首页 | 本学科首页   官方微博 | 高级检索  
相似文献
 共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 46 毫秒
1.
Improving grain yield (GY) and reducing grain moisture (GM) are urgent demands for directly harvesting kernels with combine harvesters in maize production. GY and GM are both related to leaf, stem and root characteristics, but the relationships are not fully understood. To better understand these relationships, we conducted a field trial involving 12 maize hybrids with two sowing dates in 2017 and 10 maize hybrids with one sowing date in 2019. GY ranged from 6.5–14.6 t ha–1 in early-sown varieties and 9.3–12.7 t ha–1 in late-sown varieties in 2017, and 5.9–7.4 t ha–1 in 2019, respectively, with corresponding GM variations of 29.8–34.9%, 29.4–34.5% and 31.9–37.1% at harvest. A large maximum leaf area contributed to a high yield, a fast leaf senescence rate accelerated grain dehydration in the late growth period, and a compact root structure resulted in both of high-yield and fast-grain dehydration. A strong stem improved lodging resistance but maintained a high GM at harvest, and it is challenging to combine high GY and low GM in maize. High GY co-existed with low GM in some varieties that should have a rapid grain filling, a relatively long grain-filling duration, and a rapid grain dehydration in the late growth period. A high daily temperature in the late growth period also improved GY and reduced GM by influencing grain filling and dehydration, suggesting that adjusting the sowing date should be an alternative strategy to combine high GY and low GM in kernel harvesting.  相似文献   

2.
To date,little attention has been paid to the effects of leaf source reduction on photosynthetic matter production,root function and post-silking N uptake characteristics at different planting densities.In a 2-year field experiment,Xianyu 335,a widely released hybrid in China,was planted at 60 000 plants ha~(–1 )(conventional planting density,CD) and 90 000 plants ha~(–1) (high planting density,HD),respectively.Until all the filaments protruded from the ear,at which point the plants were subjected to the removal of 1/2 (T1),1/3 (T2) and 1/4 (T3) each leaf length per plant,no leaf removal served as the control(CK).We evaluated the leaf source reduction on canopy photosynthetic matter production and N accumulation of different planting densities.Under CD,decreasing leaf source markedly decreased photosynthetic rate (P_n),effective quantum yield of photosystem II (ΦPSII) and the maximal efficiency of photosystem II photochemistry (F_v/F_m) at grain filling stage,reduced post-silking dry matter accumulation,harvest index (HI),and the yield.Compared with the CK,the 2-year average yields of T1,T2 and T3 treatments decreased by 35.4,23.8 and 8.3%,respectively.Meanwhile,decreasing leaf source reduced the root bleeding sap intensity,the content of soluble sugar in the bleeding sap,post-silking N uptake,and N accumulation in grain.The grain N accumulation in T1,T2 and T3 decreased by 26.7,16.5 and 12.8% compared with CK,respectively.Under HD,compared to other treatments,excising T3 markedly improved the leaf P_n,ΦPSII and F_v/F_m at late-grain filling stage,increased the post-silking dry matter accumulation,HI and the grain yield.The yield of T3 was 9.2,35.7 and 20.1% higher than that of CK,T1 and T2 on average,respectively.The T3 treatment also increased the root bleeding sap intensity,the content of soluble sugar in the bleeding sap and post-silking N uptake and N accumulation in grain.Compared with CK,T1 and T2 treatments,the grain N accumulation in T3 increased by 13.1,40.9 and 25.2% on average,respectively.In addition,under the same source reduction treatment,the maize yield of HD was significantly higher than that of CD.Therefore,planting density should be increased in maize production for higher grain yield.Under HD,moderate decreasing leaf source improved photosynthetic performance and increased the post-silking dry matter accumulation and HI,and thus the grain yield.In addition,the improvement of photosynthetic performance improved the root function and promoted postsilking N uptake,which led to the increase of N accumulation in grain.  相似文献   

3.
在200kg/hm2施N条件下,对17个澳大利亚小麦品种的干物质、果聚糖、氮的积累分配及其与籽粒产量(GY)、籽粒氮产量(GNY)及籽粒氮含量(GNC)的关系进行了研究。结果表明,干物质、果聚糖和氮积累的模式相似,在叶片、茎秆和植株中分别于开花期、乳熟期和成熟期积累到最大值。在开花前,茎秆是贮存果聚糖的主要器官,叶片是氮的主要贮存器官,而在花期后,籽粒成为贮存果聚糖和氮最多的器官,其次为茎秆。从乳熟期至成熟期,随着干物质、果聚糖和氮在营养器官中积累的降低,GY、GNY和籽粒果聚糖积累快速增加。在多数取样期,植株干物质积累和果聚糖积累与GY和GNY呈极显著正相关,与GNC呈负相关;成熟期植株氮积累与GY呈显著负相关,与GNC显著正相关;在花期后,叶片和茎秆氮积累与GY和GNY呈显著负相关。  相似文献   

