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1.
Headspace solid-phase microextraction method for the study of the volatility of selected flavor compounds 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
Changes in the volatility of selected flavor compounds in the presence of nonvolatile food matrix components were studied using headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) combined with GC-MS quantification. Time-dependent adsorption profiles to the SPME fiber and the partition coefficients between different phases were obtained for several individual volatiles, showing that HS-SPME analysis with a short sampling time can be used to determine the "true" headspace concentration at equilibrium between the headspace and a sample matrix. Equilibrium dialysis followed by HS-SPME/GC-MS was carried out to confirm the ability of HS-SPME extraction for monitoring the free volatile compounds in the presence of proteins. In particular, a short sampling time (1 min) avoided additional extraction of volatiles bound to the protein. Interactions between several selected flavor compounds and nonvolatile food matrix components [beta-lactoglobulin or (+)-catechin] were also studied by means of HS-SPME/GC-MS analysis. The volatility of ethyl hexanoate, heptanone, and hexanal was significantly decreased by the addition of beta-lactoglobulin compared to that of isoamyl acetate. Catechin decreased the volatility of ethyl hexanoate and hexanal by 10-20% and increased that of 2-heptanone by approximately 15%. This study indicates that HS-SPME can be a useful tool for the study of the interactions between volatile compounds and nonvolatile matrix components provided the kinetic and thermodynamic behavior of the volatiles in relation to the fiber chosen for the studies is carefully considered. 相似文献
2.
This study was undertaken to develop a method to isolate glycomacropeptide (GMP), a bioactive compound, from sweet whey by using chitosan resins as anion exchangers. Shrimp shells were used to prepare two chitosan (polyglucosamine) resins, one with the primary amine (-NH(2)) (resin A) and the other with the secondary amine (-NH-) (resin B) as the major functional group. These resins were tested as adsorbents for the isolation of GMP from sweet whey, and the results obtained were compared with those obtained with commercial anion exchangers. The most important finding in this experiment was that the GMP binding capacity of resin A was much higher than that of resin B. Resin A may be the anion exchanger to be tested for industrial scale production of GMP. Amino acid analysis of the GMP-depleted whey fraction suggests that this product can replace sweet whey as an ingredient in various food products including infant formulas, bakery products, and beverages. 相似文献
3.
Haslberger AG 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2006,54(9):3173-3180
Evidence for substantial environmental influences on health and food safety comes from work with environmental health indicators which show that agroenvironmental practices have direct and indirect effects on human health, concluding that "the quality of the environment influences the quality and safety of foods" [Fennema, O. Environ. Health Perspect. 1990, 86, 229-232). In the field of genetically modified organisms (GMOs), Codex principles have been established for the assessment of GM food safety and the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety outlines international principles for an environmental assessment of living modified organisms. Both concepts also contain starting points for an assessment of health/food safety effects of GMOs in cases when the environment is involved in the chain of events that could lead to hazards. The environment can act as a route of unintentional entry of GMOs into the food supply, such as in the case of gene flow via pollen or seeds from GM crops, but the environment can also be involved in changes of GMO-induced agricultural practices with relevance for health/food safety. Examples for this include potential regional changes of pesticide uses and reduction in pesticide poisonings resulting from the use of Bt crops or influences on immune responses via cross-reactivity. Clearly, modern methods of biotechnology in breeding are involved in the reasons behind the rapid reduction of local varieties in agrodiversity, which constitute an identified hazard for food safety and food security. The health/food safety assessment of GM foods in cases when the environment is involved needs to be informed by data from environmental assessment. Such data might be especially important for hazard identification and exposure assessment. International organizations working in these areas will very likely be needed to initiate and enable cooperation between those institutions responsible for the different assessments, as well as for exchange and analysis of information. An integrated assessment might help to focus and save capacities in highly technical areas such as molecular characterization or profiling, which are often necessary for both assessments. In the area of establishing international standards for traded foods, such as for the newly created Standards in Trade and Development Facility (STDF), an integrated assessment might help in the consideration of important environmental aspects involved in health and food safety. Furthermore, an established integrated view on GMOs may create greater consumer confidence in the technology. 相似文献
4.
