共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 46 毫秒
1.
Summary. Retention of the spray solution was shown to be a major factor in the selectivity of ioxynil. Retention was high on mustard plants with or without surfactant(Tween 20). Very little ioxynil was retained by barley and pea plants when no surfactant was included in the spray hut inclusion of 0.1 or 1.0% Tween 20 increased retention. With 1.0% the retention on pea plants approached that on mustard, and there was then little differential toxicity. With no surfactant in the spray, mustard plants retained twenty-six times more ioxynil than barley plants. Addition of 01 or 1.0% surfactant increased retention by barley and reduced the differential to eleven times and eight times respectively. By varying the angle of barley leaves to the spray it was shown that the normal upright position results in reduced interception of a vertical spray and reflection of the drops without surfactant. It was concluded that for a given species growth reduction by ioxynil is largely conditioned by the amount retained and that apart from influencing retention, Tween 20 has no major independent action. At equivalent retention levels barley was much less susceptible than mustard or pea. Plants of mustard, pea and barley were treated either on the leaves only or over the whole exposed surface of the plant lo assess the influence of morphology on the response to ioxynil. There was no difference in the response of barley, but treatment by dipping aerial shoots of mustard and pea produced an effect twice that from treatment of the leaves alone at the same level of retention. The increased response of mustard and pea to whole shoot treatment is considered to be due primarily to the exposed stem and bud tissues of these species. Les bases de la toxicilé différentielle du 4-hydroxy-3,5-di-iodobenzomtrite I. Infiuence de la rétention de la bouillie et de la morphologie de la plante 相似文献
2.
HALDOR FYKSE 《Weed Research》1975,15(3):165-170
Es wird über Untersuchungen zur Transiokation von 14C-MCPA unter verschiedenen Bedingungen in Sonchus arvensis L. berichtet. Die Pflanzen wurden von Wurzetausläufern bestimmter Längen angezogen und nur ein Blatt je Pflanze mit markiertem MCPA behandelt. Die Versuche wurden im Gewächaus und im Freiland durchgeführt. Bereits bei kleinen Pflanzen (Rosettenblätter nicht uber 3 cm) wurde 14C-MCPA innerhalb von 24 h aus dem behandelten Blätt in die anderen Blätter der Rosette transloziert. In die Wurzein wurde dagegen nur wenig Aktivität eingelagert. Die grössten Mengen an 14C-MCPA in der Wurzelzone wurden am Ende einer fünftägigen Versuchsperiode bei Pflanzen gefunden, die zur Zeit der Behandlung 5–7 bzw. 12–15 cm lange Rosettenblätter entwickelt hatten. Bei einer Sprosshöhe von 15–20 cm wurde 14C-MCPA aus einem Rosettenblatt und einem nahe dem Blutenstande inserierten Blatt in ungefahr gleichen Mengen in die Wurzein geleitet. Kurz vor der Blüte war dagegen die basipetale Transiokation aus diesem Blatt erheblich reduziert. Vom Rosettenblatt wurde noch 14C-MCPA in die Wurzein geleitet. Pflanzen im Rosettenstadium, die nach der Ernte in der Stoppel stehen geblieben waren, zeigten eine erhebliche Transiokation von 14C-MCPA in den Wurzelauslaufer, von dem sie ausgetrieben waren. Die Verlagerung von markiertem MCPA wurde durch Spritzen mit 1 kg/ha nichtradioaktivem MCPA gehemmt—im Gewachshaus mehr als im Feld. Die Kontaktherbizide Dinoseb, Ioxynil und Bromoxynil hemmten in praxisublichen Aufwandmengen die Transiokation des 14C-MCPA noch starker. Geringe Mengen dieser Herbizide beeinflussten jedoch die Transiokation weniger, forderten sie aber nie. Im Freiland waren gegen Ioxynil und Bromoxynil kleine Pflanzen weniger empflndlich als grossere. Im Gewachshaus aber verhielten sich die Pflanzen umgekehrt. 