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1.
Abstract

This trial was carried out to establish an appropriate nutrient solution for Aglaonema commutatum and to investigate the nutritional effects generated by modifications in the solution. Six treatments were tested: control (T0; pH 6.5, E.C. 1.5 dS m?1, 6 mmol L?1 NO3 ?‐N, and 6 mmol L?1 K+); high nitrogen (N) level (T1; 9 mmol L?1 6:3 NO3 ?–NH4 +); N form (T2; 6 mmol L?1 N‐NH4 +); high K+ level (T3; 12 mmol L?1 K+); high electrical conductivity (T4; E.C. 4 dS m?1, 25 mmol L?1 NaCl), and basic pH (T5; pH 8). At the end of the cultivation, leaf, shoot, and root dry weights and elemental concentrations were determined. Nutrient contents and total plant uptake were calculated from the dry weights and nutrient concentrations. Plant K+ uptake increased with application of K+ or basic nutrient solution. The uptake and transport of calcium (Ca) were enhanced by the use of NO3 ?‐N and inhibited by the presence of other cations in the medium (NH4 +, K+, Na+) and by basic pH. Magnesium (Mg) uptake increased with NO3 ?‐N application and with pH. Sodium (Na) uptake was the highest in the saline treatment (T4), followed by the basic pH treatment. Sodium accumulation was detected in the roots (natrophobic plant), where the plant generated a physiological barrier to avoid damage. Dry weight did not differ significantly (p<0.05) among treatments except in the NaCl treatment. These results may help in the formulation of nutrient solutions that take into account the ionic composition of irrigation water and the physiological requirements of plants.  相似文献   

2.
Outwintering beef cattle on woodchip corrals offers stock management, economic and welfare benefits when compared with overwintering in open fields or indoors. A trial was set up on a loamy sand over sand soil to evaluate the pollution risks from corrals and the effect of design features (size and depth of woodchips, stocking density, and feeding on or off the corral). Plastic‐lined drainage trenches at 9–10 m spacing under the woodchips allowed sampling of the leachate. Sampling of the soil to 3.6 m below the corral allowed evaluation of pollutant mitigation during vadose zone transport. Mean corral leachate pollutant concentrations were 443–1056 mg NH4‐N L?1, 372–1078 mg dissolved organic carbon (DOC) L?1, 3–13 mg NO3‐N L?1, 8 × 104–1.0 × 106Escherichia coli 100 mL?1 and 2.8 × 102–1.4 × 103 faecal enterococci 100 mL?1. Little influence of design features could be observed. DOC, NH4 and (in most cases) E. coli and faecal enterococci concentrations decreased 102–103 fold when compared with corral leachate during transport to 3.6 m but there were some cores where faecal enterococci concentrations remained high throughout the profile. Travel times of pollutants (39–113 days) were estimated assuming vertical percolation, piston displacement at field moisture content and no adsorption. This allowed decay/die‐off kinetics in the soil to be estimated (0.009–0.044 day?1 for DOC, 0.014–0.045 day?1 for E. coli and 0–0.022 day?1 for faecal enterococci). The mean [NO3‐N] in pore water from the soil cores (n = 3 per corral) ranged from 114 ± 52 to 404 ± 54 mg NO3‐N L?1, when compared with 59 ± 15 mg NO3‐N L?1 from a field overwintering area and 47 ± 40 mg NO3‐N L?1 under a permanent feeding area. However, modelling suggested that denitrification losses in the soil profile increased with stocking density so nitrate leaching losses per animal may be smaller under corrals than for other overwintering methods. Nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide and methane fluxes (measured on one occasion from one corral) were 5–110 g N ha?1 day?1, 3–23 kg C ha?1 day?1, and 5–340 g C ha?1 day?1 respectively. Ammonia content of air extracted from above the woodchips was 0.7–3.5 mg NH4‐N m?3.  相似文献   