该文的主要研究目的在于构建基于高分辨率遥感数据监测和评估有机食品基地生态环境和风险源的方法体系。为有机食品基地的审核、复核,以及常规监管提供技术支持与参考。首先,构建有机食品基地及其缓冲区内土地利用分类体系。由于有机食品基地内与有机食品基地缓冲区的监管目标不同,因此,构建了有机食品基地内外差别化的分类体系,分别描述有机食品基地内的结构及功能分区,以及缓冲区内的土地利用与风险源空间格局。在此基础上,构建有机食品基地遥感监管指标体系,并建立有机食品基地风险评估模型。最后,以吉林某有机食品基地为示范区,应用本研究的方法体系对该有机食品基地的生态环境和风险源进行了遥感监测。监测结果表明:该有机食品基地总面积为462.17 hm2,基地规模满足考核管理规定要求。其中,种植区面积461.16 hm2,占有机食品基地总面积的99.78%。种植区中,农膜种植区面积16.22 hm2,占有机食品基地总面积的3.51%,为进一步监管农膜回收提供数据支持。此外,该有机食品基地周边1 km缓冲区内发现风险源1处,为小型工矿企业,面积为1.95 hm2,经计算,该有机食品基地的生态环境风险指数(organic food bases risk index:OFBRI)为0.26,风险源面积与有机食品基地面积比值为0.42%,因此,风险等级为五级,风险程度较小。经应用示范,证明该研究方法是对有机食品基地进行监管的有效技术途径。 相似文献
5.
Suman M La Tegola S Catellani D Bersellini U 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2005,53(26):9879-9884
Epoxidized soybean oil (ESBO) is widely used as a plasticizer and stabilizer in such polymers [poly(vinyl chloride) in particular] commonly adopted for manufacturing of gaskets of the lids for glass jars and plastic films for food packaging. Human exposure to ESBO and its derivatives is likely to occur over a lifetime with a significant variation according to life stage. A reversed phase liquid chromatography interfaced with electrospray ion trap tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of ESBO in foods was developed. A simple sample treatment procedure entailing the use of an extraction step with dichloromethane without any further cleanup was proved. Chromatographic separation was performed using two C18 columns with an aqueous acetic acid-acetone-acetonitrile mixture as the mobile phase under gradient conditions. The method was validated in terms of detection limits (4 mg kg(-1)), quantitation limits, linearity (established over 2 orders of magnitude), recovery (good mean recoveries, higher than 90% for all of the signals detected), precision (RSD% < 8), and trueness. The applicability of the method to the determination of ESBO in different food matrices (in particular those rich in edible oil) was demonstrated, and the performances were compared to those reachable by the commonly well-known gas chromatography-mass spectrometry procedure. 相似文献
6.
Maria Domenica Di Mauro Venera Ferrito Christian Scifo Marcella Renis Barbara Tomasello 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2017,228(6):228
The evaluation of DNA damage in aquatic organisms represents one of the most widely used biomarkers in the assessment and monitoring of marine pollution. Our previous research highlighted the presence of DNA damage in hepatic nuclei and blood cells of Coris julis specimens collected from Augusta harbor (Syracuse, Italy), a site highly polluted. In this work, we investigated on the ability of different natural compounds with antioxidant and immunostimulating properties, such as resveratrol (50 μM, 100 μM), amygdalin (100 μM, 200 μM), and Urtica dioica roots extract (50 and/or 100 μg/ml), in reducing DNA damage of C. julis. Blood cells were analyzed by atypical cellular comet assay. The results confirmed that Augusta specimens are the most damaged and showed that resveratrol, followed by amygdalin and U. dioica roots extract, drastically reduced DNA damage. This finding evidences the effectiveness of three natural compounds for DNA protection suggesting the possible use of feed enriched with antioxidant compounds in aquaculture practices for organisms damaged by natural and anthropic insults. 相似文献
7.
David P. Larsen Anthony R. Olsen Donald L. Stevens 《Journal of Agricultural, Biological & Environmental Statistics》2008,13(3):243-254
The need for aquatic resource condition surveys at scales that are too extensive to census has increased in recent years.