14C-MCPA wurde viel langsamer als Assimilate in S. arvensis transloziert und im Laufe von 10 Tagen nahm die Menge an 14C-MCPA in den Wurzein ständig zu. Ahnlich wie die Assimilate vermochte auch 14C-MCPA die Insertionsstellen von Nebensprossen an der Mutterwurzel nur in geringem Ausmass zu durchdringen. Research on Sonchus arvensis. L. II. Translocation of14C-MCPA under various conditions Trials are reported on the translocation of 14C-MCPA in Sonchus arvensis under various conditions. Plants were grown from creeping root pieces of a prescribed length and only one leaf on each plant was treated with labelled MCPA. Experiments were conducted in the glasshouse and in the open. Even in small plants (rosette leaves not more than 3 cm) 14C-MCPA was translocated within 24 h from the treated leaf into other leaves in the rosette. In the roots, on the other hand, only slight activity was observed. The largest quantities of 14C-MCPA in the root zone were found at the end of a 5-day experimental period in plants, which had developed rosette leaves 5–7 and 12–15 cm long respectively at the time of treatment. When shoots were 15–20 cm tall, 14C-MCPA was carried to the roots in almost equal quantities from a rosette leaf and from a leaf near the flower head. Plants at the rosette stage which had been left in stubble after the harvest showed a considerable translocation of 14C-MCPA into the creeping roots from which they had grown. The displacement of labelled MCPA was checked by spraying with non-radioactive MCPA at 1kg/ha—this was more marked in the glasshouse than in the open. Contact herbicides dinoseb, ioxynil and bromoxynil at normal rates checked the translocation of 14C-MCPA to an even greater extent. Low rates of these herbicides had less effect on translocation but they never accelerated it. In the open, small plants were less sensitive to ioxynil and bromoxynil than larger ones, but in the glasshouse the opposite was true. 14C-MCPA was translocated much more slowly than assimilates in Sonchus arvensis, and in the course of 10 days the quantity of 14C-MCPA in the roots steadily increased. Like the assimilates, 14C-MCPA was able to penetrate beyond the insertion of an additional shoot on the main root to only a slight extent. Reeherches sur Sonchus arvensis. II. Migration du14C-MCPA dans diverses conditions L'auteur expose les essais efl'ectués sur la migration du 14C-MCPA chez Sonchus arvensis dans diverses conditions. Les plantes ont été obtenues à partir de stolons d'ume longueur fixée à l'avance et une seule feuille de chaque plante a été traitée avee le MCPA marqué. Les expériences ont été réalisées en serre et en plein air. Même chez de petites plantes (dont les feuilles dela rosette n'avaient pas plus de 3 cm), le14C-MCPA a migré dans les 24 heures depuis la feuille traitée jusque dans les autres feuilles de la rosette. En revanche, une faible activity seulement a été induite dans les racines. Les plus grandes quantités de 14C-MCPA dans Ia zone des racines, ont été trouves à la fin d'une pèriode experimental de 5 jours, dans les plantes qui avaient développé des feuilles de rosette de 5 à 7 cm et de 12 à 15 cm de haut. Lonsque les pousses élàient hautes de 15 à 20 cm, le 14C-MCPA a été transporté dans les racines en quantités presque égales à celles qui ont migré d'une feuille de la rosette à une fleur voisine du bouton floral. Dans les plantes au stade rosette qui ont subsisté dans les chaumes après la moisson, la migration du 14C-MCPA a été considérable dans le stolon à partir duquel elles s'étaient développées. Le déplacement du MCPA marqué a été empêché par une pulvérisation avec du MCPA non radio-actif à 1 kg/ha; cet effet a été plus marqué en serre qu'en plein air. Les herbicides de contact: dinosèbe, ioxynil et bromoxynil aux doses nor-males d'utilisation ont, dans une large mesure, arrêté la migration du 14C-MCPA. A doses faibles, ces herbicides ont eu moins d'effet sur la migration, mais ils ne l'ont jamais accél-érée. En plein air, les petites plantes ont été moins sensibles que les grandes à l'ioxynil et au bromoxynil, mais en serre, ce fut l'inverse. Le 14C-MCPA a migré beaucoup plus lentement que les métabolites dans le Sonchus arvensis et pendant une période de 10 jours la quantité de 14C-MCPA dans les racines a augmenté régulierement. Comme les metabolites, le 14C-MCPA n'a été capable de pénétrer dans les noeuds des racines adventices sur la tige principale que dans une faible mesure. 相似文献
3.