3.
Abstract

Nitrite (NO2 ?‐N) toxicity symptoms have been observed on lettuce (Lactuca sativa) at various locations in California. The objective was to evaluate the symptoms of ammonium (NH4 +‐N) and nitrite (NO2 ?‐N) toxicity on Sundevil iceberg lettuce and Paragon romaine lettuce and to determine lettuce growth and biomass production under different levels of NO2 ?‐N. Hydroponic studies under greenhouse conditions were conducted using nutrient solutions containing nitrate (NO3 ?‐N) and two other forms of nitrogen (NO2 ?‐N and NH4 +‐N) applied at a constant concentration (50 mg NL?1) or using different NO2 ?‐N levels (0, 5, 10, 20, 30, and 40 mg N L?1) and a constant NO3 ?‐N level (30 mg N L?1). Crown discoloration (brownish color) was observed for lettuce grown in both NO2 ?‐N and NH4 +‐N solutions approximately 3 weeks after transplanting into the hydroponic systems. Lettuce grown in NO3 ?‐N solution produced larger biomass and greater number of leaves per plant than lettuce grown in NO2 ?‐N or NH4 +‐N solutions. Increasing the concentration of NO2 ?‐N suppressed plant height, fresh and dry biomass yield, and number of leaves and increased the root vascular discoloration. Lettuce growth was reduced more than 50% at NO2 ?‐N concentrations greater than 30 mg N L?1. Even at 5 mg NO2 ?‐N L?1, growth was reduced 14 and 24% for romaine and iceberg lettuce, respectively, relative to that obtained in nitrate solution. Although concentrations between 5 and 40 mg NO2 ?‐N L ?1 reduced dry biomass similarly for both lettuce types, toxicity symptoms were more severe in iceberg lettuce than in romaine.  相似文献   

4.
ABSTRACT

The source of nitrogen (N) used in soil fertility practices affects plant growth, nutrient absorption, and the availability of nutrients. Consequently, the potential of plants to extract zinc (Zn) from soils may be increased by controlling the ratio of NH4 + to NO3 ? to maximize growth and Zn accumulation. The objectives of this research were to determine the effects of Zn supply and different molar ratios of NH4 + to NO3 ? on growth and Zn accumulation in Indian mustard (Brassica juncea Czern.). In a factorial experiment with solution culture, Indian mustard (accession 182921) was supplied with two concentrations of Zn (0.05 and 4.0 mg L?1) in combination with six N treatments with different molar percentage ratios of NH4 + to NO3 ? (0:100, 10:90, 20:80, 30:70, 40:60, and 50:50) for three weeks. Zinc supplied at 0.05 mg Zn L?1 represented a common concentration of Zn in solution culture, whereas 4.0 mg Zn L?1 was excessive for plant nutrition. If the supply of Zn in solution was excessive, plants developed symptoms of foliar chlorosis, which became severe if plants were supplied with 80% of N as NO3 ?. Supplying high proportions of NO3 ? in the nutrient medium stimulated Zn accumulation, whereas increasing proportions of NH4 + (up to 50% of the total N) enhanced shoot growth. The pH of nutrient solutions generally decreased with increasing proportion of NH4 + in solutions and with increased Zn supply. The Zn phytoextraction potential of Indian mustard was maximized, at about 15 mg Zn plant?1, if plants received 10% of the total N as NH4 + and 90% as NO3 ?.  相似文献   

