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1.
Accessibility as a determinant of landscape transformation in western Honduras: linking pattern and process 总被引：11，自引：2，他引：11
This study evaluates the relationship between landscape accessibility and land cover change in Western Honduras, and demonstrates
how these relationships are influenced by social and economic processes of land use change in the region. The study area presents
a complex mosaic of land cover change processes that involve approximately equal amounts of reforestation and deforestation.
Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) satellite imagery of 1987, 1991 and 1996 was used to create three single date classifications
and a land cover change image depicting the sequence of changes in land cover between 1987–1991–1996. An accessibility analysis
examined land cover change and landscape fragmentation relative to elevation and distance from roads. Between 1987 and 1991,
results follow ‘expected’ trends, with more accessible areas experiencing greater deforestation and fragmentation. Between
1991 and 1996 this trend reverses. Increased deforestation is found in areas distant from roads, and at higher elevations;
a result of government policies promoting expansion of mountain coffee production for export. A ban on logging, and abandonment
of marginally productive agricultural fields due to agricultural intensification in other parts of the landscape, has led
to increased regrowth in accessible regions of the landscape. Roads and elevation also present different obstacles in terms
of their accessibility, with the smallest patches of cyclical clearing and regrowth, relating mostly to the agricultural fallow
cycle, found at the highest elevations but located close to roads. This research highlights the need to locate analyses of
land cover change within the context of local socio-economic policies and land use processes.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
2.
Little is known about urban forest planning, management and its benefits in emerging countries. The uneven distribution of tree canopy cover and parks in urban area is related to environmental justice, especially with disadvantaged socio-economic and marginated communities. However, the inequity of urban forest in many cities of emerging countries where often found irregular and unregulated land use patterns and social and socio-economic inequities, is hardly highlighted. This study explores the inequity of distribution of tree canopy cover and public park in Cali, Colombia. Utilizing the traditional socio-economic indices, the stratification, linear regression analysis is conducted to describe relationship between total tree canopy cover, tree canopy cover of various land use types, number of parks and park area per capita. The result demonstrates that lower income communities have lower tree canopy cover, fewer parks and smaller park area than higher income communities. This paper discusses importance of accounting for urban forests and ecosystem service in city planning efforts and better strategies of reducing inequity in emerging countries. Addressing the inequity of urban forest could be a better strategy to create resilient, sustainable, safe and livable cities in emerging countries. 相似文献
3.
Landscape structure in the Eastern US experienced great changes in the last century with the expansion of forest cover into
abandoned agricultural land and the clearing of secondary forest cover for urban development. In this paper, the spatial and
temporal patterns of forest cover from 1914 to 2004 in the Gwynns Falls watershed in Baltimore, Maryland were quantified from
historic maps and aerial photographs. Using a database of forest patches from six times—1914, 1938, 1957, 1971, 1999, and
2004—we found that forest cover changed, both temporally and spatially. While total forest area remained essentially constant,
turnover in forest cover was very substantial. Less than 20% of initial forest cover remained unchanged. Forest cover became
increasingly fragmented as the number, size, shape, and spatial distribution of forest patches within the watershed changed
greatly. Forest patch change was also analyzed within 3-km distance bands extending from the urban core to the more suburban
end of the watershed. This analysis showed that, over time, the location of high rates of forest cover change shifted from
urban to suburban bands which coincides with the spatial shift of urbanization. Forest cover tended to be more stable in and
near the urban center, whereas forest cover changed more in areas where urbanization was still in process. These results may
have critical implications for the ecological functioning of forest patches and underscore the need to integrate multi-temporal
data layers to investigate the spatial pattern of forest cover and the temporal variations of that spatial pattern. 相似文献
4.