Scott J. Nissen Robert A. Masters W. Mack Thompson Robert N. Stougaard 《Pest management science》1995,45(4):325-329
Imazapyr absorption, translocation, root release and metabolism were examined in leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L.). Leafy spurge plants were propagated from root cuttings and [14C]imazapyr was applied to growth-chambergrown plants in a water + 28% urea ammonium nitrate + nonionic surfactant solution (98.75 + 1 + 0.25 by volume). Plants were harvested two and eight days after herbicide treatment (DAT) and divided into: treated leaf, stem and leaves above treated leaf, stem and leaves below the treated leaf, crown, root, dormant and elongated adventitious shoot buds. Imazapyr absorption increased from 62.5% 2 DAT to 80.0% 8 DAT. Herbicide translocation out of the treated leaf and accumulation in roots and adventitious shoot buds was apparent 2 DAT. By the end of the eight-day translocation period only 14% of applied 14C remained in the treated leaf, while 17% had translocated into the root system. Elongated and dormant adventitious shoot buds accumulated 3.2- and 1.8-fold more 14C, respectively, 8 DAT than did root tissue based on Bq g?1 dry weight. Root release of 14C was evident 2 DAT, and by 8 DAT 19.4% of the 14C reaching the root system was released into the rooting medium. There was no metabolism of imazapyr in crown, root or adventitious shoot buds 2 DAT; however, imazapyr metabolism was evident in the treated leaf 2 and 8 DAT. Imazapyr phytotoxicity to leafy spurge appears to result from high imazapyr absorption, translocation to underground meristematic areas (roots and adventitious shoot buds), and a slow rate of metabolism. 相似文献
4.
The pattern and extent of 14C-glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] translocation from the treated leaf and metabolism of 14C-glyphosate were studied in field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis L.), hedge bindweed (Convolvulus sepium L.). Canada thistle [Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.] tall morning glory [lpomoea purpurea (L.) Roth.] and wild buckwheat (Polygonum convolvulus L.). 14C was translocated throughout the plants within 3 days with accumulation in the meristematic tips of the roots and shoots evident. Cross and longitudinal sections of stems and roots showed that the 14C was localized in the phloem. Field bindweed translocated 3–5% of the applied 14C from the treated leaf, hedge bindweed 21.6%, Canada thistle 7.8%, tall morningglory 6.5%, and wild buckwheat 5%. Field bindweed, Canada thistle, and tall morningglory metabolized the parent glyphosate to aminomethylphosphonic acid to a limited extent. This metabolite made up less than 15% of the total 14C. Of the total 14C applied to excised leaves, 50% had disappeared within 25 days. 相似文献
5.
Absorption and translocation of 14C fosamine (ethyl hydrogen (aminocarbonyl) phosphonate) and/or fosamine metabolites were monitored in intermediately susceptible seedling black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.) and resistant seedling rhododendron (Rhododendron sp.) and magnolia (Magnolia sp.). The mid two-thirds of the third leaf below the apical bud of each plant was treated with 0·5 μCi 14C fosamine (carbonyl carbon labelled). Plants were harvested 3, 7 and 14 days following treatment. In black cherry the majority of 14C absorption and translocation occurred during the second week following treatment, while magnolia and rhododendron translocated and absorbed most of the 14C within 3 days after treatment. Retention of 14C in the treated portion of the treated leaf did not differ between species. However, total translocated 14C was greatest in black cherry, less in magnolia, und minimal in rhododendron. Magnolia translocated 14C basipetally, while black cherry translocated acropetally, as well as basipetally. Absorpiion et migration de la fosamine 14C chez trois espèces de plantes ligneuses L'absorptlon et la migration de La 14C fosamine ((amino carbonyl) phosphonate d'éthyle hydrogène) et/ou de ses métabolites, ont étéétudiées chez des plantules moyennement sensibles de Prunus serotina (Ehrh.) et chez des plantules résistantes de rhododendron (Rhododendron sp.) et de magnolia (Magnolia sp). Les deux tiers moyens de la troisième feuille en-dessous du bourgeon apical de chaque plant ont été traités avec 0.5 Ci 14C de fosamine (marquée sur le carbone du carbonyl). Les plantes ont été récoltées 3, 7 et 14 jours après le traitement. Chez P. serotina, la plus grande partie de l'absorption et de la migration du 14C a eu lieu durant la deuxième semaine après le traitement, alors que chez le magnolia et le rhododendron, le maximum d'adsorption et de migration s'est situé dans les trois jours qui ont suivi le traitement. La rétention du 14C dans la partie traitée n'a pas variè d'une espèce à l'autre. Toutefois, la quantité totale de 14C qui a migré a été plus grande chez P. serotina, moindre chez le magnolia et minimaie chez le rhododendron. Chez le magnolia, la migration du 14C s'opere dans le sens basipète, alors que chez le P. serotina. elle s'effectue aussi bien dans le sens acropète que dans le sens basipète. Aufnahme- und Trunstokaiion von 14C-Fosaminc bei drei Gehölzpflanzen Es wurde die Aufnahme und die Translokation von 14C Fosamine (O-Äthyl-aminocarbonylphosphonsäure) und/oder seiner Abbauprodukte bei drei Gehölzarten beobachtet. Verwendet wurden Sämlinge der Traubenkirsche (Prunus serotina Ehrh.), die eine mittlere Empfindlichkeit zeigt und Sämlinge des resistenten Rhododendron (Rhododendron sp.) und der ebenfalls resistenten Magnolie (Magnolia sp.). Die mittleren zwei Drittel des dritten Blattes unterhalb der Endknospe wurden bei jeder Pflanze mit 0.5 μCi 14C-Fosamine (markiert am Carbonylkohlenstoff) behandelt. Die Pflanzen wurden nach 3, 7 und 14 Tagen nach der Behandlung geerntet. Bei der Traubenkirsche wurde während der zweiten Woche am meisten 14C aufgenommen und transloziert, während dies bei der Magnolie und dem Rhododendron bereits innerhalb der ersten drei Tage der Fall war. Bezüglich der Retention von 14C in der behandelten Blattfläche unterschieden sich die drei Arten nicht. In der Traubenkirsche wurde aber am meisten 14C transloziert, weniger in der Magnolie und am wenigsten im Rhododendron. Die Magnolie translozierte das 14C basipetal, während die Traubenkirsche akropetal wie basipetal translozierte. 相似文献
6.