5.
Ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) are simple tools used for rapid measurement of nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N) and potassium (K) concentrations in plant sap. With the development of best management practices (BMPs), interest exists in using ISEs for soil leachate and soil and fertilizer solutions. Nitrate N and K concentrations in the 0 to 10,000 mg L–1 ISE working range were measured in diluted solutions of common salts to assess ionic interference of calcium (Ca2+), ammonium (NH4 +), chloride (Cl–), and sulfate (SO4 2–). The effects of meter (replication) were unexpectedly significant in one out of three ranges for NO3-N and K (P values of 0.50, 0.72, and 0.01 for NO3-N and 0.99, 0.01, and 0.74 for K, for the 0–100, 100–1,000 and 1,000–10,000 mg L–1 ranges, respectively). The responses of calculated NO3-N and K concentrations to measured NO3-N and K concentrations were linear, but slopes ranged from 0.85 to 1.54, from 0.24 to 2.72, and from 0.93 to 5.48 for NO3-N and from 0.80 to 1.01, from 0.71 to 1.39, and from 0.93 to 2.21 for K for the 0–100, 100–1,000, and 1,000–10,000 mg L–1 measuring ranges, respectively. All slopes were significantly different from zero, and several were significantly different from each other and the 1:1 line. Pairwise slope comparisons conducted with covariance analysis showed that SO4 2– alone interfered with NO3-N measurements at concentrations ranging from 34 to 171 mg L–1, which was less than the manufacturer's information, and by its presence in combination with K+, NH4 +, Ca2+, and Cl– within the medium and high concentration ranges. Potassium measurements were not subject to interference from the ions tested for all three concentration ranges. These results highlight the importance of using quality assurance / quality control (QA/QC) samples in the set of unknown samples to detect inacceptable departure from linearity in routine analysis. The increase in measurement variability from one range to the next showed the importance of keeping measurements within a single concentration range by using dilutions. Hence, ISEs may be used for field measurements of NO3-N and K concentrations in soil leachate as well as soil and nutrient solutions and are therefore a practical BMP tool. However, ISEs should not be used as substitutes for the laboratory methods when official measurements are needed.  相似文献   

6.
The objectives of this article were to analyze the evolution of the nutrient parameters of the leachates collected from Syngonium podophyllum var. Silver plants cultivated for 20 weeks in a buried greenhouse with four methods of fertilization. The treatments were T1, standard liquid feeding (SLF) [7.0 mmol L?1 nitrate (NO3 ?) nitrogen (N), 0.3 mmol L?1 phosphorus (P), and 3.5 mmol L?1 potassium (K)] after transplanting; T2, liquid feeding soluble fertilizer (LFSF) [6.9% NO3 ? N, 11.1% ammonium (NH4 +) N stabilized by 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate, 8.0% P2O5, and 14.0% K2O] after transplanting; T3, controlled release fertilizer (CRF I) (7.4% NO3 ? N, 8.6% NH4 + N, 8.0% P2O5, and 12.0% K2O) applied before planting and half concentration of SLF from 45 days after transplanting; and T4, controlled release fertilizer (CRF II) (8.5% NO3 ? N, 7.5% NH4 + N, 8.0% P2O5, and 12.0% K2O) applied before planting and half concentration of SLF from 45 days after transplanting. Solution pH, electrical conductivity (EC), NO3 ? N, NH4 + N, K, and P concentrations in the leachate were analyzed weekly. Plant quality was assessed at the end of the trial through objective and subjective parameters. Significant differences among the different fertilization methods were observed. CRF treatments resulted in the greatest nutrient leachate concentration during the first 6 weeks of the study, and afterward it decreased gradually until the end of the cultivation. CRF I showed greater leachate concentrations of N, P, and K than the others during the first half of the study. The concentrations of NO3 ? N and P from all the fertilizer types were often above the permissible levels cited in the federal Clean Water Act. The best-quality plants were obtained with CRF II, whereas the greatest height and Aerial Dry Weight (ADW) were obtained with CRF treatments and the greatest Root Dry Weight (RDW) was obtained with the NH4 + N treatments.  相似文献   