4.
In order to study the effects of different levels of salt stress and nitrogen(N) on physiological mechanisms,carbon isotope discrimination(△~(13)C),and yield of two wheat cultivars(cv.),a two-year field experiment was carried out during 2013-2015.The treatments included three levels of salt stress(1.3,5.2,and 10.5 dS m~(-1)),three levels of N(50,100,and 150 kg N ha~(-1)),and two wheat cultivars,Bam and Toos.Under salt stress,N application(100 and 150 kg N ha~(-1)) produced a significant effect on both cultivars with respect to physiological traits,i.e.,net photosynthetic rate(P_n),stomatal conductance(g_s),chlorophyll index(Cl),Na~+/K~+ratio as well as the grain yield(GY).The salt-tolerant and-sensitive cultivars exhibited the maximum values of physio-biochemical and yield attributes at 100 and 150 kg N ha~(-1),respectively.The results of △~(13)C showed a significant difference(P0.001) between wheat cultivars under the control and salt stress.According to our result,salt-tolerant cultivar Bam seems to be more efficient in terms of higher GY,P_n,g_s,Cl,and lower Na~+/K~+ratio as well as higher △~(13)C as compared with salt-sensitive cultivar Toos,under salt stress.Therefore,a significant positive correlation that observed between △~(13)C and GY,indicated that △~(13)C may be an effective index for indirect selection of yield potential in wheat under irrigation regimes with saline water.  相似文献   

5.
The experiment aimed to evaluate the effects of N and trinexapac-ethyl （TE） to the growth of Kentucky bluegrass. By using the method of randomized blocks design, 4 N levels, 0 （N1）, 20 （N2）, 25 （N3）, and 30 （N4） kg N ha t mon% with TE at 0 （T1）, 312.5 （T2） and 625 （T3） mL ha-1 every 10 d effect on the total height, clippings and chlorophyll concentration of Kentucky bluegrass were evaluated. Results showed that total height and total clippings of Kentucky bluegrass were reduced by treating with TE and increased by treating with N. Kentucky bluegrass treated with 312.5 and 625 mL ha ＇ per 10 d had total clippings and total height reduced 30 and 45% under different N application level. The N × TE interaction was significant for the chlorophyll concentration of Kentucky bluegrass. The chlorophyll concentration of Kentucky bluegrass treated with TE at 625 mL ha-1 every 10 d was significantly higher than that of Kentucky bluegrass treated with 312.5 mL ha-1 every 10 d at the same N level. The chlorophyll concentration of turfgrass treated with TE at 625 mL ha-1 every 10 d receiving 30 kg N ha -1 month-1 was the highest. Based on the index of turf growth and the chlorophyll concentration, turfgrass receiving 20 or 30 kg N ha-1 month-1 with 625 mL TE ha i every 10 d could balance the problem of mowing frequency and growth quickly while keeping a good quality.  相似文献   

6.
Post-silking high temperature is one of the abiotic factors that affects waxy maize(Zea mays L. sinensis Kulesh) growth in southern China. We conducted a pot trial in 2016–2017 to study the effects of post-silking daytime heat stress(35°C) on the activities of enzymes involved in leaf carbon and nitrogen metabolisms and leaf reactive oxygen species(ROS) and water contents. This study could improve our understanding on dry matter accumulation and translocation and grain yield production. Results indicated that decreased grain number and weight under heat stress led to yield loss, which decreased by 20.8 and 20.0% in 2016 and 2017, respectively. High temperature reduced post-silking dry matter accumulation(16.1 and 29.5% in 2016 and 2017, respectively) and promoted translocation of pre-silking photoassimilates stored in vegetative organs, especially in leaf. The lower leaf water content and chlorophyll SPAD value, and higher ROS(H_2O_2 and O_2~-·) content under heat stress conditions indicated accelerated senescent rate. The weak activities of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase(PEPCase), Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase(Ru BPCase), nitrate reductase(NR), and glutamine synthase(GS) indicated that leaf carbon and nitrogen metabolisms were suppressed when the plants suffered from a high temperature during grain filling. Correlation analysis results indicated that the reduced grain yield was mainly caused by the decreased leaf water content, weakened NR activity, and increased H_2O_2 content. The increased accumulation of grain weight and post-silking dry matter and the reduced translocation amount in leaf was mainly due to the increased chlorophyll SPAD value and NR activity. Reduced PEPCase and Ru BPCase activities did not affect dry matter accumulation and translocation and grain yield. In conclusion, post-silking heat stress down-regulated the leaf NR and GS activities, increased the leafwater loss rate, increased ROS generation, and induced pre-silking carbohydrate translocation. However, it reduced the post-silking direct photoassimilate deposition, ultimately, leading to grain yield loss.  相似文献   