Kibale National Park, within the Albertine Rift, is known for its rich biodiversity. High human population density and agricultural
conversion in the surrounding landscape have created enormous resource pressure on forest fragments outside the park. Kibale
presents a complex protected forest landscape comprising intact forest inside the park, logged areas inside the park, a game
corridor with degraded forest, and forest fragments in the landscape surrounding the park. To explore the effect of these
different levels of forest management and protection over time, we assessed forest change over the previous three decades,
using both discrete and continuous data analyses of satellite imagery. Park boundaries have remained fairly intact and forest
cover has been maintained or increased inside the park, while there has been a high level of deforestation in the landscape
surrounding the park. While absolute changes in land cover are important changes in vegetation productivity, within land cover
classes are often more telling of longer term changes and future directions of change. The park has lower Normalized Difference
Vegetation Index (NDVI) values than the forest fragments outside the park and the formerly logged area—probably due to forest
regeneration and early succession stage. The corridor region has lower productivity, which is surprising given this is also
a newer regrowth region and so should be similar to the logged and forest fragments. Overall, concern can be raised for the
future trajectory of this park. Although forest cover has been maintained, forest health may be an issue, which for future
management, climate change, biodiversity, and increased human pressure may signify troubling signs. 相似文献
5.
Road Density and Landscape Pattern in Relation to Housing Density,and Ownership,Land Cover,and Soils 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
Roads are conspicuous components of landscapes and play a substantial role in defining landscape pattern. Previous studies
have demonstrated the link between roads and their effects on ecological processes and landscape patterns. Less understood
is the placement of roads, and hence the patterns imposed by roads on the landscape in relation to factors describing land
use, land cover, and environmental heterogeneity. Our hypothesis was that variation in road density and landscape patterns
created by roads can be explained in relation to variables describing land use, land cover, and environmental factors. We
examined both road density and landscape patterns created by roads in relation to suitability of soil substrate as road subgrade,
land cover, lake area and perimeter, land ownership, and housing density across 19 predominantly forested counties in northern
Wisconsin, USA. Generalized least squares regression models showed that housing density and soils with excellent suitability
for road subgrade were positively related to road density while wetland area was negatively related. These relationships were
consistent across models for different road types. Landscape indices showed greater fragmentation by roads in areas with higher
housing density, and agriculture, grassland, and coniferous forest area, but less fragmentation with higher deciduous forest,
mixed forest, wetland, and lake area. These relationships provide insight into the complex relationships among social, institutional,
and environmental factors that influence where roads occur on the landscape. Our results are important for understanding the
impacts of roads on ecosystems and planning for their protection in the face of continued development. 相似文献
6.
Predicting land cover changes and their impact on the sediment influx in the Lake Balaton catchment 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
The land cover pattern in the Lake Balaton catchment (Hungary) has been changing since decollectivization in the 1990s. These
land cover changes significantly impact the landscape connectivity, controlling the influx of sediments into the lake. A comparison
of high resolution land cover maps from 1981, 2000 and 2005 showed a significant extensification of the agriculture with land
cover conversions from arable land and vineyards to grassland and forest. For each land unit transition probabilities were
assessed using logistic regression techniques to evaluate to which extent land cover changes are controlled by physical or
socio-economic parameters. A stochastic land cover allocation algorithm was applied to generate future land cover patterns.
The landscape connectivity for each of the simulated land cover patterns was assessed by means of a distributed routing algorithm.
The simulations suggest that further land abandonment in the upslope parts of the catchment will cause a non-linear reduction
of average soil erosion rates. The changes, however, have a relatively low impact on the sediment volume entering the lake
because of the land unit’s poor connectivity with permanent river channels. The major contributors to the lakes sediment load
are the vineyards near the lakeshore. They are likely to be maintained because of their touristic value. A significant reduction
of the total sediment input in the lake can be expected only if soil conservation measures in the vineyards near the shorelines
are undertaken. 相似文献
7.
Forest fragmentation and regrowth in an institutional mosaic of community, government and private ownership in Nepal 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Harini Nagendra Sajid Pareeth Bhawna Sharma Charles M. Schweik Keshav R. Adhikari 《Landscape Ecology》2008,23(1):41-54
This study analyzes forest change in an area of Nepal that signifies a delicate balance between sustaining the needs and livelihood
of a sizable human population dependent on forest products, and an effort to protect important wildlife and other natural
resources. The study area, a portion of the Chitwan valley district of Nepal, represents what may be becoming a common institutional
mosaic in many countries of the world who have a population reliant on forest products for their livelihood: (1) a national
park; (2) a designated park buffer involving participatory forest management programs; (3) scattered patches of designated
community forest; and (4) large areas of adjacent landscape made up of mostly private landholdings under agricultural practices.
