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1.
Features and factors of the hydrocarbon status of soils developed in oil-producing karst regions were considered using an oilfield as an example. The notion of the hydrocarbon status of soils involves the proportions of the gas, bitumen, and polyarene components of the total hydrocarbons and their radial and lateral variations. The following types of soil hydrocarbon status were identified: (1) the background (reference) type; (2) the first kind of emanation type related to soil degassing (most probably, in an oilfield); (3) the technogenic type developed in the areas of oil spills, contaminated surface runoff, and industrial waste storage; and (4) the emanation type of the second kind related to the degassing and evaporation of spilled oil and other substances in underground karst caves. It was shown that the data on the hydrocarbon status of the soils can be used for the identification of hydrocarbon areas in the soil cover and the indication of the sources of pollutants deteriorating the environmental conditions in the landscape.  相似文献   

2.
To evaluate the chemical fingerprint of hydrocarbons in airborneorganic matter in the arid environment of Alexandria City, Egypt,the compositions of aliphatic and aromatic compounds were determined in suspended particulate material collected from a street undergoing heavy traffic in central Alexandria and in bulkdeposition samples collected from a site representing an area increasingly influenced by human and industrial activities. Qualitative and quantitative characterizations of individual compounds were based on gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analyses. More than 100 organic compounds are quantified in each sample, including n-alkanes, isoprenoids, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs), sulfur-bearing heterocyclics, steranes/diasteranes, terpanes and aromatic steroids. The use of hydrocarbon profilesand ratios for identifying sources and processes is discussed.The molecular distribution of alkanes revealed that the mainsource of these compounds is from petroleum contamination withtrace input of vascular plant wax. The PAH profiles, especiallythe relative abundance of alkyl-PAHs and sulfur-containing heterocyclics, showed that PAHs are chiefly derived from trafficsources. The results further indicated that diesel vehicles aremore important PAH sources than gasoline vehicles. In addition,the source fingerprint of fossil fuel biomarkers such as steranes, terpanes and aromatic steroids agreed well with thefingerprint of unburned lubricating oil, which are probably contributed to vehicle exhaust emissions.  相似文献   

3.
上海市土壤中持久性毒害污染物和盐分含量特征研究   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
Some farmland soils in Shanghai had high salinity levels, suggesting secondary salinization of the soils. The soil problems in Shanghai were studied, including the salinity and nitrate nitrogen (NO3--N) concentrations, heavy metal pollution characteristics, and organochlorine pesticide (OCP) residual levels and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contents. Accumulation of NO3--N in vegetable soils was the most significant among different functional soils. Heavy metal pollution was significant in the samples collected from the sewage-irrigated land and roadside. The identification of the metal sources through multivariate statistical analysis indicated that Pb, Zn, Cu and Cr in urban soils were from the traffic pollutants; excessive application of fertilizer and irrigation were the main reasons for the metal pollution in agricultural soils; Ni in the observed soils was controlled by parent soils. OCPs could still be detected in farmland soils but degraded greatly in last 20 years after prohibition of their usage. PAHs with 2-3 rings were the main components in industrial soils. The concentrated PAHs in the investigated soils were likely from petroleum and coal combustion.  相似文献   

4.
对北京地区具代表性的环境功能区表层土壤饱和烃的组成与分布特征进行分析,并讨论了饱和烃污染物的来源。研究结果表明,在不同环境功能区表层土壤样品中均检测到了正构烷烃、类异戊间二烯烷烃、烷基环己烷和甾、萜烷烃等饱和烃化合物,其中正构烷烃和类异戊间二烯烷烃占优势。不同环境功能区和土壤类型的表层土壤样品中饱和烃的组成、分布特征和来源均存在明显差异,其中城区土壤受人为污染最为严重。表层土中饱和烃类化合物的来源比较复杂,既有人为污染源,又有天然来源。其中,中-低碳数正构烷烃主要是人为来源,高碳数正构烷烃主要为生物来源;类异戊间二烯烷烃、烷基环己烷和甾、萜类化合物则主要来源于矿物油、化石燃料和生物质不完全燃烧的产物等。  相似文献   