Statistically designed sample surveys are intended to meet this need. Simple or stratified random sampling or systematic survey
designs are often used to obtain a representative set of sites for data collection. However, such designs have limitations
when applied to spatially distributed natural resources, like stream networks. Stevens and Olsen proposed a design that overcomes
the key limitations of simple, stratified random or systematic designs by selecting a spatially balanced sample. The outcome
of a spatially balanced sample is an ordered list of sampling locations with spatial distribution that balances the advantages
of simple or stratified random samples or systematic samples. This approach can be used to select a sample of sites for particular
studies to meet specific objectives. This approach can also be used to select a “master sample” from which subsamples can
be drawn for particular needs. At the same time, these individual samples can be incorporated into a broader design that facilitates
integrated monitoring and data sharing. 相似文献
8.
Ana Claudia de Castro Marcato Cleiton Pereira de Souza Carmem Silvia Fontanetti 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2017,228(3):120
The intensive use of pesticides has increased exponentially in Brazil and worldwide due to the need to meet the food demands of a growing population. If the management/monitoring of the use of pesticides is adequately performed, it would not compromise the expected benefits or have negative effects on the environment as a whole. In order to examine the information available on herbicide use in Brazil and worldwide, this paper presents a review of the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and its chemical properties, action on target organisms, environmental fate, and toxicity to non-target organisms. This herbicide is a synthetic auxin used to control broad-leaved weeds, and the action in target organisms is well known. Although 2,4-D has been widely used worldwide, many studies have shown that this herbicide induces alterations in non-target organisms. Therefore, ecotoxicology studies are important to assess the risk the herbicides can be to different ecosystems. Thus, it is advised to use this herbicide and other pesticides with caution. 相似文献
9.
Lawrence M 《Public health nutrition》2005,8(8):1235-1241
OBJECTIVE: To identify challenges in translating scientific evidence of a nutrient and health relationship into mandatory food fortification policy. DESIGN: A case study approach was used in which available evidence associated with the folate-neural tube defect relationship was reviewed against the Australia New Zealand Food Regulation Ministerial Council's Policy Guideline for mandatory food fortification. RESULTS: Three particular challenges were identified. The first is knowing when and how to act in the face of scientific uncertainty. The second is knowing how to address the special needs of at-risk individuals without compromising the health and safety of the population as a whole. The third is to ensure that a policy is sufficiently monitored and evaluated. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the availability of compelling evidence of a relationship between a particular nutrient and a health outcome, a definitive policy response may not be apparent. Judgement and interpretation inevitably play significant roles in influencing whether and how authorities translate scientific evidence into mandatory food fortification policy. In relation to the case study, it would be prudent to undertake a risk-benefit analysis of policy alternatives and to implement nutrition education activities to promote folic acid supplement use among the target group. Should mandatory folate fortification be implemented, comprehensive monitoring and evaluation of this policy will be essential to know that it is implemented as planned and does more good than harm. In relation to mandatory food fortification policy-making around the world, ongoing national nutrition surveys are required to complement national policy guidelines. 相似文献
10.
Coveney J 《Public health nutrition》2008,11(3):237-245
OBJECTIVE: To explore consumer trust in food, especially people's experiences that support or diminish trust in the food supply; consumer practices to strengthen trust in food; and views on how trust in the food supply could be increased. SETTING: Adelaide, South Australia. DESIGN: In-depth qualitative research interviews and focus groups. SUBJECTS: Women and men who are primary food providers in families (n = 24). RESULTS: Media coverage of food scares and scandals and personal experience of food-borne illness challenged respondents' trust in the food system. Poor retail food handling practices and questionable marketing ploys by food manufacturers also decreased trust. Buying 'Made-in-Australia' produce and following food safety procedures at home were important practices to strengthen food trust. Knowledge of procedures for local food inspection and for national food regulation to keep food safe was scanty. Having a strong regulatory environment governing food safety and quality was considered by respondents to be of prime importance for trust building. DISCUSSION: The dimensions of trust found in this study are consistent with key theoretical aspects of trust. The need for trust in highly complex environments, in this case the food supply, was evident. Trust was found to be integral to food choice, and negative media reports, the sources of which themselves enjoy various levels of dependability, were found to easily damage trust relationships. The lack of visibility of authoritative monitoring and surveillance, misleading food advertising, and poor retail food handling practices were identified as areas that decreased consumer trust. Respondents also questioned the probity of food labelling, especially health claims and other mechanisms designed to guide food choice. The research highlights the role trust plays in food choice. It also emphasises the importance of a visible authoritative presence in the food system to strengthen trust and provide reassurance to consumers. 相似文献
11.
