共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 328 毫秒
1.
An unusual lightning flash at kennedy space center 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Uman MA Beasley WH Tiller JA Lin YT Krider EP Weidmann CD Krehbiel PR Brook M Few AA Bohannon JL Lennon CL Poehler HA Jafferis W Gulick JR Nicholson JR 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1978,201(4350):9-16
A lightning flash that struck the 150-meter weather tower at Kennedy Space Center was studied by several research groups using varioul techniques. The flash had unusually large peak currents and a stepped leader of relatively short duration. The charged regions neutralized by the three return strokes were located within a horizontal layer between heights of about 6 and 8 kilometers, where environmental temperatures were about -10 degrees to -20 degrees C. The charge source for the first return stroke coincided with a vertical shaft of precipitation inferred to have been graupel or hail. Charge sources for subsequent strokes were near the edge of the detectable precipitation echo. The overall channel length was about 10 kilometers. A Vertically oriented intracloud discharge occurred after the three return strokes. 相似文献
2.
Dwyer JR Uman MA Rassoul HK Al-Dayeh M Caraway L Jerauld J Rakov VA Jordan DM Rambo KJ Corbin V Wright B 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2003,299(5607):694-697
Using a NaI(Tl) scintillation detector designed to operate in electrically noisy environments, we observed intense bursts of energetic radiation (> 10 kiloelectron volts) during the dart leader phase of rocket-triggered lightning, just before and possibly at the very start of 31 out of the 37 return strokes measured. The bursts had typical durations of less than 100 microseconds and deposited many tens of megaelectron volts into the detector. These results provide strong evidence that the production of runaway electrons is an important process during lightning. 相似文献
3.
Pettengill GH Ford PG Johnson WT Raney RK Soderblom LA 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1991,252(5003):260-265
The Magellan Venus orbiter carries only one scientific instrument: a 12.6-centimeter wavelength radar system shared among three data-taking modes. The synthetic-aperture mode images radar echoes from the Venus surface at a resolution of between 120 and 300 meters, depending on spacecraft altitude. In the altimetric mode, relative height measurement accuracies may approach 5 meters, depending on the terrain's roughness, although orbital uncertainties place a floor of about 50 meters on the absolute uncertainty. In areas of extremely rough topography, accuracy is limited by the inherent line-of-sight radar resolution of about 88 meters. The maximum elevation observed to date, corresponding to a planetary radius of 6062 kilometers, lies within Maxwell Mons. When used as a thermal emission radiometer, the system can determine surface emissivities to an absolute accuracy of about 0.02. Mosaicked and archival digital data products will be released in compact disk (CDROM) format. 相似文献
4.
跨度对日光温室气温和番茄生长的影响及模拟分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
【目的】研究跨度对日光温室保温性能及番茄生长的影响。【方法】对陕西杨凌地区越冬种植番茄的8,10和12 m 3种跨度西北型日光温室的气温、光照、热流等参数进行监测,以日光温室夜间传热模型为基础,通过夜间气温的变化来分析跨度对日光温室保温性能的影响,同时监测了不同跨度日光温室中番茄幼苗的生长情况。【结果】10 m跨度日光温室1月份平均气温分别较8和12 m跨度日光温室高1.9和2.6 ℃;种植番茄的平均株高分别高0.4和2.2 cm,平均茎粗分别高0.3和0.5 mm;夜间气温的模拟值与预测值吻合度均较高,其中8 m跨度日光温室夜间气温预测模型的平均相对误差为4.40%,10和12 m跨度日光温室分别为2.43%和2.38%。【结论】供试3种跨度日光温室中,以10 m跨度日光温室的保温性能最好,较适宜在杨凌地区推广应用。 相似文献
5.