Utilizing Landsat images from 1989 and 2000, we analyze land cover change in each of these management zones using landscape
ecology metrics and quantifying proportional distributions of land cover categories. Our results show significant differences
in terms of land cover dynamics and landscape spatial pattern between these land ownership classes. These findings indicate
that community-based institutions (participatory management programs in the park buffer and the designated community forests)
are capable of halting or even reversing trends in deforestation and forest fragmentation. 相似文献
8.
Hanem G. Abouelezz Therese M. Donovan Ruth M. Mickey James D. Murdoch Mark Freeman Kimberly Royar 《Landscape Ecology》2018,33(8):1301-1318
Context
The analysis of individual movement choices can be used to better understand population-level resource selection and inform management.Objectives
We investigated movements and habitat selection of 13 bobcats in Vermont, USA, under the assumption individuals makes choices based upon their current location. Results were used to identify “movement-defined” corridors.Methods
We used GPS-collars and GIS to estimate bobcat movement paths, and extracted statistics on land cover proportions, topography, fine-scale vegetation, roads, and streams within “used” and “available” space surrounding each movement path. Compositional analyses were used to determine habitat preferences with respect to landcover and topography; ratio tests were used to determine if used versus available ratios for vegetation, roads, and streams differed from 1. Results were used to create travel cost maps, a primary input for corridor analysis.Results
Forested and scrub-rock land cover were most preferred for movement, while developed land cover was least preferred. Preference depended on the composition of the “available” landscape: Bobcats moved?>?3 times more quickly through forest and scrub-rock habitat when these habitats were surrounded by agriculture or development than when the available buffer was similarly composed. Overall, forest edge, wetland edge and higher stream densities were selected, while deep forest core and high road densities were not selected. Landscape-scale connectivity maps differed depending on whether habitat suitability, preference, or selection informed the travel cost map.Conclusions
Both local and landscape scale land cover characteristics affect habitat preferences and travel speed of bobcats, which in turn can inform management and conservation activities.9.
K. Bruce Jones E. Terrence Slonecker Maliha S. Nash Anne C. Neale Timothy G. Wade Sharon Hamann 《Landscape Ecology》2010,25(8):1261-1275
Riparian ecosystems are important elements in landscapes that often provide a disproportionately wide range of ecosystem services
and conservation benefits. Their protection and restoration have been one of the top environmental management priorities across
the US over the last several years. Despite the level of concern, visibility and management effort, little is known about
trends in riparian habitats. Moreover, little is known about whether or not cumulative efforts to restore and protect riparian
zones and floodplains are affecting the rates of riparian habitat change nationwide. To address these issues, we analyzed
riparian land cover change between the early 1970s and the late 1990s/early 2000s using existing spatial data on hydrography
and land cover. This included an analysis of land cover changes within 180 m riparian buffer zones, and at catchment scales,
for 42,363 catchments across 63 ecoregions of the continental US. The total amount of forest and natural land cover (forests,
shrublands, wetlands) in riparian buffers declined by 0.7 and 0.9%, respectively across the entire study period. Gains in
grassland/shrubland accounted for the 0.2% lower percentage of total natural land cover loss relative to forests. Conversely,
urban and developed land cover (urban, agriculture, and mechanically disturbed lands) increased by more than 1.3% within riparian
buffers across the entire study period. Despite these changes, we documented an opposite trend of increasing proportions of
natural and forest land cover in riparian buffers versus the catchment scale. We surmise that this trend might reflect a combination
of natural recovery and cumulative efforts to protect riparian ecosystems across the US. However, existing models limit our
ability to assess the impacts of these changes on specific ecosystem services. We discuss the implications of changes observed
in this study on the sustainability of ecosystem services. We also recommend opportunties for future riparian change assessments. 相似文献
10.
