by the use of high‐performance liquid chromatography tandem‐mass spectrometry and pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated using noncompartmental analysis. The mean ± SD terminal half‐lives of IC and IM midazolam were 12.04 ± 3.25 hr and 16.54 ± 7.10 hr, respectively. The area under the concentration‐time curve extrapolated to infinity, clearance, and apparent volume of distribution in steady‐state of IC midazolam were 19,112.3 ± 3,095.9 ng*hr/ml, 0.053 ± 0.008 L hr?1 kg?1, and 0.865 ± 0.289 L/kg, respectively. The bioavailability of IM midazolam was estimated at 89%. Maximum plasma concentrations following an IM administration were reached 2.33 ± 0.98 hr and 24.00 ± 14.12 hr postinjection for midazolam and 1‐hydroxymidazolam, respectively, and 22.33 ± 20.26 hr postinjection for 1‐hydroxymidazolam following IC administration.  相似文献   

10.
The purpose of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetics and dose‐scaling model of vitacoxib in either fed or fasted cats following either oral or intravenous administration. The concentration of the drug was quantified by UPLC‐MS/MS on plasma samples. Relevant parameters were described using noncompartmental analysis (WinNonlin 6.4 software). Vitacoxib is relatively slowly absorbed and eliminated after oral administration (2 mg/kg body weight), with a Tmax of approximately 4.7 hr. The feeding state of the cat was a statistically significant covariate for both area under the concentration versus time curve (AUC) and mean absorption time (MATfed). The absolute bioavailability (F) of vitacoxib (2 mg/kg body weight) after oral administration (fed) was 72.5%, which is higher than that in fasted cats (F = 50.6%). Following intravenous administration (2 mg/kg body weight), Vd (ml/kg) was 1,264.34 ± 343.63 ml/kg and Cl (ml kg?1 hr?1) was 95.22 ± 23.53 ml kg?1 hr?1. Plasma concentrations scaled linearly with dose, with Cmax (ng/ml) of 352.30 ± 63.42, 750.26 ± 435.54, and 936.97 ± 231.27 ng/ml after doses of 1, 2, and 4 mg/kg body weight, respectively. No significant undesirable behavioral effects were noted throughout the duration of the study.  相似文献   

11.
The bovine embryonic signal interferon‐τ (IFN‐τ) produced by the trophoblast is known to pass through the uterine fluid towards the endometrium and further into the maternal blood, where IFN‐τ induces specific expression of interferon‐stimulated gene expression (ISG), for example in peripheral leucocytes. In sheep, it was shown experimentally by administration of IFN‐τ that ISG is also detectable in the liver. The objective was to test whether ISG can be detected in liver biopsy specimens from Holstein–Friesian heifers during early pregnancy. Liver biopsies were taken on day 18 from pregnant and non‐pregnant heifers (n = 19), and the interferon‐stimulated protein 15 kDa (ISG‐15) and myxovirus‐resistance protein‐1 (MX‐1) gene expression was detected. The expression of both MX‐1 (p: 24.33 ± 7.40 vs np: 9.00 ± 4.02) and ISG‐15 (p: 43.73 ± 23.22 vs 7.83 ± 3.63) was higher in pregnant compared to non‐pregnant heifers (p < 0.05). In conclusion, pregnancy induced ISG‐15 and MX‐1 gene expression in the liver already at day 18 in cattle.  相似文献   