5.
Laboratory studies were conducted to compare the infrared spectrophotometry (TPH-IR) and gas chromatography (TPH-GC) measurements of total petroleum hydrocarbon in soil samples.Real world soil samples containing #2 to #6 fuel oils, mechanical lubricating oil, diesel fuel, kerosene, jet fuel andweathered gasoline were extracted with trichlorotrifluoroethane(Freon-113) and methylene chloride. The extractants were analyzed using gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID) and infrared spectroscopy (TPH-IR) methods.A paired statistical t-test was applied to compare the average of paired differences in the analytical results. Statistical tests were evaluated with graphical presentation of the results. In general, a trend was observed in the measured concentrations.Total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) concentrations measured withTPH-IR had the highest readings. The same samples extracted withmethylene chloride and analyzed with GC-FID showed lower concentrations than the TPH-IR method while the GC-FID analysisof the same samples extracted with Freon-113 produced the lowestconcentrations. Laboratory experiments indicated that TPH concentrations measured with the TPH-IR method were higher thanthe actual quantities of petroleum hydrocarbon in the soil samples.  相似文献   

6.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon(PAH) pollution is a global concern because of their toxicity to environment and ecosystem, which induces adverse effects on plants, animals, and humans. Hydrocarbons are mainly released from natural and anthropogenic activities, such as incomplete fuel combustion, leakages in oil pipelines, and the extensive use of pesticides; PAH contaminants include petroleum hydrocarbons(PHCs), halogenated hydrocarbons, chlorophenols, and pesticides. Bioremediation using microo...  相似文献   

7.
选取我国北方地区以圩区为主要形式的北运河下游农业灌溉区——天津武清区和北辰区作为研究对象,针对不同土地利用类型进行降雨径流污染物浓度监测,采用美国土壤通用流失方程（USLE）、降雨径流模型（SCS-CN）、综合径流系数法等,结合GIS技术,分别估算了透水地面和不透水地面的氮磷负荷量。结果表明,非点源污染总氮、总磷的年负荷量分别为2865.04t.a-1和101.22t.a-1,不透水地面所产生的TN、TP负荷量分别占研究区污染负荷总量的81%和67%,透水地面所产生的TN、TP负荷量分别占研究区污染负荷总量的19%和33%（且污染物形态以溶解态为主,分别达到了81%和74%）。对于不同土地利用类型,总氮流失主要来源于村庄（贡献率为49%）、城镇（贡献率为17%）和耕地（贡献率为16%）,而总磷主要来源于村庄（贡献率为31%）、耕地（贡献率为23%）和城镇（贡献率为19%）。从产污强度来看,城镇用地是最高的,是其他土地利用类型的10倍以上。  相似文献   

8.
近年来的人为污染对地表水环境所造成的危害日趋严重。本研究通过野外定点采样对浊漳河干、支流21个监测断面的COD、BOD5、石油类、挥发酚、NH3—N等项目进行了检测分析,结果表明:①浊漳河21个断面中,有18个断面的水质未能达到功能利用要求,其中9个断面水质属劣Ⅴ类;②浊漳河流域地表水体中石油类、NH3—N、COD、BOD5污染较为严重,其中石油类污染物在18个断面超标,超标倍数为4.8倍;③工业点污染源是造成浊漳河流域地表水体严重污染的主要因素;④城镇、工矿区居民生活污水以及农业生产中过度使用化学肥料、农药等非点源污染也是造成研究区地表水体严重污染的重要原因之一。并据此提出了相应的对策建议,为研究区下一步地表水体治理指明了方向。  相似文献   

9.
The aim of this article is to present the problem of purification of 50-year-old weathered wastes (soil) from waste pits—the result of oil drilling. The soil was deeply contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons—total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) level: 85,654–101,842 mg kg dry mass. This work presents results of waste pit material purification with the use of stage technology: initial reclamation, basic bioremediation, and bioaugmentation (inoculation with indigenous microorganisms). The whole process was controlled with the use of gas chromatography/flame ionization detector. This analytical method enables observation of alternation in n-alkanes content during the consecutive stages of purification. According to this method, estimation of oil hydrocarbon biodegradation degree with the use of n-C17/Pr and n-C18/F indicators can be done. The use of biomarker C30-17α(H)21β(H)-hopane to normalize the TPH concentration in laboratory research enabled the creation of the first-order mathematical model of biodegradation. It is possible to recognize the dynamics of the following purification stages due to the calculated first-order biodegradation constants. Decrease in the TPH content (63.8–65.1%) was a result of laboratory tests led in 130 days of basic bioremediation. The next stage of soil purification (130 days) included inoculation with biopreparation based on indigenous microorganisms—TPH decrease in 80.7–81.7%. Laboratory tests results enabled elaboration of purification methods applied in tested waste pits in industrial conditions (in situ). The technology of the G-44 and G-12 waste pits purification from huge petroleum hydrocarbons content, consisting of stage purification process, enables the TPH decrease to the satisfactory level in 3 years.  相似文献   