Studies of the absorption and translocation of 14C-2,4-D in Chenopodium album L., Galinsoga parviflora Cav., Datura stramonium L. and Galium aparine L. in relation to their susceptibility gave the following results: In G aparine (resistant) there was little transport of 2,4-D applied to the leaves, and a probable relationship between resistance and the immediate binding of the 2,4-D in the treated leaf. D. stramonium (relatively resistant) transported 2,4-D in considerable amounts alter uptake through the leaf, while C. album (very susceptible) and G. parviflora (susceptible) were intermediate in respect of 2,4-D translocation. No relationship between susceptibility of these four species and 2,4-D uptake and translocation from the leaves could be established. After application to the root systems of the four species, 2,4-D was taken up and translocated in the shoot to varying extents. In G. aparine much 2,4-D was taken up and translocated. In contrast to leaf application, the herbicide was not immediately converted into a strongly-held immobile form. In C. album, G. parviflora and D. stramonium, however, no 2,4-D was translocated in the shoot. There was thus no correlation between susceptibility and shoot transport of 2,4-D in the four species studied. Distribution du 2,4-D marqué au 14C dans des espèces de mauvaises herbes présentant des sensibilités diverses 相似文献
7.
A. J. SANAD 《Weed Research》1971,11(4):215-223
Studies of the uptake and translocation of 14C-labelled 2, 4-D, MCPA and aminotriazole in Agrostemma githago L. and Tussilago farfara L. clarified the behaviour of the herbicides in both species. In A. githago, MCPA was more freely mobile than 2,4-D after application to the leaf; it was distributed in the plant more rapidly and in greater quantity. Similarly, following root uptake MCPA was transported in the shoot in greater amounts than was 2,4-D. There is a clear relationship between the susceptibility of A. githago to MCPA and the mobility of the herbicide in the plant. In T. farfara, 2,4-D and aminotriazole applied to the leaves were equally well absorbed and relatively rapidly translocated. During the period up to 72 h the amounts of herbicide in the plant increased to similar levels; after that, 14C activity in plants treated with 2,4-D fell slightly whereas there was further accumulation of aminotriazole. Following uptake through the roots, translocation and accumulation in the leaves were considerably greater with aminotriazole than with 2,4-D. The lack of accumulation of 2,4-D could be a factor in the resistance of T. farfara to this herbicidie. Recherches sur l'absorption et la migration d'herbicides marqués au 14 C dans Agrostemma githago L. et Tussilago farfara L. 相似文献
8.