12.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of collagenase and two final dimethylformamide (DMF) concentrations (4% and 7%) on alpaca frozen-thawed sperm quality. A total of 25 ejaculates from 5 alpaca were obtained using electroejaculation. Each individual ejaculate was evaluated and then diluted 4:1 in a solution of 1 mg/ml collagenase in HEPES-TALP medium and incubated for 4 min at 37°C. Subsequently, samples were diluted in TRIS-fructose-citric acid-egg yolk and cooled to 5°C. Then, each sample was divided in two aliquots and DMF at final concentration of 4% or 7% was added, equilibrated for 1 hr at 5°C and frozen over liquid nitrogen vapours. A Kruskal–Wallis test was used to evaluate the sperm morphometry, and Completely Random Block designs were used to analyse sperm motility, viability, membrane function and acrosome status. After collagenase incubation, none of the samples showed thread formation, and sperm parameters were preserved. Non-progressive motile sperm were higher (p < .05) in equilibrated samples (4% DMF: 31.8 ± 8.3% and 7% DMF: 36.3 ± 11.8%) compared to raw (10.1 ± 4.3%) and frozen-thawed semen (4% DMF: 9.7 ± 1.8% and 7% DMF: 7.5 ± 3.2%). Sperm membrane function, membrane integrity and intact acrosomes were higher (p < .05) in raw semen (40.1 ± 12.2%, 94.6 ± 3.2% and 91.3 ± 8.1%) compared to frozen-thawed samples (4% DMF: 19.8 ± 4.7%, 53.2 ± 2.7%, 65.7 ± 8.7% and 7% DMF: 20.4 ± 4.5%, 54.1 ± 1.4%, 64.6 ± 9.1%). Length of the sperm head was lower in frozen-thawed samples, being statistically different with 4% DMF compared to pre-freezing samples. The ratio between acrosome and head areas was greater (p < .05) in frozen-thawed samples. Incubation of raw alpaca semen with collagenase decreased the thread formation without affecting sperm quality. Frozen of collagenase treated alpaca semen with 4% or 7% DMF did not preserve the sperm parameters in thawed samples.  相似文献   

13.
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of alfaxalone was performed in mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) after single bolus injections of 10 mg/kg administered intramuscularly (IM; n = 10) or intravenously (IV; n = 10), in a randomized cross‐over design with a washout period between doses. Mean (±SD) Cmax following IM injection was 1.6 (±0.8) µg/ml with Tmax at 15.0 (±10.5) min. Area under the curve (AUC) was 84.66 and 104.58 min*mg/ml following IV and IM administration, respectively. Volume of distribution (VD) after IV dose was 3.0 L/kg. The mean plasma clearance after 10 mg/kg IV was 139.5 (±67.9) ml min?1 kg?1. Elimination half‐lives (mean [±SD]) were 15.0 and 16.1 (±3.0) min following IV and IM administration, respectively. Mean bioavailability at 10 mg/kg IM was 108.6%. None of the ducks achieved a sufficient anesthetic depth for invasive procedures, such as surgery, to be performed. Heart and respiratory rates measured after administration remained stable, but many ducks were hyperexcitable during recovery. Based on sedation levels and duration, alfaxalone administered at dosages of 10 mg/kg IV or IM in mallard ducks does not induce clinically acceptable anesthesia.  相似文献   

14.
The plasma kinetic profile of moxidectin (MXD) in ewes during the last third of pregnancy was studied after the subcutaneous dose of 0.2 mg/kg of body weight (bw). Two groups of sheep (n = 7) that were equally balanced in body weight were used. Group I (control) was maintained unmated, while Group II (pregnant) was estrous‐synchronized and mated with fertile rams. Both groups were maintained under similar conditions regarding management and feeding. When the ewes from Group II fulfilled 120 days of pregnancy, both groups were treated with a subcutaneous injection of 0.2 mg of MXD/kg bw. Blood samples were collected at different set times between 1 h and 40 days post‐treatment. After plasma extraction and derivatization, the samples were analyzed using high‐performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. A noncompartmental pharmacokinetic analysis was performed, and the data were compared using Student's t‐test. The mean pharmacokinetic parameters, including Cmax, Tmax, and the area under the concentration–time curve (AUC), were similar for both groups of sheep. The average of elimination half‐life was significantly lower (P = 0.0023) in the pregnant (11.49 ± 2.2 days) vs. the control (17.89 ± 4.84 days) sheep. Similarly, the mean residence time (MRT) for the pregnant group (20.6 ± 3.8 days) was lower (P = 0.037) than that observed in the control group (27.4 ± 9.1 days). It is concluded that pregnancy produces a significant decrease in mean values of half‐life of elimination of MXD, indicating that pregnancy can increase the rate of elimination of the drug reducing their permanence in the body.  相似文献   