10.
The composition of the essential oil of Citrus tamurana Hort. ex Tanaka (Hyuganatsu), isolated by the cold-pressing method, was investigated by capillary GC and GC-MS. The effects of harvesting time, degree of freshness, and size of fruits on the composition of Hyuganatsu peel oils were also determined. A total of 126 volatile constituents were confirmed in the Hyuganatsu oils. The Hyuganatsu oils contained hydrocarbons (95.95-96.95%), aldehydes (0.33-0.62%), alcohols (1.91%-2.64%), ketones (0.40-0.62%), esters (0.28-0.39%), oxides (0.04-0.06%), acids (0.01%), and trace amounts of fugenol methyl ether. Monoterpene hydrocarbons were predominant. Limonene (80.35-82.39%), gamma-terpinene (7.71-9.03%), myrcene (2.11-2.28%), linalol (1.37-2.01%), and alpha-pinene (1.17-1.43%) were the most abundant components in Hyuganatsu oils. The principal sesquiterpene hydrocarbon was trans-beta-farnesene (0.60-1.04%), and its content in Hyuganatsu oils was higher than in oils of other citrus fruits. The number of ketones and the content of l-carvone in Hyuganatsu oils were higher than in other citrus oils.  相似文献   

11.
Soil microbes in urban ecosystems are affected by a variety of abiotic and biotic factors resulting from changes in land use. However, the influence of different types of land use on soil microbial properties and soil quality in urban areas remains largely unknown. Here, by comparing five types of land use: natural forest, park, agriculture, street green and roadside trees, we examined the effects of different land uses on soil microbial biomass and microbial functional diversity in Beijing, China. We found that soil properties varied with land uses in urban environments. Compared to natural forest, soil nutrients under the other four types of urban land use were markedly depleted, and accumulation of Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd was apparent. Importantly, under these four types of land use, there was less microbial biomass, but it had greater functional diversity, particularly in the roadside‐tree soils. Furthermore, there were significant correlations between the microbial characteristics and physicochemical properties, such as organic matter, total nitrogen and total phosphorus (P < 0.05), suggesting that lack of nutrients was the major reason for the decrease in microbial biomass. In addition, the larger C/N ratio, Ni concentration and pool of organic matter together with a higher pH contributed to the increase in microbial functional diversity in urban soils. We concluded that different land uses have indirect effects on soil microbial biomass and microbial community functional diversity through their influence on soil physicochemical properties, especially nutrient availability and heavy metal content.  相似文献   

12.
The vertical and lateral microvariability of total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) in technogenic soils is considered in this work. An autocorrelation and cross-correlation analysis of the TPH along a transect in the lateral direction is carried out. Statistical parameters of TPH for various industrial sites, oil spills, and natural exits are described and the normal or lognormal law of distribution of petroleum hydrocarbons in technogenic soils is confirmed. The percentage of the total spatial variability of TPH contributed by hierarchical sampling levels (10 cm, 0.25 ha, and 20 km2) is estimated. Planning the volumes of the samples that are necessary for an assessment of the average level of pollution in soils for separate sites and the entire territory of the oil field is carried out.  相似文献   