7.
Extraction of soil nitrate nitrogen (NO3 ?-N) and ammonium nitrogen (NH4 +-N) by chemical reagents and their determinations by continuous flow analysis were used to ascertain factors affecting analysis of soil mineral N. In this study, six factors affecting extraction of soil NO3 ?-N and NH4 +-N were investigated in 10 soils sampled from five arable fields in autumn and spring in northwestern China, with three replications for each soil sample. The six factors were air drying, sieve size (1, 3, and 5 mm), extracting solution [0.01 mol L?1 calcium chloride (CaCl2), 1 mol L?1 potassium chloride (KCl), and 0.5 mol L?1 potassium sulfate (K2SO4)] and concentration (0.5, 1, and 2 mol L?1 KCl), solution-to-soil ratio (5:1, 10:1, and 20:1), shaking time (30, 60, and 120 min), storage time (2, 4, and 6 weeks), and storage temperature (?18 oC, 4 oC, and 25 oC) of extracted solution. The recovery of soil NO3 ?-N and NH4 +-N was also measured to compare the differences of three extracting reagents (CaCl2, KCl, and K2SO4) for NO3 ?-N and NH4 +-N extraction. Air drying decreased NO3 ?-N but increased NH4 +-N concentration in soil. Soil passed through a 3-mm sieve and shaken for 60 min yielded greater NO3 ?-N and NH4 +-N concentrations compared to other treatments. The concentrations of extracted NO3 ?-N and NH4 +-N in soil were significantly (P < 0.05) affected by extracting reagents. KCl was found to be most suitable for NO3 ?-N and NH4 +-N extraction, as it had better recovery for soil mineral N extraction, which averaged 113.3% for NO3 ?-N and 94.9% for NH4 +-N. K2SO4 was not found suitable for NO3 ?-N extraction in soil, with an average recovery as high as 137.0%, and the average recovery of CaCl2 was only 57.3% for NH4 +-N. For KCl, the concentration of extracting solution played an important role, and 0.5 mol L?1 KCl could fully extract NO3 ?-N. A ratio of 10:1 of solution to soil was adequate for NO3 ?-N extraction, whereas the NH4 +-N concentration was almost doubled when the solution-to-soil ratio was increased from 5:1 to 20:1. Storage of extracted solution at ?18 °C, 4 °C, and 25 °C had no significant effect (P < 0.05) on NO3 ?-N concentration, whereas the NH4 +-N concentration varied greatly with storage temperature. Storing the extracted solution at ?18 oC obtained significantly (P < 0.05) similar results with that determined immediately for both NO3 ?-N and NH4 +-N concentrations. Compared with the immediate extraction, the averaged NO3 ?-N concentration significantly (P < 0.05) increased after storing 2, 4, and 6 weeks, respectively, whereas NH4 +-N varied in the two seasons. In conclusion, using fresh soil passed through a 3-mm sieve and extracted by 0.5 mol L?1 KCl at a solution-to-soil ratio of 10:1 was suitable for extracting NO3 ?-N, whereas the concentration of extracted NH4 +-N varied with KCl concentration and increased with increasing solution-to-soil ratio. The findings also suggest that shaking for 60 min and immediate determination or storage of soil extract at ?18 oC could improve the reliability of NO3 ?-N and NH4 +-N results.  相似文献   

8.
ABSTRACT

Impatiens (Impatiens wallerana Hook. f.) is the most important annual bedding plant in the United States, based on wholesale dollar volume. Production of high-quality plants requires optimization of the nutrition regimen during growth, especially the total nitrogen (N) concentration and the ratio of N sources. The objective was to determine the N concentration and the nitrate (NO3 ??N):ammonium (NH4 +?N) ratio of N source that optimized bedding-plant impatiens growth and flower development. Four N concentrations (3.5, 7, 10.5, and 14 mmol N · L?1) were used in factorial combination with four ratios of NO3 ??N:NH4 +?N (4:0, 3:1, 1:1, and 1:3). Application of treatments was made for 30 d. Then for 10 d only deionized water was applied to reduce salt buildup. Substrate pH was lowest (4.9) with the NH4 +?N source and electrical conductivity (EC) highest, but never > 2.4 dS m?1. Nitrogen concentration and N source displayed an interaction for most growth parameters. Shoot fresh and dry weights and flower bud number were maximized at the 1:3 NO3 ??N:NH4 +?N ratio with a N concentration of 10.5 mmol L?1. However, plant diameter, leaf number, and leaf chlorophyll content responded quadratically to N form ratio, with the 1:1 ratio optimum at a concentration of 10.5 mmol N· L?1.  相似文献   