7.
Waxy maize is widely cultivated under rainfed conditions and frequently suffers water shortage during the late growth stage. In this study, a pot trial was conducted to examine the effects of post-silking drought on leaf photosynthesis and senescence and its influence on grain yield. Two waxy maize hybrids, Suyunuo 5(SYN5) and Yunuo 7(YN7), were grown under the control and drought(soil moisture content was 70–80% and 50–60%, respectively) conditions after silking in 2016 and 2017. The decrease in yield was 11.1 and 15.4% for YN7 and SYN5, respectively, owing to the decreased grain weight and number. Post-silking dry matter accumulation was reduced by 27.2% in YN7 and 26.3% in SYN5. The contribution rate of pre-silking photoassimilates transferred to grain yield was increased by 15.6% in YN7 and 10.2% in SYN5, respectively. Post-silking drought increased the malondialdehyde content, but decreased the contents of water, soluble protein, chlorophyll, and carotenoid in the leaves. The weakened activities of enzymes involved in photosynthesis(ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase) and antioxidant system(catalase, superoxide dismutase and peroxidase) reduced the photosynthetic rate(P_n) and accelerated leaf senescence. The correlation results indicated that reduced Pn and catalase activity and increased malondialdehyde content under drought conditions induced the decrease of post-silking photoassimilates deposition, ultimately resulted in the grain yield loss.  相似文献   

8.
Available irrigation resources are becoming increasingly scarce in the North China Plain (NCP),and nitrogen-use efficiency of crop production is also relatively low.Thus,it is imperative to improve the water-use efficiency (WUE) and nitrogen fertilizer productivity on the NCP.Here,we conducted a two-year field experiment to explore the effects of different irrigation amounts (S60,60 mm;S90,90 mm;S120,120 mm;S150,150 mm) and nitrogen application rates (150,195 and 240 kg ha~(–1);denoted as N1,N2 and N3,respectively) under micro-sprinkling with water and nitrogen combined on the grain yield(GY),yield components,leaf area index (LAI),flag leaf chlorophyll content,dry matter accumulation (DM),WUE,and nitrogen partial factor productivity (NPFP).The results indicated that the GY and NPFP increased significantly with increasing irrigation amount,but there was no significant difference between S120 and S150;WUE significantly increased first but then decreased with increasing irrigation and S120 achieved the highest WUE.The increase in nitrogen was beneficial to improving the GY and WUE in S60 and S90,while the excessive nitrogen application (N3) significantly reduced the GY and WUE in S120 and S150 compared with those in the N2 treatment.The NPFP significantly decreased with increasing nitrogen rate under the same irrigation treatments.The synchronous increase in spike number (SN) and 1 000-grain weight (TWG)was the main reason for the large increase in GY by micro-sprinkling with increasing irrigation,and the differences in SN and TGW between S120 and S150 were small.Under S60 and S90,the TGW increased with increasing nitrogen application,which enhanced the GY,while N2 achieved the highest TWG in S120 and S150.At the filling stage,the LAI increased with increasing irrigation,and greater amounts of irrigation significantly increased the chlorophyll content in the flag leaf,which was instrumental in increasing DM after anthesis and increasing the TGW.Micro-sprinkling with increased amounts of irrigation or excessive nitrogen application decreased the WUE mainly due to the increase in total water consumption (ET)and the small increase or decrease in GY.Moreover,the increase in irrigation increased the total nitrogen accumulation or contents (TNC) of plants at maturity and reduced the residual nitrate-nitrogen in the soil (SNC),which was conducive to the increase in NPFP,but there was no significant difference in TNC between S120 and S150.Under the same irrigation treatments,an increase in nitrogen application significantly increased the residual SNC and decreased the NPFP.Overall,micro-sprinkling with 120 mm of irrigation and a total nitrogen application of 195 kg ha~(–1) can lead to increases in GY,WUE and NPFP on the NCP.  相似文献   