Bonfil R Meÿer M Scholl MC Johnson R O'Brien S Oosthuizen H Swanson S Kotze D Paterson M 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2005,310(5745):100-103
The large-scale spatial dynamics and population structure of marine top predators are poorly known. We present electronic tag and photographic identification data showing a complex suite of behavioral patterns in white sharks. These include coastal return migrations and the fastest known transoceanic return migration among swimming fauna, which provide direct evidence of a link between widely separated populations in South Africa and Australia. Transoceanic return migration involved a return to the original capture location, dives to depths of 980 meters, and the tolerance of water temperatures as low as 3.4 degrees C. These findings contradict previous ideas that female white sharks do not make transoceanic migrations, and they suggest natal homing behavior. 相似文献
6.
Saito J Miyamoto H Nakamura R Ishiguro M Michikami T Nakamura AM Demura H Sasaki S Hirata N Honda C Yamamoto A Yokota Y Fuse T Yoshida F Tholen DJ Gaskell RW Hashimoto T Kubota T Higuchi Y Nakamura T Smith P Hiraoka K Honda T Kobayashi S Furuya M Matsumoto N Nemoto E Yukishita A Kitazato K Dermawan B Sogame A Terazono J Shinohara C Akiyama H 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2006,312(5778):1341-1344
Rendezvous of the Japanese spacecraft Hayabusa with the near-Earth asteroid 25143 Itokawa took place during the interval September through November 2005. The onboard camera imaged the solid surface of this tiny asteroid (535 meters by 294 meters by 209 meters) with a spatial resolution of 70 centimeters per pixel, revealing diverse surface morphologies. Unlike previously explored asteroids, the surface of Itokawa reveals both rough and smooth terrains. Craters generally show unclear morphologies. Numerous boulders on Itokawa's surface suggest a rubble-pile structure. 相似文献
7.
通过对舒城县南港镇2002、2003年度退耕还林的全面调查,并采用定性与定量相结合的方法,对已发挥的效益评价。结果表明,南港镇2002、2003年退耕还林坡耕地造林403.8hm2,小班368个。退耕还林8～9年以来,2002年度杨树林分平均胸径、平均蓄积量分别达13.5cm、151.8m3/hm2;2003年杨树平均胸径、平均蓄积量分别达到12.3cm、117.0m3/hm2;2002、2003年度板栗林分平均产量（2010年度）分别达3 600、2 880kg/hm2。退耕还林的生态、经济、社会效益逐步显现,年涵养水源1.6×106m3、滞留泥沙6 865m3、累计吸收CO2约5.23×108kg、释放O2约3.81×108kg;创造直接经济价值2 585.2万元;累计享受政策补助1 157.3万元,其中人均受益910.1元,占退耕以来平均人均收入3.3%,同时转移1.6万劳力到二、三产业中。退耕还林工程已取得阶段性成果,初步达到了预期的目的和效益。 相似文献
8.
R H Backus J E Craddock R L Haedrich D L Shores J M Teal A S Wing G W Mead W D Clarke 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1968,160(831):991-993
A sound-scattering layer, composed of discrete hyperbolic echosequences and apparently restricted to the Slope Water region of the western North Atlantic, has been identified from the Deep Submergence Research Vehicle Alvin with schools of the meyctophid fish Ceratoscopelus maderensis. By diving into the layer and using Alvin's echo-ranging sonar, we approached and visually identified the sound scatterers. The number of echo sequences observed with the surface echo-soutnder (1/23.76 x 10(5) cubic meters of water) checked roughly with the number of sonar targets observed from the submarine (1/7.45 x 105 cubic meters). The fish schools appeared to be 5 to 10 meters thick, 10 to 100 meters in diameter, and on centers 100 to 200 meters apart. Density within schools was estimated at 10 to 15 fish per cubic meter. 相似文献
9.
Exchangeable ammonium nitrogen is present in Paleocene (Fort Union) shale below a depth of 10 meters in North Dakota and eastern Montana. Above 10 meters, exchangeable ammonium nitrogen is nitrified in situ. The lack of viable nitrifying organisms and the probable lack of oxygen prevent in situ nitrification below 10 meters. Shale samples incubated at 27 degrees C under nonsterile conditions or shales exposed to atmospheric contamination exhibited active nitrification without additional treatment. 相似文献
10.