13.
Two humic preparations of different origins have been compared as washing agents for oil-contaminated soils and peat under model experimental conditions using a sample from the plow horizon of soddypodzolic soil artificially contaminated with oil or diesel fuel and a sample of high-moor peat contaminated with crude oil because of a spill occurred 15 years ago. Soil and peat were washed by shaking with solutions of the humic preparations Gumat Sakhalinskii and Lignogumat in a 1: 10 (m/v) ratio. Control samples were washed with distilled water. Washing with a synthetic surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulfate) was also added to the experimental design. After washing, soil and peat samples were air-dried and used for the determination of the total content of petroleum hydrocarbons; the characterization of their hydrocarbon composition; and the assessment of hydrophobicity from the contact angle and the efficiency of colonization by oil-destructing microorganisms Rhodococcus sp. and Candida sp., which are components of the preparation Bioros recommended for oil contaminations. It has been shown that the extraction efficiency of petroleum hydrocarbons by humic preparations did not differ from the extraction efficiency by water and was less than that by sodium dodecyl sulfate in all cases. No appreciable changes in the contact angles of soil and peat have been observed at the use of water and humic preparations as washing agents, while the contact angle decreased to less than 90o after washing with sodium dodecyl sulfate, which indicated the hydrophobicity of the surface of substrate particles. It has been found that humic preparations favor the colonization of soil and peat by oil-destructing microorganisms Rhodococcus sp. and Candida sp. Based on the obtained results, humic preparations have been recommended for further study as preparations favoring the ability of oil-destructing microorganisms to colonize oil-contaminated substrates.  相似文献   

14.
A semiquantitative capillary column gas chromatographic method is described for the determination of diesel fuel contamination in various canned seafood products. The diesel contaminants are separated from the fish sample by steam distillation, with little carry-over of interfering intrinsic materials such as fish oils. The diesel fuel is extracted from the condensate with n-hexane, and the extract is analyzed on an SPB-1 fused silica capillary column. The efficiency of recovery of diesel fuel added to canned seafood at levels of 40-400 ppt ranged from 72 to 102%. With the additional step of concentrating the hexane extract, the sensitivity of this procedure may be increased at least 10-fold. This procedure can detect the differences among diesel fuel grades No. 1, 2, and 5, and variations within diesel grade No. 2, and thus may be useful in determining the type of petroleum contaminants present in various canned fish products.  相似文献   

15.
Studies of soils on three key plots with different climatic conditions and technogenic impacts in Volgograd, Moscow, and Arkhangelsk oblasts have showed that alkanes in the soil exchange complex have some indication potential for the identification of soil processes. The following combinations of soil-forming factors and processes have been studied: (a) self-purification of soil after oil pollution; (b) accumulation of hydrocarbons coming from the atmosphere to soils of different land use patterns; and (c) changes in the soil hydrocarbon complex beyond the zone of technogenic impact due to the input of free hydrocarbon-containing gases. At the injection input of hydrocarbon pollutants, changes in the composition and proportions of alkanes allow tracing the degradation trend of pollutants in the soil from their initial content to the final stage of soil self-purification, when the background concentrations of hydrocarbons are reached. Upon atmospheric deposition of hydrocarbons onto the soil, from the composition and mass distribution of alkanes, conclusions can be drawn about the effect of toxicants on biogeochemical processes in the soil, including their manifestation under different land uses. Composition analysis of soil alkanes in natural landscapes can reveal signs of hydrocarbon emanation fluxes in soils. The indication potentials of alkanes in combination with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and other components of soil hydrocarbon complex can also be used for the solution of other soil-geochemical problems.  相似文献   

16.
[目的]土地利用的变化对流域水文过程产生了重要的影响,研究土地利用变化下的水文响应已成为水文学科研究的一个热点。[方法]以修河中上游流域作为主要研究区域,分析了35年来修河中上游流域各种土地利用类型的变化特征,并利用1987—2000年水文气象数据资料,构建了SWAT模型,通过设置1980年、1990年、2005年和2015年4种土地利用情景,定量分析了修河中上游流域土地利用变化对径流的影响。[结果]SWAT模型在研究区具有较好的适用性。1980—2015年,修河中上游流域主要用地类型为林地、耕地和草地,三者面积之和占流域的98%。其中高利用城市用地和耕地对径流的影响系数是正值,说明高利用城市用地和耕地对径流起促进作用;林地、草地对径流的影响系数均表现为负值,说明林地和草地对径流有抑制作用,且草地的抑制作用更加显著。此外,林地和草地在丰水季会减少径流,在枯水季却会增加径流,有类似海绵的作用。[结论]模拟研究土地利用变化对修河中上游流域径流的影响在合理规划水土资源、改善生态环境方面具有十分重要的现实意义。  相似文献   