15.
The hindlimb of the grasscutter (Thryonomys swinderianus, Temminck‐1827) was studied using 12 adult (≥6 months) rats of either sex with the mean weights of 1.42 ± 0.20 kg and 0.82 ± 0.13 kg for buck (n = 6) and doe (n = 6), respectively (p < .05). Characteristics of the bones were studied by gross observation after their preparation. Measurements of different segments of the hindlimb were also taken, giving a total average length of 31.80 cm. Correlation coefficients between length of bone and weight of rats were positive (p < .05) in bucks for all bone segments, except the pes (p > .05), whereas those in does were all non‐significant (p > .05), with significant sexual dimorphism in the relationships. The average total number of bones in the hindlimb was 92, with no apparent sexual dimorphism. The bones of the hindlimb revealed important differences and similarities in morphology with those of other rodents. The Os coxae presented a relatively large obturator foramen, formed by the ramus of the ischium and shaft of the pubis. The femur had a body and two extremities with a prominent head, well‐defined neck and trochanter. The fibula, a slender bone with triangular‐shaped proximal extremity, ran down the length of tibia with proximal attachment (via cartilage) and distal fusion, leaving an extensive interosseus space. The pes revealed eight tarsals and four metatarsals; each of the metatarsals showed three phalanges.  相似文献   

16.
The objective of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetics of meropenem in horses after intravenous (IV) administration. A single IV dose of meropenem was administered to six adult horses at 10 mg/kg. Plasma and synovial fluid samples were collected for 6 hr following administration. Meropenem concentrations were determined by bioassay. Plasma and synovial fluid data were analyzed by compartmental and noncompartmental pharmacokinetic methods. Mean ± SD values for elimination half‐life, volume of distribution at steady‐state, and clearance after IV administration for plasma samples were 0.78 ± 0.176 hr, 136.1 ± 19.69 ml/kg, and 165.2 ± 29.72 ml hr‐1 kg?1, respectively. Meropenem in synovial fluid had a slower elimination than plasma with a terminal half‐life of 2.4 ± 1.16 hr. Plasma protein binding was estimated at 11%. Based on a 3‐compartment open pharmacokinetic model of simultaneously fit plasma and synovial fluid, dosage simulations were performed. An intermittent dosage of meropenem at 5 mg/kg IV every 8 hr or a constant rate IV infusion at 0.5 mg/kg per hour should maintain adequate time above the MIC target of 1 μg/ml. Carbapenems are antibiotics of last resort in humans and should only be used in horses when no other antimicrobial would likely be effective.  相似文献   

17.