9.
A column lysimeter study was conducted under greenhouse conditions to determine the impact of moderately saline irrigation water on NO3 leaching from turfgrass. Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L. ‘NuMex Sahara’) was fertilized at three N levels (25, 50 and 75 kg NH4NO3-N ha?1 month?1) and irrigated with saline water (0, 3.0 and 6.0 dS m?1) in a factorial arrangement. Leachate was analyzed for salinity and NO3, and clippings were collected and analyzed for total N. Nitrate leaching was not affected by either N level or salinity. Nitrate concentrations in the leachate were low, averaging approximately 0.3 mg N L?1; less than 1% of the applied N leached. Longer-term N allocation to leaf growth accounted for up to 98% of applied N, whereas short-term allocation, determined using 15N, ranged from 46–67%. Salinity had no affect on clipping yield, the biomass of root and verdure, or root distribution. These data indicate the potential for moderately saline irrigation water to be used on bermudagrass turf without increasing NO3 contamination of groundwater, as long as leaching is adequate to prevent rootzone salinity reaching damaging levels.  相似文献   

10.
ABSTRACT

The interactions between salinity and different nitrogen (N) sources nitrate (NO3 ?), ammonium (NH4 +), and NO3 ? + NH4 + were investigated on Indian mustard (Brassica juncea cv. RH30). Treatments were added to observe the combined effect of two salinity levels (8 and 12 ds m? 1) and three nitrogen sources (NO3 ?, NH4 +, and NO3 ? + NH4 +) on different growth parameters and mineral composition in different plant parts, i.e., leaves, stem, and root. Salinity has been known to affect the uptake and assimilation of various essential nutrients required for normal growth and development. Different growth parameters, i.e., leaf area, dry weight of different plant parts, absolute growth rate (AGR), relative growth rate (RGR), and net assimilation rate (NAR) declined markedly by salinity at pre-flowering and flowering stages. All growth indices were less sensitive to salinity (12 d s m? 1) with the nitrate form of nitrogen. It is pertinent mention that a high dose (120 kg ha? 1) of nitrogen in ammonium form NH4 +, acted synergistically with salinity in inhibiting growth. Plants fed with combined nitrogen (NO3 ? + NH4 +) had an edge over individual forms in ameliorating the adverse effects of salinity on growth and yield. Under salt stress, different nutrient elements such as N, phosphorus (P), potassium (K+), and magnesium (Mg2 +) were decreased in different plant parts (leaves, stem, and root). The maximum and minimum reduction was observed with ammoniacal and combined form of nitrogen, respectively, while the reverse was true of calcium (Ca2 +), sodium (Na+), chloride (Cl?), and sulfate (SO4 2?) at harvest. Nitrogen application (120 Kg ha? 1) in combined form had been found to maintain highest concentrations of N, P, Mg2 +, and Ca2 + along with reduced concentrations of Na+, Cl?, and SO4 2 ?. However, reverse was true with ammoniacal form of nitrogen.  相似文献   

11.
ABSTRACT

Black walnut (Juglans nigra L.) half-sib 1+0 seedlings were exponentially fertilized with ammonium (NH4 +) as ammonium sulfate [(NH4)2SO4], nitrate (NO3 ?) as sodium nitrate (NaNO3), or a mixed nitrogen (N) source as ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) at the rate of 0, 800, or 1600 mg N plant?1 and grown for three months. One month following the final fertilization, N concentration, growth, and photosynthetic characteristics were assessed. Compared with unfertilized seedlings, N addition increased plant component N content, chlorophyll content, and photosynthetic gas exchange. Net photosynthesis ranged from 2.45 to 4.84 μmol m?2 s?1 for lower leaves but varied from 5.95 to 9.06 μmol m?2 s?1 for upper leaves. Plants responded more favorably to NH4NO3 than sole NH4 + or NO3 ? fertilizers. These results suggest that N fertilization can be used to promote net photosynthesis as well as increase N storage in black walnut seedlings. The NH4NO3 appears to be the preferred N source to promote black walnut growth and physiology.  相似文献   