9.
Grain water relations play an important role in grain filling in maize. The study aimed to gain a clear understanding of the changes in grain dry weight and water relations in maize grains by using hybrids with contrasting nitrogen efficiencies under differing nitrogen levels. The objectives were: 1) to understand the changes in dry matter and percent moisture content (MC) during grain development in response to different nitrogen application rates and 2) to determine whether nitrogen application affects grain filling by regulating grain water relations. Two maize hybrids, high N-efficient Zhenghong 311 (ZH311) and low N-efficient Xianyu 508 (XY508), were grown in the field under four levels of N fertilizer: 0, 150, 300, and 450 kg N ha–1 during three growing seasons. Dry weight, percent MC and water content (WC) of basal–middle and apical grains were investigated. The difference in the maximum WC and filling duration of basal–middle and apical grains in maize ears resulted in a significant difference in final grain weight. Grain position markedly influenced grain drying down; specifically, the drying down rate of apical grains was faster than that of basal–middle grains. Genotype and grain position both influenced the impact of nitrogen application rate on grain filling and drying down. Nitrogen rate determined the maximum grain WC and percent MC loss rate in the middle and the late grain-filling stages, thus affecting final grain weight. The use of high N-efficient hybrids, combined with the reduction of nitrogen application rate, can coordinate basal–middle and apical grain drying down to ensure yield. This management strategy could lead to a win–win situation in which the maximum maize yield, efficient mechanical harvest and environmental safety are all achieved.  相似文献   

10.
Knowledge about crop growth processes in relation to N limitation is necessary to optimize N management in farming system. Plant-based diagnostic method, for instance nitrogen nutrition index (NNI) were used to determine the crop nitrogen status. This study determines the relationship of NNI with agronomic nitrogen use efficiency (AEN), tuber yield, radiation use efficiency (RUE) and leaf parameters including leaf area index (LAI), areal leaf N content (NAL) and leaf N concentration (NL). Potatoes were grown in field at three N levels: no N (N1), 150 kg N ha−1 (N2), 300 kg N ha−1 (N3). N deficiency was quantified by NNI and RUE was generally calculated by estimating of the light absorbance on leaf area. NNI was used to evaluate the N effect on tuber yield, RUE, LAI, NAL, and NL. The results showed that NNI was negatively correlated with AEN, N deficiencies (NNI<1) which occurred for N1 and N2 significantly reduced LAI, NL and tuber yield; whereas the N deficiencies had a relative small effect on NAL and RUE. To remove any effect other than N on these parameters, the actual ratio to maximum values were calculated for each developmental stage of potatoes. When the NNI ranged from 0.4 to 1, positive linear relationships were obtained between NNI and tuber yield, LAI, NL, while a nonlinear regression fitted the response of RUE to NNI.  相似文献   

11.
不同氮水平下超高产玉米品种的产量性状分析   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  
采用相关分析、通径分析方法对8个超高产玉米杂交种穗部性状与产量的关系进行了分析,结果表明,在高氮条件下(474kg/hm2),穗部各性状对玉米产量的作用依次为行粒数>百粒重>穗行数,保证吐丝期具有较高的生物量和叶绿素含量。在低氮条件下,应注重选育穗粒数多、百粒重大、吐丝期叶绿素和灌浆期生物量高的耐低氮品种(郑单958)。金山27和先玉335是高氮高效型品种,高氮水平下金山27产量较低氮水平下高68.18%,先玉335产量在高氮水平下比低氮水平增加90.40%,可在高氮水平下加以利用,郑单958在低氮水平下产量高于高氮水平,是低氮高效型品种。  相似文献   

12.
Excessive or insufficient application of fertilizer has raised broader concerns regarding soil and environmental degradation. One-time application of slow release fertilizer (SF) has been widely used to reduce yield gap with potential maize yield and improve nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). A 2-year field experiment (2018–2019) was conducted to evaluate the effects of SF rates from 0 to 405 kg N ha–1 (named F0, SF225, SF270, SF315, SF360, and SF405) and 405 kg N ha–1 of common fertilizer (CF405) on the grain yield, biomass and N accumulation, enzymatic activities related with carbon–nitrogen metabolism, NUE and economic analysis. Results indicated that the highest grain yields, NUEs and economic returns were achieved at SF360 in both varieties. The enzymatic activities related with carbon–nitrogen metabolism, pre- and post-silking accumulation of biomass and N increased with increasing SF rate, and they were the highest at SF360 and SF405. The grain yield at SF360 had no significant difference with that at SF405. However, the N partial factor productivity, N agronomic efficiency and N recovery efficiency at SF360 were 9.8, 6.6 and 8.9% higher than that at SF405. The results also indicated that the average grain yields, NUE and economic benefit at SF405 were 5.2, 12.3 and 18.1% higher than that at CF405. In conclusion, decreasing N rate from 405 kg ha–1 (CF) to 360 kg ha–1 (SF) could effectively reduce the yield gap between realized and potential maize yields. The N decreased by 11.1%, but the yield, NUE and economic benefit increased by 3.2, 22.2 and 17.5%, which created a simple, efficient and business-friendly system for spring maize production in Jiangsu Province, China.  相似文献   