The present research work entitled “Correlation of testicular ultrasonography, testicular biometry, serum testosterone levels and seminal attributes in pre- and post-pubertal age for breeding soundness evaluation in Osmanabadi bucks” was undertaken in 18 healthy Osmanabadi bucks from the Instructional Livestock Farm Complex, Bombay Veterinary College, Mumbai, Maharashtra. The body weight (kg), scrotal circumference (cm) and testicular biometry (cm) of post-weaning 18 Osmanabadi male kids was recorded every 15 days from weaning, i.e., 120?±?10 days along with serum testosterone (ng/ml) by radioimmunoassay method at monthly intervals for the next 6 months. Semen was collected six times on the seventh month onward during post-pubertal age at 15-day interval from 18 bucks. The semen was evaluated for macroscopic and microscopic tests. The body weight increased from 14.45?±?0.67 to 19.57?±?0.70 kg from four to nine and a half months of age. The average daily body weight gain was 31.27 g. Maximum body weight gain was 01.19?±?0.16 kg from 5 to 6 followed by 01.15?±?0.16 kg from 4 to 5 months of age. The scrotal circumference increased from 17.22?±?0.56 to 19.03?±?0.55 cm from four to nine and a half months of age with maximum increased between 4 and 5 followed by 6 and 7 months of age. The testicular length, width and thickness of right and left testicles were recorded by ultrasonography method. There was increase in mean right and left testicular length, width and thickness from 5.25?±?0.19 to 5.84?±?0.18 and 5.49?±?0.21 to 6.16?±?0.20; 2.99?±?0.12 to 3.32?±?0.12 and 3.10?±?0.13 to 3.44?±?0.12 and 2.97?±?0.12 to 3.16?±?0.12 and 3.06?±?0.12 to 3.31?±?0.11 cm, respectively by ultrasonography, between four to nine and a half months of age. Testicular length, width and thickness gain was at maximum in 5 to 6 months of age. Left testicular length was more than the right testis. Before puberty, there was sudden gain in body weight, testicular length and width. However, scrotal circumference showed significant increase after puberty. Body weight had highest correlation with ultrasonographic left testicular thickness (r?=?1) followed by scrotal circumference, ultrasonographic right and left testicular width, left testicular length, right testicular length and thickness and least by right testicular thickness (r?=?0.95). The semen was thin to thick in consistency and average semen density was 3.10?±?0.05. Average semen volume was 0.81?±?0.02 ml, mass activity, initial motility, live and dead sperm count, abnormal sperm count and sperm concentration were 3.45?±?0.13, 76.16?±?1.16 and 75.16?±?1.28% and 24.84?±?1.28, 12.30?±?0.50% and 2631.04?±?45.74 million/ml, respectively in 18 bucks in six collection at 15 days. There was significant rise in semen volume, mass activity, initial motility and concentration at 8.5 months and live count, density at 9 months of age which indicates the age of sexual maturity is 8.5 to 9 months in Osmanabadi bucks. The body weight had highest positive correlation with mass activity (r?=?98) followed by initial motility, live sperm count and total sperm concentration, semen volume (r?=?76). The scrotal circumference had highest positive correlation with initial motility (r?=?98) followed by live sperm count, total sperm count, mass activity, semen volume (r?=?86). On the other hand, body weight and scrotal circumference were negatively correlated with abnormal and dead sperm count. The mean testosterone concentration increased from 0.02?±?0.004 to 5.75?±?0.80 ng/ml between four and half to nine and half months of age, respectively. There was significant rise (p?<?0.01) up to 1.38?±?0.28 ng/ ml at 6.5 months, i.e., age of puberty and up to 5.75?±?0.80 ng/ml at 9.5 months, i.e., age of sexual maturity. Testosterone had highest positive correlation with testicular length followed by testicular width, length, body weight and scrotal circumference, mass activity, live sperm count, initial motility, while it had highest negative correlation with dead and abnormal sperm count. From the present research work, it was concluded that the scrotal circumference, testicular length, width and thickness increased with increasing body weight. Before puberty, there was sudden gain in body weight, testicular length and width. However, scrotal circumference increased significantly at post-pubertal age. So testicular length, body weight, testicular width in pre pubertal age and scrotal circumference post-pubertal age can be used as indicator for selection of Osmanabadi bucks for breeding purpose. On the other hand, the semen parameters should consider only after 8.5 to 9 months of age for selection of Osmanabadi bucks for breeding.