Synergistic effects of climate and land cover: grassland birds are more vulnerable to climate change
Marta A. Jarzyna Benjamin Zuckerberg Andrew O. Finley William F. Porter 《Landscape Ecology》2016,31(10):2275-2290
Context
Climate change is not occurring over a homogeneous landscape and the quantity and quality of available land cover will likely affect the way species respond to climate change. The influence of land cover on species’ responses to climate change, however, is likely to differ depending on habitat type and composition.Objectives
Our goal was to investigate responses of forest and grassland breeding birds to over 20 years of climate change across varying gradients of forest and grassland habitat. Specifically, we investigated whether (i) increasing amounts of available land cover modify responses of forest and grassland-dependent birds to changing climate and (ii) the effect of increasing land cover amount differs for forest and grassland birds.Methods
We used Bayesian spatially-varying intercept models to evaluate species- and community-level responses of 30 forest and 10 grassland birds to climate change across varying amounts of their associated land cover types.Results
Responses of forest birds to climate change were weak and constant across a gradient of forest cover. Conversely, grassland birds responded strongly to changing climatic conditions. Specifically, increasing temperatures led to higher probabilities of localized extinctions for grassland birds, and this effect was intensified in regions with low amounts of grassland cover.Conclusions
Within the context of northeastern forests and grasslands, we conclude that forests serve as a possible buffer to the impacts of climate change on birds. Conversely, species occupying open, fragmented grassland areas might be particularly at risk of a changing climate due to the diminished buffering capacity of these ecosystems.11.
Paulo G. Molin Sarah E. Gergel Britaldo S. Soares-Filho Silvio F. B. Ferraz 《Landscape Ecology》2017,32(4):857-870
Context
Despite continued forest cover losses in many parts of the world, Atlantic Forest, one of the largest of the Americas, is increasing in some locations. Economic factors are suggested as causes of forest gain, while enforcement has reduced deforestation.Objectives
We examine three aspects of this issue: the relative importance of biophysical versus anthropogenic factors in driving forest dynamics; role of forest mean patch age influencing areas targeted for losses; and what future forest mean patch age mosaic we can expect (more forest cover and full forest maturity?).Methods
Three land cover maps from 1990, 2000 and 2010, were used in the study. We selected six biophysical and six anthropogenic spatial determinants to analyze by means of weights of evidence, using Dinamica software.Results
Results show that forest regrowth is influenced by multiple factors, working in synergy. Biophysical variables are related to forest gain while anthropogenic are associated with loss. Clear patterns of regrowth on pasture and sugarcane plantations occurred, especially near rivers and forest patches, on steeper slopes and with sufficient rainfall. Forest loss has targeted both older and newer forests. Future projections reveal forest gain in a slow pace, followed by specific ecosystem service losses, due to continuous trends of older mature forest loss.Conclusions
Regrowth is linked to land abandonment, and to neighboring environmental conditions. It is important to question which mechanisms will guarantee and potentiate new regrowth, thus contributing to landscape restoration and reestablishment of ecosystem services in the Atlantic Forest.12.
Effects of landscape patterns on biotic communities 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
13.
Mapping and analyzing landscape patterns 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
Landscapes were mapped as clusters of 2 or 3 land cover** types, based on their pattern within the clusters and tendency for a single type to dominate. These landscapes, called Landscape Pattern Types (LPTs), were combined with other earth surface feature data in a Geographic Information System (GIS) to test their utility as analysis units. Road segment density increased significantly as residential and urbanized land cover components increased from absent, to present as patch, to present as matrix (i.e., the dominant land cover type). Stream segment density was significantly lower in LPTs with an urbanized or residential matrix than in LPTs with either a forest or agriculture matrix, suggesting an inverse relationship between stream network density and the prevalence of human development other than agriculture in the landscape. The ratio of average forest patch size to total forest in the LPT unit decreased as agriculture replaced forest, then increased as residential and urban components dominated. Wetland fractal dimension increased as agriculture and residential land cover components of LPTs increased. Comparison of LPT and LUDA land cover area statistics in ecoregions suggested that land cover data alone does not provide information as to its spatial arrangement. 相似文献
14.
Vanacker Veerle Govers Gerard Barros Sandra Poesen Jean Deckers Jozef 《Landscape Ecology》2003,18(1):1-15
The analysis of aerial photographs over a 33-year period (1962–1995) shows that land use in the study catchment is highly dynamic as a response to the land reform programs of the 1960s and 1970s and a strong population increase. The secondary forest is increasingly replaced by grassland while old grasslands are now used as cultivated land. Despite the increased pressure on the land, the upward movement of agricultural activity and the concurrent deforestation, the overall forest cover did not decline. The deforestation in the uplands is compensated for by a regeneration of secondary forest on abandoned rangelands and afforestation with Eucalyptus trees in the low-lying areas. The land use changes resulted in a strong decrease of the areas subject to intense soil degradation: afforestation with Eucalyptus trees on degraded lands was successful in controlling soil erosion in the lower parts of the catchment. The relationship between land use and sediment load in the river system is not straightforward. Statistical analysis of a time series of suspended sediment concentrations, which were measured at the outlet of three distinctive sub-catchments for a six-year period (1994 – 2000), revealed that the geomorphic response of the river system is not only dependent on the land use and the area affected by water erosion, but also on the spatial connectivity between sediment producing areas and the river network.This revised version was published online in May 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
15.