12.
Nitrogenous air pollutants including nitrogen dioxide (NO2), nitric acid (HNO3), nitrate (NO 3 ? ), ammonia (NH3), ammonium (NH 4 + ), and nitrous acid (HONO) were characterized at an urban forested (UF) site in Hiroshima and at a suburban forested (SF) site in Fukuoka, western Japan, using an annular denuder system for 1?year from May 2006 to May 2007 to compare the concentrations and chemical species of atmospheric nitrogenous pollutants between UF and SF sites. The proximity of the urban area was reflected in higher NO2 concentrations at the UF site than at the SF site. NO2 was more oxidized at the SF site because it is farther from an urban area than the UF site, which was reflected in higher concentrations of HNO3 at the SF site than the UF site. HNO3 and acidic sulfate is neutralized by NH3, existing as ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) and ammonium sulfate [(NH4)2SO4] at the UF site. At the SF site, acidic sulfate is neutralized by NH3, existing as (NH4)2SO4, but NH4NO3, had scarcely formed at the SF site. A much higher HONO concentration was observed at the UF site than at the SF site, especially in winter and spring at night, which could be explained by higher NO2 concentrations at the UF site because of its proximity to an urban area and stagnant meteorological conditions. Atmospheric HONO determination was critical in evaluating the possibility of damage to trees in UF areas.  相似文献   

13.
We estimated the total inorganic fluxes of nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), chloride (Cl?, sodium (Na+, calcium (Ca2+, magnesium (Mg2+, potassium (K+ and hydronium (H+. The resistance deposition algorithm that is programmed as part of the CALMET/CALPUFF modeling system was used to generate spatially-distributed deposition velocities, which were then combined with measurements of urban and rural concentrations of gas and particle species to obtain dry deposition rates. Wet deposition rates for each species were determined from rainfall concentrations and amounts available from the National Acid Deposition Program (NADP) monitoring network databases. The estimated total inorganic nitrogen deposition to the Tampa Bay watershed (excluding Tampa Bay) was 17 kg-N ha?1 yr?1 or 9,700 metric tons yr?1, and the ratio of dry to wet deposition rates was ～2.3 for inorganic nitrogen. The largest contributors to the total N flux were ammonia (NH3 and nitrogen oxides (NO x at 4.6 kg-N ha?1 yr?1 and 5.1 kg-N ha?1 yr?1, respectively. Averaged wet deposition rates were 2.3 and 2.7 kg-N ha?1 yr?1 for NH4 + and NO3 ?, respectively.  相似文献   

14.
Abstract

To assess soil-to-plant transfer of various elements more precisely, the concentrations of the elements extracted from soil samples using eight chemical solutions were compared with the results of a pot cultivation experiment of komatsuna (Brassica rapa L. var. perviridis) or buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum M.) using the soils. From agricultural fields in Aomori, Japan, 16 soil samples were collected. Elements in the samples were extracted using acids (1 mol L?1 HNO3, 0.1 mol L?1 HNO3, 0.01 mol L?1 HNO3), chelating agents (0.05 mol L?1 EDTA), neutral salt solutions (1 mol L?1 NH4OAc, 1 mol L?1 NH4NO3, 0.01 mol L?1 CaCl2) and pure water. The 28 elements in the extracted solutions and plant samples were determined. The extractability of many metals was higher in 1 mol L?1 HNO3, 0.1 mol L?1 HNO3 and the 0.05 mol L?1 EDTA solutions than in the other extractants. Higher extractability using the NH4OAc solution than the NH4NO3 solution was observed for some elements, in particular U. Extractability by pure water was not always lowest among these methods, probably because of dispersion of colloidal substances in the extracted solution. The pot cultivation experiment showed that the concentrations in soil and in the extracted fraction using 1 mol L?1 HNO3, 0.1 mol L?1 HNO3 or the EDTA solution did not correlate with the concentration in plant samples for most elements. Plant uptake of Zn, Y and La by komatsuna correlated well with their concentrations in extracts with neutral salt solutions or 0.01 mol L?1 HNO3. Concentrations of Al, Cu and Cd in buckwheat were also correlated with the concentrations in the extracts.  相似文献   