13.
The yield potential of japonica/indica hybrids (JIH) has been achieved over 13.5 t ha−1 in large-scale rice fields, and some physiological traits for yield advantage of JIH over japonica inbred rice (JI) and indica hybrid rice (IH) were also identified. To date, little attention has been paid to morphological traits for yield advantage of JIH over JI and IH. For this reason, three JIH, three JI, and three IH were field-grown at East China (Ningbo, Zhejiang Province) in 2015 and 2016. Compared with JI and IH, JIH had 14.3 and 20.8% higher grain yield, respectively, attributed to its more spikelets per panicle and relatively high percentage of filled grains. The advantage in spikelets per panicle of JIH over JI and IH was shown in number of grains on the upper, middle, and lower branches. Compared with JI and IH, JIH had higher leaf area through leaf width and lower leaf angle of upper three leaves, higher leaf area index and leaf area per tiller at heading and maturity stages, higher stem weight per tiller and K and Si concentrations of stem at maturity, higher dry matter weight in leaf, stem, and panicle at heading and maturity stages, and higher biomass accumulation after heading and lower biomass translocation from stem during ripening. Leaf width of upper three leaves were correlated positively, while leaf angle of upper three leaves were correlated negatively with biomass accumulation after heading, stem weight per tiller, and per unit length. Our results indicated that the grain yield advantage of JIH was ascribed mainly to the more spikelets per panicle and relatively high percentage of filled grains. Higher leaf area through leaf width and more erect leaves were associated with improved biomass accumulation and stem weighing during ripening, and were the primary morphological traits underlying higher grain yield of JIH.  相似文献   

14.
土壤耕作和施肥方式对夏玉米干物质积累与产量的影响   总被引：15，自引：4，他引：11  
【目的】改善土壤耕作方式和氮肥施用技术是进一步提高玉米产量和氮肥利用效率的重要措施。本研究拟通过分析浅旋、免耕和条带深松3种耕作方式下缓释肥和常规施肥对夏玉米干物质积累、转运及光合特性的影响,阐明其产量及氮肥效率差异形成的生理过程。【方法】试验于2013—2014年在河南新乡进行。采用裂区设计,耕作方式为主区,设浅旋耕作(rotary tillage,R),免耕直播(no-tillage,N)和条带深松(sub-soiling,S)3种耕作方式;肥料类型为副区,设缓释肥(slow release fertilizer,SRF)和常规施肥(conventional compound fertilizer,CCF)2个处理。【结果】与传统施肥和土壤耕作方式比,施用缓释肥与条带深松耕作均能维持植株开花后较高的叶面积指数和光合速率,且条带深松与缓释肥耦合处理的值最大。成熟期,3种耕作方式下,缓释肥处理叶面积指数降幅两年平均分别低于常规施肥处理7.5%(N)、9.7%(R)和11.8%(S);缓释肥处理净光合速率降幅两年平均分别低于常规施肥处理7.3%(N)、11.5%(R)和16.8%(S)。条带深松耕作下缓释肥处理LAI高于其他处理16.0%—47.9%,穗位叶光合速率较其他处理高14.5%—52.3%。花后较高的叶面积指数和光合速率可促进玉米中后期干物质积累速率及积累持续期的增加,从而显著提高花后光合产物的积累量及同化量。3种耕作方式下,缓释肥处理花后干物质同化量较常规施肥处理两年平均分别提高1.5%(N)、21.4%(R)和24.4%(S);缓释肥处理花后干物质积累量较常规施肥处理两年平均分别提高11.0%(N)、12.2%(R)和17.0%(S)。其中条带深松耕作与缓释肥耦合处理花后干物质积累量和同化量显著高于其他处理,两年平均增幅分别为13.4%—28.9%和17.4%—39.6%。玉米花后干物质积累及同化量的增加是玉米籽粒产量提高的主要原因。因此,施用缓释肥通过增加千粒重,条带深松耕作通过增加收获穗数分别显著提高夏玉米产量;条带深松与缓释肥耦合处理产量显著高于其他处理,增幅为9.2%—23.2%。【结论】条带深松满足了作物对氮素的空间要求,缓释肥满足了作物对氮素的时间要求,施用缓释肥并结合条带深松,可有效调控土壤的养分供应状况,提高土壤氮素供应与作物需氮的时空吻合度,有利于实现黄淮海区夏玉米高产高效及生态安全生产的目标。  相似文献   