Summary. The absorption, translocation and metabolism of the herbicide dichlobenil (2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile) in seedlings of wheat (Triticum vulgare) and rice (Oryza sativa) was investigated using a 14C-labelled preparation. Both plants absorbed the herbicide from water solutions through the roots and translocated it to the shoots. Accumulation was greater in the roots of rice. In wheat, dichlobenil was hydroxylated to form both 3-hydroxy-2,6-dichlorobenzo-nitrile and in smaller quantities, the 4-hydroxy analogue. These conversion products were present mainly as soluble and insoluble conjugates. The insoluble fraction, which apparently consists of phenols conjugated with plant polymers, increased with time. Though the same metabolic processes occurred in rice, the conversion rate was considerably lower. Correspondingly, the dichlobenil concentration was greater in rice than in wheat. No evidence of hydrolysis of dichlobenil was obtained. Migration et métabolisme du dichlobénil dans les plantules de blé et de riz Résumé. L'absorption, la migration et le métabolisme de l'herbicide dichlobenil (2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile) a étéétudiée dans des plantules de blé (Triticum vulgare) et de riz (Oryza sativa) en utilisant une préparation marquée au 14C. Dans les deux espéces, l'herbicide absorbéà partir de solutions aqueuses par les racines fut transporté dans la partie aérienne. L'accumulation fut plus importante dans les racines du riz. Dans le blé, le dichlobenil fut hydroxylé pour donner à la fois du 3-hydroxy-2,6-dich-lorobenzonitrile, et, en plus faibles quantités, le composé analogue 4-hydroxy. Ces produits de conversion furent identifiés principalement sous forme de composés solubles et insolubles. La fraction insoluble, qui consiste apparemment en composés avec des polymeres de la plante, s'accrut avec le temps. Bien que le processus métabolique füt le même dans le riz, le taux de conversion fut considérablement plus faible. Corrélativement, la concentration du dichlobénil fut'plus grande dans le riz que dans le blé. II ne fut pas acquis de preuves de l'hydrolyse du dichlobénil. Transport und Abbau von Dichlobenil in Weizen- und Reiskeimpflanzen Zusammenfassung. Absorption, Translokation und Abbau von 14C-Dichlobenil (2,6-Dichlorbenzonitril) in Keimpflanzen von Weizen (Triticum vulgare) und Reis (Oryza sativa) wurden untersucht. Beide Pflanzen absorbierten das Herbizid aus einer wässrigen Lösung durch die Wurzeln und leiteten es in die Sprosse. Die Akkumulierung war in den Wurzeln von Reis grösser. In Weizen wurde Dichlobenil hydroxyliert, wobei 3-Hydroxy-2,6-dichlorbenzonitril und in geringerer Menge das 4-Hydroxy-Analog entstanden. Diese Konversionssubstanzen waren hauptsachlich als losliche und unlosliche Konjugationsprodukte anwesend. Die unlösliche Fraktion, die offensichtlich aus Konjugationsprodukten mit Pflanzenpolymeren bestand, nahm mit der Zeit zu. Obwohl derselbe Stoffwechselprozess auch im Reis ablief, war doch die Konversions-geschwindigkeit wesentlich geringer. Dementsprechend war die Dichlobenilkonzentration in Reis grösser als in Weizen. Für eine Hydrolyse von Dichlobenil ergaben sich keine Anhaltspunkte. 相似文献
9.
The weed species, prickly sida (Sida spinosa L.) and sicklepod (Senna obtusifolia L.), were treated with 14C-glyphosate alone and formulated with different polyethlylane oxide (PEO) surfactants in tallow amine ethoxylate and non-ionic alkoxylate series to determine the amount of 14C-glyphosate absorption and translocation. The surface tension, contact angle, and 14C-glyphosate distribution were significantly affected by both the presence of different waxes on the plants and by the addition of surfactants to the glyphosate. The surface and contact angle values of the surfactants, with and without glyphosate, showed a significant increase as the PEO number increased in both surfactant series. A higher absorption of the 14C-glyphosate was recorded for S. spinosa compared with S. obtusifolia. The absorption and translocation of the 14C-glyphosate increased with the increase in the PEO number of tallow amine ethoxylate. In the case of the non-ionic alkoxylate surfactant series, an increase in the absorption of 14C-glyphosate was recorded when the surface tension and contact angle values decreased. There was no significant difference in the translocation values obtained in the two species after the addition of the surfactants. The amount of 14C-glyphosate absorbed by the treated leaf was significantly higher in the case of S. spinosa compared with S. obtusifolia. A linear relationship was observed with the physical properties, 14C absorption, and the efficacy of glyphosate with the addition of the non-ionic alkoxylate surfactant series. The percentage control was higher with the higher PEO surfactant in the tallow amine ethoxylate surfactant series and with the lower PEO surfactant in the non-ionic alkoxylate surfactant series as the two series are chemically different. 相似文献
10.