Lisa A. Schulte David J. Mladenoff Thomas R. Crow Laura C. Merrick David T. Cleland 《Landscape Ecology》2007,22(7):1105-1103
Human land use of forested regions has intensified worldwide in recent decades, threatening long-term sustainability. Primary
effects include conversion of land cover or reversion to an earlier stage of successional development. Both types of change
can have cascading effects through ecosystems; however, the long-term effects where forests are allowed to regrow are poorly
understood. We quantify the regional-scale consequences of a century of Euro-American land use in the northern U.S. Great
Lakes region using a combination of historical Public Land Survey records and current forest inventory and land cover data.
Our analysis shows a distinct and rapid trajectory of vegetation change toward historically unprecedented and simplified conditions.
In addition to overall loss of forestland, current forests are marked by lower species diversity, functional diversity, and
structural complexity compared to pre-Euro-American forests. Today’s forest is marked by dominance of broadleaf deciduous
species—all 55 ecoregions that comprise the region exhibit a lower relative dominance of conifers in comparison to the pre-Euro-American
period. Aspen (Populus grandidentata and P. tremuloides) and maple (Acer saccharum and A. rubrum) species comprise the primary deciduous species that have replaced conifers. These changes reflect the cumulative effects
of local forest alterations over the region and they affect future ecosystem conditions as well as the ecosystem services
they provide.
Electronic Supplementary Material
The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
An erratum to this article can be found at 相似文献
16.
Liu Bao Gao Lei Li Baoan Marcos-Martinez Raymundo Bryan Brett A. 《Landscape Ecology》2020,35(7):1683-1699
Context
The contribution of forest ecosystem services to human well-being varies over space following the dynamics in forest cover. Use of machine learning models is increasing in projecting forest cover changes and investigating the drivers, yet references are still lacking for selecting machine learning models for spatial projection of forest cover patterns.
ObjectivesWe assessed the ability of nonparametric machine learning techniques to project the spatial distribution of forest cover and identify its drivers using a case study of Tasmania, Australia.
MethodsWe developed, evaluated, and compared the performance of four nonparametric machine learning models: support vector regression (SVR), artificial neural networks (ANN), random forest (RF), and gradient boosted regression trees (GBRT).
ResultsThe results demonstrated that RF far outperformed the other three models in both fitting and projection accuracy, and required less computional costs. GBRT outperformed SVR and ANN in projection accuracy. However, RF exhibited serious overfitting due to the full growth of its decision trees. The influence rankings of explanatory variables on spatial patterns of forest cover were different under the four models. Land tenure type and rainfall were identified among the top four most influential variables by all four models. The ranking produced by the RF model was significantly different with topographic factors associated with land clearing and production costs (elevation and distance to timber facilities) being the two most influential variables.
ConclusionsWe encourage practitioners to consider nonparametric machine learning methods, especially RF, when facing problems of complex environmental data modelling.
相似文献17.
It is often stated that plants remove air pollutants from the urban atmosphere with their large leaf area, thus providing benefits − i.e. ecosystem services − for citizens. However, empirical evidence showing that local-scale air quality is uniformly improved by urban forests is scarce. We studied the influence of conifer-dominated peri-urban forests on the springtime levels of NO2 and particle pollution at different distances from roads, using passive samplers and high time resolution particle counters in a northern climate in Finland. Passive samplers provided average values over a one month period, while active particle counters provided real time measurements of air pollution to mimic human inhalation frequency. NO2 concentrations were slightly higher in forests than in adjacent open areas, while passive particle measurements showed the opposite trend. Active particle monitoring campaigns showed no systematic forest effect for PM2.5, but larger particles were reduced in the forest, corroborating the passive sampling result.Attenuation rates of the mean values of the studied pollutants did not differ between the forest and open habitats. However, high time resolution particle data revealed a distance effect that was apparent only in the forest transect: peak events at the forest edge were higher, while peaks furthest from the road were lower compared to the open transect. Furthermore, the magnitude of PM2.5 peak events was distinctly higher at forest edge than equivalent distance in the open area.Vegetation characteristics, such as canopy cover and tree density, did not explain differences in pollutant levels in majority of cases. Our results imply that evergreen-dominated forests near roads can slightly worsen local air quality regarding NO2 and PM2.5 in northern climates, but that coarser particle pollution can be reduced by such forest vegetation. It seems that the potential of roadside vegetation to mitigate air pollution is largely determined by the vegetation effects on airflow. 相似文献
18.