细菌胞间的分子通讯与食品保藏新策略 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
细菌世界并不寂静，彼此间以信息分子为“语言”互相交流。当环境中群体数量达到一定密度后，细菌通过信息分子发出信号，调整和实施共同的行为，引发群体感应（quorum—sensing，简称QS）现象，从而展现出单个细菌无法实现的新的特征行为和生理功能。导致食品腐败的腐败菌之间也存在QS现象。文章概述了QS现象及其与食品腐败的关系，阐述了以食品腐败菌的QS现象为靶点的食品保藏新策略。 相似文献
12.
Crustaceans are one of the most common allergens causing severe food reaction. These food allergens are a health problem, and they have become very important; there are various regulations that establish that labeling must be present regarding these allergens to warn consumers. In the present work a fast real-time PCR, by a LNA probe, was developed. This allows the detection of crustaceans in all kinds of products, including processed products in which very aggressive treatments of temperature and pressure during the manufacturing process are used. This methodology provides greater sensitivity and specificity and reduces the analysis time of real-time PCR to 40 min. This methodology was further validated by means of simulating products likely to contain this allergen. For this, products present on the market were spiked with crustacean cooking water. The assay is a potential tool in issues related to the labeling of products and food security to protect the allergic consumer. 相似文献
13.
条件植被温度指数在云南干旱监测中的应用 总被引：5，自引：3，他引：2
对干旱进行监测,有助于各级政府及时了解旱情,采取积极有效的防旱、抗旱措施,促进水利设施建设与合理布局,确保农业生产发展与粮食安全。该文采用MODIS多时相归一化植被指数与地表温度遥感影像产品,分析研究区归一化植被指数—地表温度特征空间,应用条件植被温度指数对云南省2009年9月－2010年3月干旱的时间、空间特性进行监测。监测结果表明云南省旱情随时间有所波动,但整体旱情呈发展趋势;监测期内云南省旱情分布较广,受灾面积超过70%,仅西北角小片地区受干旱影响较小,特旱区主要分布于云南省中部、东部和南部地区。应用相关研究成果对干旱监测结果进行验证,结果表明监测结果可信,能够为防灾减灾相关部门提供有力的信息支持。 相似文献
14.
Acidification of lakes and streams can lead to adverse effects on aquatic biota, and the recognition of widespread atmospheric deposition of strong acids in eastern North America has led to considerable concern over its existing and potential impact on th flora and fauna of sensitive (i.e. low alkalinity) systems. While most of the concern has been directed toward the impact on the fisheries resource, it is well documented that all levels of biota are affected (Almer et al., 1974; Likens et al., 1983; Dillon et al., 1984), and full appreciation of the impact of acidification requires examination of all living components of the aquatic ecosystem. Although extensive work has already been conducted in tho Scandinavian countries, there are numerous differences in species between those countries and North America, and a sound appraisal of the threat to North American biota requires comparable work for this continent. Large scale surveys and monitoring programs are under development or are in the early phases of execution by various institutions, but much has already been learned from laboratory and field acidification experiments, and from comparisons of acidic and non-acidic lakes and streams. The purpose of this paper is to compare the results of these studies for several dominant species from several major groups of organisms. We hope to focus attention on the nature and quality of information about the sensitivity of organisms with known or apparent significant ecological roles, identify gaps or weaknesses, and provide insight into the merits and limitations of the various methods of study. 相似文献
15.
The paper gives an overview of ecological theories and hypotheses that have been raised in order to predict diversity‐function relationships. In particular, those reasons are discussed that may explain the discrepancy between the theoretical expectation for widespread effects of diversity on functioning and the ambiguous empirical evidence for such effects. Structural differences in the ecology of plants, invertebrates, and micro‐organisms are considered which lead to differences in diversity‐function relationships among these groups of organisms. Four criteria are derived that determine diversity‐function relationships: (1) motility of the organisms under consideration, (2) decoupling of population persistence and functional activity in these organisms, (3) species richness of the organisms' community, and (4) equilibrium stability of the considered ecological process. From these criteria the authors predict that measurable effects of diversity on functioning are (a) likely to be found in plants and in micro‐organisms while they are (b) unlikely to be found in the soil fauna. They predict that diversity is (c) likely to affect primary production, soil energy turnover, and nutrient losses from the system, while it is (d) unlikely to durably influence litter decomposition rate. It is shown that these predictions are largely corroborated by empirical evidence compiled from the literature. The issue of spatial and temporal scale is briefly discussed. 相似文献
16.