The non-ionic surfactants, Tween 20 (polyoxy-ethylene 20 sorbitan monolaurate) and Renex 36 (polyoxyethylene 6-tridecyl ether) enhanced the retention of a glyphosate-dye spray solution by barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) leaves. Tween 20 also enhanced absorption of 14C-glyphosate applied as droplets to barley leaves whereas Renex 36 similarly applied, reduced both absorption and movement of 14C-glyphosate. Renex 36 alone or mixed with glyphosate increased leakage of electrolytes from barley leaf segments whereas neither Tween 20 nor glyphosate, alone or mixed together, had any effect. No 14C-glyphosate complexes were detected in mixtures with either surfactant and neither surfactant affected the pH of the glyphosate solution. The results indicate that the reported enhancement of glyphosate phytotoxicity by Tween 20 is due to increased retention and absorption of the herbicide while the reported antagonism caused by Renex 36 is due to reduced glyphosate absorption and movement possibly as a result of alteration of membrane integrity. 相似文献
11.
A series of eleven field experiments over two seasons investigated the control of Galium aparine (cleavers) with mecoprop and a proprietary mixture of ioxynil plus bromoxynil. Applications of mecoprop (2?4 kg a.e. ha?1) between December and March gave variable results but a mixture of ioxynil + bromoxynil (0?6 kg a.i. ha?1) and mecoprop improved control up to at least 90%, at most sites. Applications of mecoprop alone in April were most effective and frequently achieved more than 90% control. In May, when the G. aparine plants were very large, it was less successful. The reasons for the environmental effects on performance are discussed. Preliminary examination of the effect of soil temperature on mecoprop activity indicates that the reliability of control increases with increasing temperature (0–12°C). An average of 94% control was achieved when soil temperatures were greater than 6°C. La destruction de Galium aparine (Gaillet) dans les cereales d'hiver avec du mecoprop seul ou avec ioxynil plus bromoxynil 相似文献
12.
Structure-concentration–foliar uptake enhancement relationships between commercial polyoxyethylene primary aliphatic alcohol (A), nonylphenol (NP), primary aliphatic amine (AM) surfactants and the herbicide glyphosatemono(isopropylammonium) were studied in experiments with wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and field bean (Vicia faba L.) plants growing under controlled-environment conditions. Candidate surfactants had mean molar ethylene oxide (EO) contents ranging from 5 to 20 and were added at concentrations varying from 0·2 to 10 g litre?-1 to [14C]glyphosate formulations in acetone–water. Rates and total amounts of herbicide uptake from c. 0·2–μl droplet applications of formulations to leaves were influenced by surfactant EO content, surfactant hydrophobe composition, surfactant concentration, glyphosate concentration and plant species, in a complex manner. Surfactant effects were most pronounced at 0·5 g acid equivalent (a.e.) glyphosate litre?-1 where, for both target species, surfactants of high EO content (15–20) were most effective at enhancing herbicide uptake: surfactants of lower EO content (5–10) frequently reduced, or failed to improve, glyphosate absorption. Whereas, at optimal EO content, AM surfactants caused greatest uptake enhancement on wheat, A surfactants gave the best overall performance on field bean; NP surfactants were generally the least efficient class of adjuvants on both species. Threshold concentrations of surfactants needed to increase glyphosate uptake were much higher in field bean than wheat (c. 2 g litre?-1 and < 1 g litre?-1, respectively); less herbicide was taken up by both species at high AM surfactant concentrations. At 5 and 10 g a.e. glyphosate litre?-1, there were substantial increases in herbicide absorption and surfactant addition could cause effects on uptake that were different from those observed at lower herbicide doses. In particular, the influence of EO content on glyphosate uptake was now much less marked in both species, especially with AM surfactants. The fundamental importance of glyphosate concentration for its uptake was further emphasised by experiments using formulations with constant a.i./surfactant weight ratios. Any increased foliar penetration resulting from inclusion of surfactants in 0·5 g litre?-1 [14C]glyphosate formulations gave concomitant increases in the amounts of radiolabel that were translocated away from the site of application. At these low herbicide doses, translocation of absorbed [14C]glyphosate in wheat was c. twice that in field bean; surfactant addition to the formulation did not increase the proportion transported in wheat but substantially enhanced it in field bean. 相似文献
13.