Land ownership and landscape structure: a spatial analysis of sixty-six Oregon (USA) Coast Range watersheds 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
Patterns of land ownership and forest cover are related in complex and ecologically significant ways. Using a Geographic Information System and regression analysis, we tested for spatial relationships between the structure of land ownership and forest cover across 66 watersheds in the state of Oregon (USA), Coast Range mountains. We found that in these watersheds (1) forest cover diversity increased with land ownership diversity, (2) size of forest patches increased with size of land ownership patches, and (3) connectivity of forest cover increased with connectivity of land ownership. Land ownership structure explained between 29% and 40% of the variability of forest cover structure across these watersheds. Driving this relationship are unique associations among particular ownership classes and various forest cover classes. The USDA Forest Service and the USDI Bureau of Land Management were associated with mature forest cover; private industry was associated with young forest cover; nonindustrial private forest owners were associated with a wide diversity of cover classes. Watersheds with mixed ownership appear to provide greater forest cover diversity, whereas watersheds with concentrated ownership provide less diverse but more connected forest cover. Results suggest that land ownership patterns are strongly correlated with forest cover patterns. Therefore, understanding landscape structure requires consideration of land ownership institutions, dynamics, and patterns.This revised version was published online in May 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
19.
Forest loss has been invoked as a cause for changes in the reproductive success of animal-pollinated woodland plants, associated
with changes in their pollinators. To analyze such effects, it is important to include all of the three key players: landscapes,
pollinators and a plant. We investigated effects of forest loss on an insect-pollinated plant through landscapes in forested
ecosystems to pollinator communities and plant populations. Then we questioned if abundance and species richness in pollinator
communities decrease as forest loss increases, and this in turn leads to a decrease in reproductive output of an insect-pollinated
plant. We made a study with 12 populations of the bee pollinated herb, Erythronium americanum, in a landscape characterized by scattered fragments of deciduous forest within intensively managed agricultural fields.
We also sampled bees as the potential pollinators by pan traps. We quantified the study landscapes using the amount of forest
cover and the length of forest edge within each of the six radii (250, 500, 750, 1,000, 1,250 and 1,500 m). Regression analyses
showed that the abundance and species richness of all collected bees were positively related to only the forest cover at the
radius of 750 m. We also found the positive relationships for the seed set of E. americanum when the forest cover at the same radius and abundance of all collected bees were used as the predictor variables. These
results indicate that forest loss causes negative impacts on potential pollinator communities and seed sets of some woodland
herbs. 相似文献
20.
Socioeconomic changes in many areas in the tropics have led to increasing urbanization, abandonment of agriculture, and forest
re-growth. Although these patterns are well documented, few studies have examined the drivers leading to landscape-level forest
recovery and the resulting spatial structure of secondary forests. Land cover transitions from agricultural lands to secondary
forest in the island of Puerto Rico have been ongoing since the 1940s. This study is a glimpse into this landscape level trend
from 1991 to 2000. First, we relied on Landsat images to characterize changes in the landscape structure for forest, urban,
and agricultural land classes. We found that although forest cover has increased in this period, forest has become increasingly
fragmented while the area of urban cover has spread faster and become more clustered. Second, we used logistic regression
to assess the relationship between the transition to forest and 21 biophysical, socioeconomic, and landscape variables. We
found that the percentage of forest cover within a 100 m radius of a point, distance to primary roads and nature reserves,
slope, and aspect are the most important predictors of forest recovery. The resulting model predicts the spatial pattern of
forest recovery with accuracy (AUC-ROC = 0.798). Together, our results suggest that forest recovery in Puerto Rico has slowed
down and that increasing pressure from urbanization may be critical in determining future landscape level forest recovery.
These results are relevant to other areas in the tropics that are undergoing rapid economic development. 相似文献