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18.
Artificial insemination (AI) is poorly developed in camelids owing to the difficulty in collecting high quality semen and the highly viscous nature of the semen. Semen collected by artificial vagina (AV) is often of low quality and must be improved before any further development of AI technology can occur. The present study investigated the effects of adding a cervix‐like stricture to the AV, presence of females, collecting semen into Androhep®, skim‐milk or Tris diluents, and catalase supplementation (0, 100, 200 or 600 units/ml) of Tris diluent on alpaca semen quality parameters. The addition of a cervix‐like stricture increased mating length (p < 0.05), whilst the presence of females during semen collection did not improve semen quality parameters (p > 0.05). Collection of semen into Tris diluent improved sperm motility (58.0 ± 11.9%) compared with the control (34.0 ± 10.8%; p < 0.05), Androhep® (33.5 ± 10.7%) and skim‐milk diluents (28.2 ± 10.4%). Semen viscosity was reduced by collection into Androhep® (4.6 ± 1.7 mm) and skim‐milk diluents (3.6 ± 1.3 mm) compared with Tris diluent (5.7 ± 2.1 mm) and no collection medium (9.3 ± 3.5 mm; p < 0.05). Tris diluent supplemented with 100, 200 or 600 units/ml catalase increased semen viscosity (5.0 ± 3.2 and 4.9 ± 3.2 mm). Collection of alpaca semen by AV into Tris diluent increased semen quality facilitating further development of AI technology in alpacas.  相似文献   

19.
The pharmacokinetic properties of the fluoroquinolone levofloxacin (LFX) were investigated in six dogs after single intravenous, oral and subcutaneous administration at a dose of 2.5, 5 and 5 mg/kg, respectively. After intravenous administration, distribution was rapid (T½dist 0.127 ± 0.055 hr) and wide as reflected by the volume of distribution of 1.20 ± 0.13 L/kg. Drug elimination was relatively slow with a total body clearance of 0.11 ± 0.03 L kg?1 hr?1 and a T½ for this process of 7.85 ± 2.30 hr. After oral and subcutaneous administration, absorption half‐life and Tmax were 0.35 and 0.80 hr and 1.82 and 2.82 hr, respectively. The bioavailability was significantly higher (p ? 0.05) after subcutaneous than oral administration (79.90 vs. 60.94%). No statistically significant differences were observed between other pharmacokinetic parameters. Considering the AUC24 hr/MIC and Cmax/MIC ratios obtained, it can be concluded that LFX administered intravenously (2.5 mg/kg), subcutaneously (5 mg/kg) or orally (5 mg/kg) is efficacious against Gram‐negative bacteria with MIC values of 0.1 μg/ml. For Gram‐positive bacteria with MIC values of 0.5 μg/kg, only SC and PO administration at a dosage of 5 mg/kg showed to be efficacious. MIC‐based PK/PD analysis by Monte Carlo simulation indicates that the proposed dose regimens of LFX, 5 and 7.5 mg/kg/24 hr by SC route and 10 mg/kg/24 hr by oral route, in dogs may be adequate to recommend as an empirical therapy against S. aureus strains with MIC ≤ 0.5 μg/ml and E. coli strains with MIC values ≤0.125 μg/ml.  相似文献   

20.
The aim of this retrospective reference interval observational study was to determine the mensuration of the pituitary gland (hypophysis cerebri) by analyzing CT studies in rabbits without clinical evidence of pituitary disease or central neurologic signs. Though diseases of the rabbit pituitary gland are uncommon, the pituitary gland is essential in regulation of the rabbit's endocrine system, as in other species. Currently, there are minimal published studies that detail the rabbit head anatomy on cross‐sectional imaging, and even less specifically examining the pituitary gland. The pituitary gland was measured by one observer at a single time point from transverse and reconstructed sagittal CT images in a soft‐tissue algorithm in 62 rabbits for a total of 66 rabbit head CT studies. The rabbits ranged from 0.84 to 14 years in age (mean ± SD: 5.46 ± 3.05 years) and 0.92 to 4.95 kg in weight (2.21 ± 0.83 kg). Linear pituitary measurements were performed using electronic calipers. The mean ± SD pituitary height was 4.22 ± 0.57 mm, width was 4.48 ± 0.71 mm, and length was 6.02 ± 0.70 mm. The pituitary gland height‐to‐brain area ratio was 1.10 ± 0.16 mm?1, which is much higher than the values reported in normal dogs and cats. The age, weight, and sex of the rabbits were not found to have a significant impact on pituitary gland mensuration. These measurements could be useful as a reference range for future rabbit head CT studies and to rule out pituitary enlargement or disease when evaluating rabbit pituitary glands.  相似文献   

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