Four non-phytotoxic paraffinic oils of increasing viscosities and boiling ranges were compared as carriers for 2,4-D, dinoseb and terbacil under glasshouse conditions. Terbacil and dinoseb activity was increased approximately ten-fold in the oil carriers (150 1/ha) v. water on ivyleaf morning glory (Ipomoea hederacea (L.) Jacq.), cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench). 2,4-D activity on bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and sorghum was not increased by the oil carriers. The four oils showed similar effectiveness as herbicide carriers except that a trend existed towards increased herbicide activity in the medium to high viscosity, low volatile oils. 14C-chlorpropham was applied in a non-phytotoxic oil carrier to the leaves of morning glory, cucumber and sorghum. It moved externally on the upper but not on the lower leaf surface to the shoot apex of all plants, but internal herbicide transport was not evident. Similarly, greater surface movement and penetration of 14C-2,4-D occurred in sorghum, when applied in the same oil carrier v. water with surfactant, but herbicide translocation was not affected. The penetration and translocation pattern of 14C-2,4-D applied in four non-phytotoxic oil carriers of increasing viscosities were studied in bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). All oil carriers, as compared to 2,4-D in water-surfactant greatly enhanced herbicide penetration through both upper and lower primary leaf surfaces and subsequent translocation. The extent of oil carrier movement on the leaf surface did not determine the distance of subsequent herbicide translocation which was the same for all four oil carriers, but did influence amount of the herbicide translocated. Approximately the same quantity of 14C was absorbed through both upper and lower leaf surfaces for both 14C-chlorpropham and 14C-2,4-D in oil carriers, indicating that stomatal penetration is not a factor in determining rate of oil entry into leaves. This work indicates the importance of measuring oil carrier mobility on the leaf surface, when studying the effects of such carriers on herbicide penetration and translocation. Etalement et penetration d'herbicides dissous dans des supports huileux. Quatre huiles paraffiniques non toxiques ayant des viscosityés et des zones d'ébullition croissantes ont été comparées, en serre, comme supports pour le 2,4-D, le dinosébe et le terbacile. L'activité du terbacile et du dinosébe a été approxi-mativement multipliée par dix dans les supports huileux (150 1/ha) par rapport au support hydrique, sur le liseron (Ipomoea hederacea (L.) Jacq.), le concombre (Cucumis sativus L.) et le sorgho (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench). L'activité du 2,4-D sur le haricot (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) et le sorgho n'a pas été accrue par les supports huileux. Les quatre huiles ont manifeste une efficacité analogue en tant que supports pour les herbicides; toutefois, l'activitd herbicide tend à s'accroître entre les viscosityés moyennes et fortes, pour des huiles à basse volatilityé. Le chlorprophame-14C a été appliqué dans un support huileux non phytotoxique sur les feuilles de liseron, de concombre et de sorgho. II migre extérieurement sur la face foliaire supérieure mais pas sur la face inférieure vers l'apex des tiges de toutes ces plantes; cependant la migration en surface et une pénétration plus importantes du 2,4-D-14C se sont manifestoes dans le sorgho lorsque I'herbicide a été appliqué dans le meme support huileux, en comparaison avec le support eau plus agent tensio-actif, mais la migration interne de I'herbicide n'a pas été affectée. Le mode de pénétration et de migration du 2,4-D-14C appliqué dans quatre supports huileux non phytotoxiques, de viscosités croissantes, a étéétudié chez le haricot (Phaselous vulgaris L.). Tous les supports huileux, par comparaison avec l'eau plus un agent tensio-actif, ont hjrtement augmenté la pénétration du 2,4-D à travers les faces supérieure et inférieure de la feuille, ainsi que sa migration ultérieure. L'étendue du déplacement du support huileux sur la surface foliaire n'a pas déterminé la distance de la migration ultérieure de I'herbicide, laquelle fut identique pour les quatre huiles, mais elle a influencé la quantité d'herbicide transportée. Une quantité approximativement identique de 14C a été absorbie á travers les faces supérieure et inférieure de la feuille pour le chlorprophame 14C et le 2,4-D-14C dans les supports huileux, ce qui montre que la pénétration par les stomates n'est pas un facteur déterminant de la dose de pénétration de I'huile dans les feuilles. Ce travail met en évidence l'importance de la mesure de la mobilité du support huileux sur la surface foliaire lorsqu'on étudie les elTets de tels supports sur la pénétration et la migration