15.
A constructed wetland composed of a pond- and a marsh-type wetland was employed to remove nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) from effluent of a secondary wastewater treatment plant in Korea. Nutrient concentrations in inflow water and outflow water were monitored around 50 times over a 1-year period. To simulate N and P dynamics in a pond- and a marsh-type wetland, mesocosm experiments were conducted. In the field monitoring, ammonium (NH 4 + ) decreased from 4.6 to 1.7 mg L?1, nitrate (NO 3 ? ) decreased from 6.8 to 5.3 mg L?1, total N (TN) decreased from 14.6 to 10.1 mg L?1, and total P (TP) decreased from 1.6 to 1.1 mg L?1. Average removal efficiencies (loading basis) for NO 3 ? , NH 4 + , TN, and TP were over 70%. Of the environmental variables we considered, water temperature exhibited significant positive correlations with removal rates for the nutrients except for NH 4 + . Results from mesocosm experiments indicated that NH 4 + was removed similarly in both pond- and marsh-type mesocosms within 1 day, but that NO 3 ? was removed more efficiently in marsh-type mesocosms, which required a longer retention time (2?C4 days). Phosphorus was significantly removed similarly in both pond- and marsh-type mesocosms within 1 day. Based on the results, we infer that wetland system composed of a pond- and a marsh-type wetland consecutively can enhance nutrient removal efficiency compared with mono-type wetland. The reason is that removal of NH 4 + and P can be maximized in the pond while NO 3 ? requiring longer retention time can be removed through both pond and marsh. Overall results of this study suggest that a constructed wetland composed of a pond- and a marsh-type wetland is highly effective for the removal of N and P from effluents of a secondary wastewater treatment plant.  相似文献   

16.
Concentrations of Cl, total ammonia (TNH3), NO3 plus NO2, total P (TP), and soluble reactive P (SRP) were measured at two sites, located 5 km apart, on Ninemile Creek, New York, for a period of more than 8 mo. The sites bound the most recently formed Solvay waste beds, associated with the production of soda ash, that adjoin the creek. Concentrations of Cl and T-NH3 increased on average by factors of 16.1 and 7.6, respectively, over the monitored stream reach. The estimated average loadings of these materials to the stream over this reach were 2.3 × 105 and 1.2 × 102 kg d?1, respectively. These inputs are attributable to the Solvay waste beds. The loading of Cl from this source has not changed significantly over a 4 yr period since the closure of the soda ash manufacturing facility. This is the single largest source of Cl, and the second largest source of T-NH3, to polluted Onondaga Lake. Profiles of Cl in the lake indicated that at times the creek inflow plunges to subsurface layers as a result of its elevated density. This is at least in part a result of the creek's ionic enrichment. The concentration of SRP decreased by a factor of 2.0 on average over the study reach, probably due to adsorption to the CaCO3 deposits that cover the stream bed in this area. However, the TP load from the creek to the lake is not significantly affected by this phenomenon.  相似文献   

17.
Nitrification is a process in which ammonia is oxidized to nitrite (NO 2 ? ) that is further oxidized to nitrate (NO 3 ? ). The relations between these two steps and ambient ammonia concentrations were studied in surface water of Chinese shallow lakes with different trophic status. For the oxidations of both ammonia and NO 2 ? , more eutrophic lakes generally showed significantly higher potential and actual rates, which was linked with excessive ammonia concentrations. Additionally, both potential and actual rates for ammonia oxidation were higher than those for NO 2 ? oxidation in the more eutrophic lakes, while in the lakes with lower trophic status, both potential and actual rates for ammonia oxidation were almost equivalent to those for NO 2 ? oxidation. This can be explained by the excessive unionized ammonia (NH3) concentration that inhibits nitrite-oxidizing bacteria in the more eutrophic lakes. The laboratory experiment with different ammonia concentrations, using the surface water in a eutrophic lake, showed that ammonia oxidation rates were proportional to the ammonia concentrations, but NO 2 ? oxidation rates did not increase in parallel. Furthermore, NO 2 ? oxidation was less associated with particles in natural water of the studied lakes. Without effective protection, it would be selectively inhibited by the excessive ammonia in hypereutrophic lakes, resulting in NO 2 ? accumulation. Shortly, the increased concentrations of ammonia cause a misbalance between the NO 2 ? -producing and the NO 2 ? -consuming processes, thereby exacerbating the lake eutrophication.  相似文献   