A key to conserving organisms is identification of the habitat bounds and essential resources within them. In population studies (metapopulations) of phytophagous arthropods it is tacitly assumed that habitat bounds portray short-term stability and that habitat is largely synonymous with hostplant areas or with a single vegetation unit comprising hostplants; structural components are usually ignored. We test these assumptions by monitoring the behaviour and relative abundance of Plebejus argus (L.) (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) in relation to changing weather conditions in two patches of a North Wales metapopulation for the butterfly. Our findings confirm the importance of structural habitat components. P. argus density is higher in the vicinity of shrubs which are used for roosting, resting, basking, mate location and shelter. A dominant proportion of the population adopts shrub areas in cooler, cloudy and windy weather. In warmer, sunnier and calmer conditions, the butterfly spends longer in flight and moves out onto calcareous heath dominated by hostplants. In doing so, an increasing, even dominant, proportion of the population occupies exposed slopes adjacent to and above shrub covered areas associated with the hostplant. In effect, the habitat bounds appear to change with conditions on scales of days and hours. What part of a landscape may be defined as a habitat, and what part of it may appear to be most important for an organism, depends on just when and where surveys are carried out. We argue that for correct delineation of habitats attention needs to be given to resource use in different conditions. In the face of enhanced global warming, a broad view should be taken of arthropod habitats that considers the resources required for varying conditions. 相似文献
17.
Sara Sánchez-Moreno Nicole L. Nicola Howard Ferris Frank G. Zalom 《Applied soil ecology》2009,41(1):107-117
Biological indicators based on abundances of soil organisms are powerful tools for inferring functional and diversity changes in soils affected by agricultural perturbations. Field plots, combining organic and conventional practices with no tillage, conservation tillage and standard tillage maintained different nematode assemblages and soil food webs. Soil food web indices based on nematode assemblages were reliable predictors of the trophic composition of functional characteristics of soil mite assemblages. Bacterial-feeding and predatory nematodes, together with predatory mites, were abundant in the organic-no till treatments and were associated with high values of the Enrichment and the Structure Index based on nematode assemblages. Conventional-Standard tillage treatments had high abundances of fungal- and plant-feeding nematodes and algivorous mites, associated with high values of the Basal and Channel Index. This study validates the hypothesis that nematode-based soil food web indices are useful indicators of other soil organisms such as mites, with similar functional roles and environmental sensitivities. 相似文献
18.
Background Aim and Scope
Soil monitoring in Germany should register the current soil condition, monitor its changes and provide a forecast for future development. In order to achieve these goals, the long-term soil monitoring sites in Germany (BDF -Bodendauerbeobachtungsflächen) have been established by the federal states. This has been done according to criteria worked out by soil monitoring experts. In this article a method for the examination of the suitability of Germany’s soil monitoring sites for soil conservation and protection purposes, as well as for environmental monitoring and reporting, is introduced. This method includes the landscape representativity of soil monitoring sites as well as the comparability and spatial validity of collected data.Methods
BDF-criteria are operationalized in a three-step procedure: At first, a metadatabase is established containing information that allows the comparison of monitoring sites by means of measuring parameters, methods and quality assurance as well as quality control of measurements. Secondly, the representativity of the BDF-sites for soil types, land use, vegetation, and climate (air temperature, duration of sunlight, precipitation) by means of frequency statistics and neighborhood analysis is quantified. At last, the spatial validity of soil monitoring data is examined through the application of geostatistical methods. Both data and statistical methods are integrated in a Geoinformationsystem (GIS).Results
The analysis of metadata reveals that the soil monitoring is of great importance for environmental analysis because of its ecosystematic concept and its considerable degree of methodical harmonization. Assuming that the number of BDF should be directly proportional to the areal portion of an ecoregion in the entire area of Germany, it can be shown that the geographical distribution of BDF-sites fit quite well according to the areal portions of the ecoregions. The maximum deviation is about ñ 6%. If the number of BDF is not proportional to the area covered by a certain combination of site characteristics, these areas can either be complemented or thinned through MNR-indices derived by neighborhood analysis. Soil monitoring sites can be added where the MNR are highest and removed where MNR are lowest. Throughout the neighborhood analysis, three GISmaps were processed: ecoregionaiization, soil types and land use. Decisions to reduce the spatial density of monitoring sites should not only be based on the landscape representativness of monitoring networks, but on the support of geostatistical analysis of measured data as well. For example, the results of the geostatistical analysis of Pb-concentrations in top soils are compared for a complete and a reduced BDF monitoring network.Conclusion
The investigations show that not only the proportional distribution of monitoring sites in landscape units (landscape representativity) is important for the assessment of environmental monitoring networks; The number of monitoring sites, rather, should be sufficient to guarantee a spatial representation of the respective measurement variable. Their geographical distribution should be based on the spatial model of landscape units. Additionally, particular criteria that are important for the object of investigation, for example the distance to emitters, should also be considered.Perspective
It is strongly recommended that activities for the integration of ecological data collected in diverse monitoring networks be intensified. A central German environmental information system should be established in order to realize integrated analysis of environmental data by aspects of harmonization and representativity. Furthermore, Internet and GIS technologies should be used to assist the environmental data acquisition in Germany. A prototype of such an instrument, the socalled Internet and GIS-based Environmental Monitoring System (IGUS) was already established and tested in the moss monitoring program 2000.19.