15.
A field experiment was conducted to study the impact of tillage, crop residue management and nitrogen (N) splitting on spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yield over 2 yr (2010-2012) in a rice (Oryza sativa L.)-wheat system in northwestern Pakistan. The experiment was conducted as split plot arranged in randomized complete blocks design with three replications. Treatments comprised six tillage and residue managements: zero tillage straw retained (ZTsr), zero tillage straw burnt (ZTsb), reduced tillage straw incorporated (RTsi), reduced tillage straw burnt (RTsb), conventional tillage straw incorporated (CTsi), and conventional tillage straw burnt (CTsb) as main plots and N (200 kg ha−1) was applied as split form viz., control (no nitrogen & no splitting, N0S0); 2 splits of total N, half at sowing and half at the 1st irrigation (i.e., 20 d after sowing (DAS)) (NS1); 3 splits of total N, 1/3 at sowing, 1/3 at the 1st irrigation, and 1/3 at the 2nd irrigation (NS2); 4 splits of total N, 1/4 at sowing, 1/4 at the 1st irrigation, 1/4 at the 2nd irrigation (45 DAS), and 1/4 at the 3rd irrigation (70 DAS) (NS3); and 4 splits of total N, 1/4 at the 1st irrigation, 1/4 at the 2nd irrigation, 1/4 at the 3rd irrigation, and 1/4 at the 4th irrigation (95DAS) (NS4) as sub plots. The results showed that the most pikes m−2, grains/spike, 1000-grain weight, grain yield, and N use efficiency (NUE) were obtained at zero tillage, straw retained and 4 splits application of total N (i.e., at sowing 20, 45 and 70 d after sowing). The results indicated that ZTsr with application of 200 kg N ha−1 in 4 equal splits viz. at sowing 20, 45 and 70 d after sowing is an appropriate strategy that enhanced wheat yield (7436-7634 kg ha−1) and N efficiency (28.6-29.5 kg kg−1) in rice-wheat system.  相似文献   

16.
不同基因型高粱的氮效率及对低氮胁迫的生理响应   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2  
【目的】探讨不同基因型高粱氮素吸收效率和利用效率及其差异机制,研究低氮胁迫对不同基因型高粱叶片无机氮含量和氮同化酶活性的影响,为耐低氮型高粱品种的选育提供理论依据。【方法】采用盆栽试验,选取2个低氮敏感型高粱(冀蚜2号和TX7000B)和2个耐低氮型高粱(SX44B和TX378)为试验材料,设置高氮(0.24g·kg-1风干土)和低氮(0.04 g·kg-1风干土)2个处理,分别在挑旗期和灌浆期测定高粱叶片NO3--N、NO2--N及NH4+-N含量和硝酸还原酶(NR)、亚硝酸还原酶(Ni R)、谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)和谷氨酸合成酶(GOGAT)活性,分析不同基因型高粱在2个氮处理下的氮效率相关指标及其差异。【结果】(1)不同基因型高粱籽粒产量对低氮的响应不同,低氮处理显著降低了冀蚜2号和TX7000B的籽粒产量,与高氮处理比较分别降低13.87%和19.25%,但没有降低SX44B和TX378的籽粒产量。(2)与高氮处理比较,低氮处理的相对籽粒氮累积量、相对植株氮累积量和相对氮收获指数不能表征各基因型高粱是否具有耐低氮特性;但相对低氮敏感型高粱,耐低氮型高粱在低氮处理下有着较高的相对氮肥偏生产力和相对氮素利用效率。低氮处理下SX44B和TX378的氮肥偏生产力是高氮处理的6.19和7.49倍,而冀蚜2号和TX7000B则分别为5.17和4.85倍;低氮处理下SX44B和TX378的氮素利用效率是高氮处理的1.84和1.85倍,而冀蚜2号和TX7000B则分别为1.67和1.35倍。(3)通径分析表明,高氮处理下,植株氮累积量和氮素利用效率对籽粒产量贡献相同;而在低氮处理下,氮素利用效率对籽粒产量关联作用更大。(4)高粱的叶片无机氮含量不能表征高粱是否具有耐低氮特性,灌浆期叶片无机氮含量较挑旗期显著降低。(5)与高氮处理比较,低氮处理时冀蚜2号和TX7000B叶片中NR、GS和GOGAT活性显著降低,SX44B酶活性变化不显著,而TX378叶片中GS活性增加。【结论】耐低氮型高粱在低氮胁迫时有着较高的相对籽粒产量和相对氮素利用效率。低氮胁迫时叶片较高的氮同化酶活性是高粱耐低氮的生理基础。发掘和利用低氮条件下具有较高的叶片氮同化酶活性和氮素利用效率的高粱种质资源,有助于提高耐低氮高粱品种的培育效率。  相似文献   