利用遥感和GIS技术，采用美国最新的Landsat 7 ETM 影像的15m全色波段和30m多光谱波段影像，对犬庆地区的防护林地进行遥感调查。通过图像处理与分析得到了最佳的用于解译的影像，在野外调查的基础上，建立了林地的解译标志，量算了防护林带的宽度，查清了防护林的类型及实际面积，为防护林的建设与管理提供了第一手资料。 相似文献
11.
Respiration and deep diving in the bottlenose porpoise 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
A bottlenose porpoise was trained to dive untethered in the open ocean and to exhale into an underwater collecting funnel before surfacing from prescribed depths down to 300 meters. The animal was also taught to hold its breath for periods up to 4 minutes at the surface and then blow in the funnel. Alveolar collapse is probably complete at around 100 meters, and little pulmonary respiratory exchange occurs below that depth. Thoracic collapse was observ visually at 10 to 50 meters and by underwater television to 300 meters. 相似文献
12.
The pyramid at La Venta, Tabasco, Mexico, was surveyed in May 1969 with a high-sensitivity difference magnetometer. The general pattern of the magnetic map is one of low (10-gamma) radial anomalies, which reflect the ridge and gully topography of the pyramid, with a larger magnetic high area (+30 gammas) centered 25 meters south and 10 meters east of the center of the pyramid. The anomalous region near the top has been interpreted with the aid of computer-calculated anomalies from three-dimensional rectangular blocks. The major high is probably associated with a basalt structure that rises to within 1 to 2 meters of the surface. A possible form for this structure was found to be a 10-meter-square horizontal platform with walls along its northern and eastern margin. 相似文献
13.
Temporal variability of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation at 26.5 degrees N 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
Cunningham SA Kanzow T Rayner D Baringer MO Johns WE Marotzke J Longworth HR Grant EM Hirschi JJ Beal LM Meinen CS Bryden HL 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2007,317(5840):935-938
The vigor of Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (MOC) is thought to be vulnerable to global warming, but its short-term temporal variability is unknown so changes inferred from sparse observations on the decadal time scale of recent climate change are uncertain. We combine continuous measurements of the MOC (beginning in 2004) using the purposefully designed transatlantic Rapid Climate Change array of moored instruments deployed along 26.5 degrees N, with time series of Gulf Stream transport and surface-layer Ekman transport to quantify its intra-annual variability. The year-long average overturning is 18.7 +/- 5.6 sverdrups (Sv) (range: 4.0 to 34.9 Sv, where 1 Sv = a flow of ocean water of 10(6) cubic meters per second). Interannual changes in the overturning can be monitored with a resolution of 1.5 Sv. 相似文献
14.
Faller J Winer I Carrion W Johnson TS Spadin P Robinson L Wampler EJ Wieber D 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1969,166(3901):99-102
On 1 August between 10:15 and 12:50 Universal Time, with the Lick Observatory 120-inch (304-cm) telescope and a laser operating at 6943 angstroms, return signals from an optical retro-reflector array placed on the moon by the Apollo 11 astronauts were successfully detected. After the return signal was first detected it continued to appear with the expected time delay for the remainder of the night. The observed range is in excellent agreement with the predicted ephemeris. Transmitting between 7 and 8 joules per pulse, we found that each return signal averaged more than one photoelectron. This is in good agreement with calculations of the expected signal strength. 相似文献
15.
Spatial Variability of Turbulent Mixing in the Abyssal Ocean 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Ocean microstructure data show that turbulent mixing in the deep Brazil Basin of the South Atlantic Ocean is weak at all depths above smooth abyssal plains and the South American Continental Rise. The diapycnal diffusivity there was estimated to be less than or approximately equal to 0.1 x 10(-4) meters squared per second. In contrast, mixing rates are large throughout the water column above the rough Mid-Atlantic Ridge, and the diffusivity deduced for the bottom-most 150 meters exceeds 5 x 10(-4) meters squared per second. Such patterns in vertical mixing imply that abyssal circulations have complex spatial structures that are linked to the underlying bathymetry. 相似文献
16.