Schoeman SE Hendricks MK Hattingh SP Benadé AJ Laubscher JA Dhansay MA 《Public health nutrition》2006,9(8):1007-1012
AIM: The aim of this study was to determine the practices of primary health care (PHC) nurses in targeting nutritionally at-risk infants and children for intervention at a PHC facility in a peri-urban area of the Western Cape Province of South Africa. METHODOLOGY: Nutritional risk status of infants and children <6 years of age was based on criteria specified in standardised nutrition case management guidelines developed for PHC facilities in the province. Children were identified as being nutritionally at-risk if their weight was below the 3rd centile, their birth weight was less than 2500 g, and their growth curve showed flattening or dropping off for at least two consecutive monthly visits. The study assessed the practices of nurses in identifying children who were nutritionally at-risk and the entry of these children into the food supplementation programme (formerly the Protein-Energy Malnutrition Scheme) of the health facility. Structured interviews were conducted with nurses to determine their knowledge of the case management guidelines; interviews were also conducted with caregivers to determine their sociodemographic status. RESULTS: One hundred and thirty-four children were enrolled in the study. The mean age of their caregivers was 29.5 (standard deviation 7.5) years and only 47 (38%) were married. Of the caregivers, 77% were unemployed, 46% had poor household food security and 40% were financially dependent on non-family members. Significantly more children were nutritionally at-risk if the caregiver was unemployed (54%) compared with employed (32%) (P=0.04) and when there was household food insecurity (63%) compared with household food security (37%) (P<0.004). Significantly more children were found not to be nutritionally at-risk if the caregiver was financially self-supporting or supported by their partners (61%) compared with those who were financially dependent on non-family members (35%) (P=0.003). The weight results of the nurses and the researcher differed significantly (P<0.001), which was largely due to the different scales used and weighing methods. The researcher's weight measurements were consistently higher than the nurses' (P<0.00). The researcher identified 67 (50%) infants and children as being nutritionally at-risk compared with 14 (10%) by the nurses. The nurses' poor detection and targeting of nutritionally at-risk children were largely a result of failure to plot weights on the weight-for-age chart (55%) and poor utilisation of the Road to Health Chart. CONCLUSIONS: Problems identified in the practices of PHC nurses must be addressed in targeting children at nutritional risk so that appropriate intervention and support can be provided. More attention must be given to socio-economic criteria in identifying children who are nutritionally at-risk to ensure their access to adequate social security networks. 相似文献
20.
土壤生物的生态学研究 总被引：8，自引：1，他引：8
土壤生物是土壤圈的核心组分,对土壤的矿质营养循环起推动作用。土壤中食物资源的质量状况影响着各生物类群的数量动态和分布,归根结底是由田间管理措施改变了土壤的结构、营养和生物条件引起的。反过来,生物类群的结构和数量变动以及分布特点又可以反映土壤的状况及可持续性。本文逐次对土壤微生物、原生动物、线虫及小型节肢动物的生态学研究作了概述,并分析比较了各生物类群在土壤生态系统中的功能作用。 相似文献