17.
以郑单958、先玉335、庐玉9105、中玉303为材料,设置早播、晚播2个播期,通过2020、2021年两年田间试验,研究了不同播期下玉米籽粒产量、籽粒水分变化与其叶片和茎秆特性的相关关系。结果表明：不同玉米品种早播的GY显著高于晚播,而GW早播低于晚播。随着播期的推迟LAI呈下降趋势,适时早播有利于延缓叶片衰老过程,维持较高的LAI。早播显著增加玉米品种茎秆的RPS和BS,提高茎秆的强度,增加茎秆抗倒能力,晚播则玉米的倒伏风险增加。灌浆期玉米品种间的平均HGW呈逐渐升高趋势,而GW呈逐渐下降趋势。相关性分析显示,GY和GW之间呈负相关未达显著水平,GY与LAS、GFR、BS呈显著正相关,LSR与GY呈负相关关系。GW与LAM、BS、GFR呈显著正相关,而与LSR呈显著负相关。这表明强壮的茎秆可提高玉米抗倒能力,增加玉米籽粒产量,但造成收获籽粒含水率较高。玉米品种要达到籽粒高产量与低水分协同共存必须具有籽粒灌浆快、灌浆期长及成熟时脱水快的特点,调整播期可使高GY和低GW有效协同,以适应籽粒机械收获的要求。  相似文献   

18.
《农业科学学报》2019,18(5):1138-1147
A simulated grazing field experiment was conducted to determine the effect of timing and intensity of grazing on the growth and yield of a mid-late maturing spring wheat(cv. Flanker) under different watering regimes, at Wagga Wagga in southeastern Australia. The experiment was a factorial design of watering regime and pasture "grazing" as factors, with three replications. The two watering regimes were rainfed(R) and supplemental irrigation(I). There were four simulated grazing treatments: no grazing, "crash" grazing by mowing to 5 cm height on 13 June(Cut1-5), "crash" grazing by mowing to 5 cm on 15 July(Cut2-5) and "clip" grazing by mowing to 15 cm height on 15 July(Cut2-15). The lowest dry matter(simulated grazing) was obtained from RCut1-5(0.13 t ha~(–1)) and the highest(0.86 t ha~(–1)) was from ICut2-5. There was no significant difference(P0.05) among the grain yields of the grazing treatments in the respective watering regimes. However, there was significant difference(P0.05) between the grain yields of the rainfed(3.60 t ha~(–1)) and irrigated(6.0 t ha~(–1)) treatments. Under both watering regimes, the highest grain yield was obtained from the late "clip" grazings: 3.79 t ha~(–1)(RCut2-15) for rainfed and 6.47 t ha~(–1)(ICut2-15) for irrigated treatments. The lowest grain yield for the rainfed treatment was 3.26 t ha~(–1)(RCut1-5) and for the irrigated treatments, the lowest grain yield was 5.50 t ha~(–1)(ICut2-5). Harvest index(HI) was not significantly affected(P0.05) by either the watering regime or grazing. Seed weight was significantly(P0.05) affected both by the watering regime and grazing with the lowest value for 1 000-seed weight of 30.05 g(RCut2-5) and the highest value of 38.00 g(ICut2-15). Water use efficiency was significantly(P0.05) affected both by the watering regime and grazing with the lowest value of 9.94 kg ha~(–1) mm~(–1)(ICut2-5) and the highest value 13.43 kg ha~(–1) mm~(–1)(RCut2-5). By "crash" grazing late(just before stem elongation stage) to a height of 5 cm, a significantly higher(P0.05) above ground dry matter can be grazed without significantly affecting the yield both in seasons with low amount of rainfall and high amount of rainfall(irrigated in this study) although in a wet season a slightly lower(15% lower) grain yield is obtained relative to "clip grazing" to 15 cm height. Grazing of mid-late maturing wheat cultivars has the potential to fill the feed gap without significantly affecting grain yield.  相似文献   