18.
15N studies were conducted using hydroponically grown tea (Camellia sinensis L.) plants to clarify the characteristics of uptake, transport and assimilation of nitrate and ammonium. From the culture solution containing 50 mg L-1 N03-N and 50 mg L-1 NH.-N, the uptake of NH3-N after 24 h was twice as high as that of NO3-N, while the uptake of N03-N from the culture solution containing 90 mg N03-N and 10 mg NH3-N was twice that of NH4-N. The presence of 0.4 mM Al had no significant effect on the N03-N and NH4-N uptake from the culture solutions containing 50 mg L-1 N03-N and 50 mg L-1 NH4-N, 90 mg L-1 N03-N and 10 mg L-1 NH4-N or 99 mg L-1 N03-N and 1 mg L-1 NH4-N. Transport of N03-derived N to young leaves was much more rapid than that of NH4-derived NO3 and NH4-derived N was largely retained in the roots and lower stem. Young and mature shoots separated from the roots absorbed more N03-N than intact plants. Nitrate assimilation occurred in both, roots and young as well as mature leaves. Internal cycling of N03-derived Nand NH4-derived N from one root part to another part was not appreciable after 28 h, suggesting that a longer of time is required for cycling in woody plants.  相似文献   

19.
Due to the high levels of crude protein in the achene, sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is one of the main oilseeds grown worldwide, particularly for the oil and meal production for animal feed. Despite these advantages, there are few studies on nutrient use efficiency under tropical conditions, especially nitrogen (N). The experiment was conducted in greenhouse conditions to evaluate the effects of N sources and rates on sunflower achene yield (AY), yield and physiological components, and nutritional status of sunflower. The five N sources (calcium nitrate (Ca(NO3)2), potassium nitrate (KNO3), ammonium nitrate (NO3NH4), ammonium sulfate ((NH4)2SO4), and urea (CO(NH2)2)), and four N rates (0, 50, 100, and 200 mg kg?1) were studied. AY was reduced with the ammonia sources application from the 100 mg N kg?1. Plant height and capitulum dry weight (CDW), capitulum diameter, shoot dry weight (SDW), and chlorophyll content were significantly related with N sources and rates. Except for potassium (K), the N rates changed the N, P, Ca, Mg, and S concentration in the leaves and N concentration in achene. In the comparison of sources, on the average of N rates, urea application was more effective than the other N fertilizers in the AY.  相似文献   

20.
Two hydroponic experiments were carried out to investigate the effects of nitrogen (N) levels and forms on the oxalate concentrations of different form in edible parts of spinach. Nitrogen was supplied at five levels (4, 8, 12, 16, 20 mM) in Experiment 1 and five ratios of nitrate (NO3 ?) to ammonium (NH4 +) (100/0, 75/25, 50/50, 25/75, 0/100) at a total N of 8 mM in Experiment 2. Biomass of spinach increased markedly from 4 mM to 8 mM N and reached the flat with further increase in N. The total oxalate and soluble oxalate in leaves and shoots (edible parts) increased significantly with increasing N levels from 4 to 12 mM, while the total oxalate and insoluble oxalate decreased markedly when N level was further increased from 12 to 20 mM. Oxalates of different forms in petioles increased first and then decreased and elevated again with increasing nitrogen levels. In the second experiment, decreasing NO3 ?/NH4 + ratios markedly increased at first and then significantly decreased the biomass of spinach plants and the maximum biomass was recorded in the treatment of the NO3 ?/NH4 + ratio of 50:50. The oxalate concentrations of different form in leaves and shoots were all decreased obviously as the ratio of NO3 ?/NH4 + decreased from 100:0 to 0:100. Concentrations of total oxalate and soluble oxalate in petioles could be reduced by increasing ammonium proportion and were the lowest as the ratio of NO3 ?/NH4 + was 50:50 and insoluble oxalate decreased as nitrate/ammonium ratio decreased. The concentrations of oxalate forms in leaves were all higher than those in petioles and soluble oxalate was predominant form of oxalates in both trials. It is evident that high biomass of spinach can be achieved and oxalate concentrations of different forms can be reduced by modulating N levels and NO3 ?/NH4 + ratio, so this will benefit for human health especially for those people with a history of calcium oxalate kidney stones.  相似文献   

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