17.
土壤和沉积物中烃类污染物的主要来源与识别标志   总被引：16，自引：0，他引：16  
土壤、沉积物中烃类污染物的来源十分复杂,其输入方式主要包括矿物油直接输入、大气颗粒物沉降、通过水介质输入、工业固体废弃物、城市垃圾和生活废弃物排放及天然有机质生物化学降解产物等。不同来源的烃类污染物组成上存在一定的差别,可根据这些差别判识环境中烃类污染物的来源。介绍了不同污染源的烃类污染物中正构烷烃、类异戊间二烯烷烃、单甲基取代支链烷烃、烷基环己烷、甾萜烷烃及芳香烃类化合物的组成与分布特征,综合评述了不同污染源的分子标志物特征及主要识别标志。  相似文献   

18.
采集南京地区不同有机污染风险区农田表层土壤,用超快速液相色谱仪检测样品中15种EPA优控的多环芳烃(PAHs)含量。结果表明,被检农田土壤多环芳烃总量分布于306.0~1251.3μg kg~(-1)之间,均值682.0μg kg~(-1),四环以上高环多环芳烃占较大比例(80%)。根据欧洲土壤质量标准,所检土壤样本已达污染水平。不同风险污染区农田土壤PAHs的含量由高至低为:钢铁工业区、有机垃圾处理区、化工工业区及炼油工业区。钢铁工业区附近主要的污染物为荧蒽、芘、屈和苯并[a]蒽,分别占到污染物总量的16%、13%、10%和10%。采用荧蒽/(荧蒽+芘)与茚并[1,2,3-cd]芘/(茚并[1,2,3-cd]芘+苯并[g,h,i]苝)比值对各地污染物来源进行分析,结果发现调查区域的PAHs污染物以燃烧源为主,生物质燃料为主要污染物,部分地区同时有石油燃烧污染。  相似文献   

19.
石油的开采、运输、储存和使用等过程会导致一些土壤受到石油烃的污染。土壤中的石油烃会对生态安全和人类健康造成潜在危害，因此需要开展土壤修复。本研究采用热活化过硫酸钠氧化处理污染土壤中的石油烃，考察了氧化剂剂量和超声结合热活化对石油烃去除效率的影响，并对石油烃氧化产物以及氧化后土壤理化性质进行了分析。结果表明，当过硫酸钠的用量为2.4 mmol/g土壤时，石油烃的含量从3 800 mg/kg降至1 175 mg/kg，石油烃的去除效率可以达到69%。石油烃的去除效率随着氧化剂增加呈上升趋势。但当氧化剂的剂量超过2.4 mmol/g土壤时，石油烃的去除效率不再增加。使用超声结合热活化，石油烃的去除效率可以进一步提高。过硫酸盐氧化会使土壤p H显著下降，造成土壤酸化。气相色谱质谱(GC/MS)和傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)分析表明石油烃氧化后可能会生成一些醇和羧酸类含氧产物。石油烃和土壤有机质被氧化成极性小分子更易进入水相，导致水中总有机碳(TOC)含量从52.4 mg/kg增加至79.8 mg/kg。扫描电镜和粒度分析表明氧化处理会改变土壤形貌，使土壤的粒径变小。氧化导致土壤的碳、氢含量减...  相似文献   

20.
The petroleum industry activities provide potential risks to the environment because they can contaminate ecosystems with different organic compounds in the production chain. Several accidents with transport and handling of petroleum and related products occurred in urban areas with harmful effects to the quality of life and economy. In the 1990s, bioremediation and phytoremediation technologies as economically feasible alternatives to repair the environmental damage were developed. In this study, the potential of the willows Salix rubens and Salix triandra were evaluated with regard to the phytoremediation of soils contaminated with petroleum-derived hydrocarbons (total hydrocarbons and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)). The PAHs were quantified by extraction from soils and plants using dichloromethane under ultrasonication. The HPLC analysis was performed with GC/MSD equipment. The total hydrocarbons present in uncontaminated soil were quantified by the sum of animal/vegetable oils and greases and mineral oils and greases according to Standard Methods 5520 (1997). The two willows species S. rubens and S. triandra were resistant during the project development. In the contaminated soil, in which both species were planted, the total hydrocarbons concentration was reduced near 98?%. The PAHs content was remarkably reduced as well. Pyrene showed an initial concentration of 23.06???g?kg?1, decreasing in most cases to 0.1???g?kg?1 or to undetectable levels. Chrysene decreased from 126.27???g?kg?1 to undetectable levels. Benzo[k]fluoranthene and benzo[a]pyrene concentrations had also showed a decrease from 28.44 and 3.82???g?kg?1, respectively, to undetectable levels.  相似文献   

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