19.
This study was conducted to determine whether, and if so how, the grain yield and nitrogen (N) requirements of hybrid rice transplanted as single seedlings are affected by no-tillage (NT) practices. A fixed field experiment was done at the Experimental Farm of Hunan Agricultural University in Changsha, Hunan Province, China, from 2004 to 2014. Grain yield and yield attributes (panicle number per m2, spikelet number per panicle, spikelet filling percentage, grain weight, total biomass, and harvest index) were evaluated as well as the N-use characteristics (total N uptake, internal N-use efficiency, and N requirements) of hybrid rice transplanted as single seedlings comparing NT with conventional tillage (CT). A significant finding was that there were no significant differences in grain yield, yield attributes, and N-use characteristics between CT and NT. Averaged across the 11 years, grain yield and N requirements were 9.51 t ha–1 and 20.2 kg t–1 under CT and 9.33 t ha–1 and 20.0 kg t–1 under NT, respectively. There were significant yearly variations in grain yield, yield attributes, and N-use characteristics observed under both CT and NT. The yearly variation in grain yield was related to simultaneous changes in spikelet number per panicle, grain weight, total biomass, and harvest index. Also, it was found that grain yield was positively correlated with internal N-use efficiency but negatively correlated with N requirements. It is concluded that grain yield and N requirements in hybrid rice when transplanted as single seedlings are not affected adversely by NT. The results of this study suggest that (1) compatible relationships among yield attributes can be established in hybrid rice that is transplanted as single seedlings, and (2) higher grain yield and higher N-use efficiency can be concurrently achieved in hybrid rice transplanted as single seedlings.  相似文献   

20.
【目的】以紧凑型玉米品种先玉335为供试作物,研究地膜覆盖、施氮量、种植密度及其互作对春玉米氮素吸收转运及利用效率的影响,以期为黄土高原半干旱区春玉米高产高效栽培提供理论依据。【方法】2013—2014年春玉米生长季,设置覆盖方式(覆膜和不覆膜)、施氮量(2013年为0、170、200和230 kg N·hm~(-2),2014年为0、170、225和280 kg N·hm~(-2))和种植密度(5.0×10~4、6.5×10~4和8.0×10~4株/hm~2)3个因子,分析不同处理的氮素累积与转运、产量及氮肥生产效率。【结果】地膜覆盖显著增加了玉米吐丝前氮素累积量,促进了吐丝后氮素累积和吐丝前累积氮素的再转移,从而显著提高了籽粒氮素累积量和籽粒产量。覆盖方式与氮肥或密度互作显著影响春玉米氮素吸收、累积和转移。地膜覆盖条件下更多的氮肥(200—230 kg N·hm~(-2))或更高的密度(6.5×10~4—8.0×10~4株/hm~2)投入能有效促进吐丝前储存更多的氮素向籽粒转运,提高吐丝后期氮同化量及其对籽粒的贡献率,从而提高了籽粒氮素累积量;而不覆盖条件下当施氮量超过170 kg N·hm~(-2)或密度超过5.0×104株/hm~2时,吐丝后氮同化量及其对籽粒的贡献显著减少,从而导致吐丝前氮素储备的增加未能有效增加籽粒氮素累积。氮肥与密度互作显著影响氮素累积、吸收和转移。氮肥偏生产力(PFPN)和氮素收获指数(NHI)与吐丝前氮素累积量、氮素转移量、吐丝后氮素累积量及籽粒产量呈正相关,达到了显著水平。从春玉米氮素累积、转移及与产量和氮肥偏生产力关系看,全膜双垄沟播种植技术的合理施氮量为200—230 kg N·hm~(-2)、密度为8.0×10~4株/hm~2,其产量可达13.7—14.6 t·hm~(-2),PFPN可达64.8—68.7 kg·kg~(-1)。【结论】地膜覆盖与适宜的施氮量和种植密度相结合的综合管理实践,有利于促进灌浆期营养器官储存氮向籽粒转移和吐丝后氮同化的协同增加,从而实现高产和高氮肥生产力。  相似文献   

设为首页 | 免责声明 | 关于勤云 | 加入收藏

Copyright©北京勤云科技发展有限公司  京ICP备09084417号