铬污染地区芦苇(Phragmites australis L.)生理特征分析 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
采用现场采集样品及室内测试方法,对生长在某铬污染区内,距污染源10 m和100 m的芦苇叶片光合及抗氧化特征进行分析.结果显示,距污染源10 m处芦苇叶绿素含量低于100 m处,类胡萝卜素含量几乎一致,而污染区内两处芦苇光合色素含量均明显高于非污染区;污染区内芦苇叶片叶绿体吸收光谱、低温荧光发射光谱及叶绿素荧光参数与非污染区一致,表明污染区芦苇光合作用光反应能正常进行;SOD与CAT活性均明显高于非污染区,其中10 m处两种酶活性略高于100 m处;丙二醛含量与非污染区基本相同,说明污染区芦苇叶片未受到严重氧化损伤. 相似文献
17.
Gordon AL 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1985,227(4690):1030-1033
During November and December 1983, two anticyclonic eddies were observed west of the Agulhas Retroflection, apparently spawned at the retroflection. The western eddy, centered 300 kilometers southwest of Cape Town, has a winter cooled core encircled by warm Indian Ocean water. Between Cape Town and the "Cape Town Eddy" is a net geostrophic transport of Indian Ocean thermocline water (14 x 10(6) cubic meters per second) into the South Atlantic Ocean. This circulation configuration, similar to that observed by earlier researchers, suggests that Indian-Atlantic thermocline exchange is a common occurrence. Such a warmwater link between the Atlantic and Indian oceans would strongly influence global climate patterns. The Indian Ocean water is warmer than the adjacent South Atlantic water and thus represents a heat input of 2.3 x 10(13) to 47 x 10(13) watts into the Atlantic. The large uncertainty arises from the unknown partition between two possible routes for the return flow from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean: cooler South Atlantic thermocline water or much colder North Atlantic Deep Water. In either case, interocean mass and heat exchange of thermocline water at the Agulhas Retroflection is a distinct likelihood. 相似文献
18.
Near ambient pressures, molecular diffusion dominates protonic diffusion in ice. Theoretical studies have predicted that protonic diffusion will dominate at high pressures in ice. We measured the protonic diffusion coefficient for the highest temperature molecular phase of ice VII at 400 kelvin over its entire stable pressure region. The values ranged from 10(-17) to 10(-15) square meters per second at pressures of 10 to 63 gigapascals. The diffusion coefficients extrapolated to high temperatures close to the ice VII melting curve were less by a factor of 10(2) to 10(3) than a superionic criterion of approximately 10(-8) square meters per second, at which protons would diffuse freely. 相似文献
19.
Fujiwara T Kodaira S No T Kaiho Y Takahashi N Kaneda Y 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2011,334(6060):1240
We detected and measured coseismic displacement caused by the 11 March 2011 Tohoku-Oki earthquake [moment magnitude (M(W)) 9.0] by using multibeam bathymetric surveys. The difference between bathymetric data acquired before and after the earthquake revealed that the displacement extended out to the axis of the Japan Trench, suggesting that the fault rupture reached the trench axis. The sea floor on the outermost landward area moved about 50 meters horizontally east-southeast and ~10 meters upward. The large horizontal displacement lifted the sea floor by up to 16 meters on the landward slope in addition to the vertical displacement. 相似文献
20.
Thermal stratification in the arctic ocean 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Fine scale measurements of the vertical temperature profile in an Arctic water column show the presence of several cascaded isothermal layers. Layers between the depths of 300 anid 350 meters range from 2 to 10 meters in thickness, while the temperature change between adjacent layers is approximately 0.026 degrees C. The individual layers are isothermal to within +/- 0.001 degrees C. 相似文献