de I'herbicide. Verteilung und Penetration von in öl gekosten Herbiziden Vier nicht phytotoxische Paraffinöle unterschiedlicher Viskos-ität und von verschiedenem Siedebereich wurden als Träger für 2,4-D, Dinoseb und Terbacil unter Gewächshausbeding-ungen miteinander verglichen. Die Wirkung von Terbacil und Dinoseb mit den Ölen als Träger (150 1/ha) gegenüber Ipomoea hederacea (L.) Jacq., Cucumis sativus L. und Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. war, verglichen mit Wasser als Trager, um etwa zehnmal besser. Die Wirkung von 2,4-D auf Phaseolus vulgaris L. und Sorghum wurde durch die Ole nicht verbessert. Die vier Öle wirkten als TrSgersubstanz fur die Herbizide etwa gleich gut. Es bestand aber eine Beziehung derart, dass Öle mit mittlerer bis hoher Viskositat und geringer Fluchtigkeit eine verbesserte Herbizidaktivitat bewirkten. 14C-Chlorpropham wurde in einem nicht phytotoxischen Öl auf die Blätter von Ipomoea, Cucumis und Sorghum appliziert. Es breitete sich bei alien Pflanzen auf der Blatto-berseite, nicht jedoch auf der Biattunterseite, bis zum Sprossapex aus. Ein Transport des Herbizids in der Pflanze wurde nicht beobachtet. Ahnlich war es mit 14C-2,4-D bei Sorghum: verglichen mit Wasser plus Surfactant bewirkte das gleiche Öl eine grössere Flächenausbreitung und eine verbesserte Penetration; die Translokation des Herbizids wurde jedoch nicht beeinflusst. Die Penetration und Translokation von 14C-2,4-D, appliziert in vier nicht phytotoxischen Oien mit unterschiedlicher Viskosität, wurde an Phaseolus untersucht. Im Yerg-leich zu 2,4-D in Wasser plus Surfactant bewirkten alle Ole eine wesentlich verbesserte Penetration und Translokation des Herbizids. Die mit Öl bedeckte Blattoberflache hatte keinen Einfluss auf die Translokationsstrecke des Herbizids. Diese Distanz der Herbizidtranslokation war bei alien Ölen gleich gross. Die Menge an transloziertem 2,4-D war jedoch unterschiedlich gross. Von dem in den verschiedenen Ölen gelösten 14C-Chlor-propham und 14C-2,4-D wurde ungefahr die gleiche Menge an 14C sowohl durch die Blattober- wie auch durch die Biattunterseite absorbiert, was darauf hinweist, dass die Penetration des Öls in das Blatt nicht durch die Aufnahmer-ate über die Stomata bestimmt wird. Diese Arbeit weist auf die Bedeutung von Untersuchungen hin, die sich mit der Messung der Beweglichkeit von Öl-Trägerstoffen auf der Blattfläche beschäftigen, wenn die Wirkung solcher Träger auf die Penetration und Translokation von Herbiziden untersucht werden soll. 相似文献
14.
In the present study, 98.8 mm of bentazon was applied to 3‐leaf stage rice seedlings. Two tolerant lines, M202 and cv. TNG67, showed slightly visible injury, photosystem II inhibition, as well as a low level of lipid peroxidation 7 days after application compared with the susceptible lines. Further physiological study of the mechanism of differential tolerance among Japonica and Indica types indicated that, although the tolerant Japonica lines M202 and cv. TNG67 absorbed more 14C‐bentazon, most of the 14C remained in the treated leaf or translocated to older leaves. However, two susceptible lines, FSK (Japonica) and IR36 (Indica), absorbed less 14C‐bentazon throughout the experiment, and most of the 14C was translocated from the treated leaves to younger leaves, which might result in the death of developing tissues. In addition, more bentazon residue and less polar metabolites were detected in these two susceptible lines. It is proposed that the higher tolerance of lines M202 and TNG67 to bentazon could be mainly due to a higher rate of metabolism of this herbicide, and partially due to less translocation to developing tissues. 相似文献
15.
The uptake, movement and metabolism of fluroxypyr* is compared in two contrasting weed species, Stellaria media (susceptible) and Viola arvensis (moderately resistant). Similar rates of uptake occurred in both species, with a rapid cuticular uptake of 50% of that applied within 4 h. Total uptake by the underlying leaf tissue reached 66.6% and 70.8% in S. media and V. arvensis after 7 days. In translocation studies, in which 14C-fluroxypyr was applied to previously sprayed plants, 5.1% of applied 14C-activity was translocated from the treated leaves of S. media after 1 day, which increased to 42.2% after 7 days, recovered mainly from the stem tissue. In V. arvensis translocation was similar after 24 h however, after 7 days over 40% of applied 14C-activity remained in the treated leaves and only 9.7% was translocated, mainly to the developing leaves and apical tissue. 14C-activity extracted from the cuticle was the methylheptyl ester of fluroxypyr in both species. In the treated leaves and apical tissue, 14C-activity was the free acid of fluroxypyr and polar conjugates with a significantly greater proportion of the acid in S. media. It is concluded that the resistance or V. arvensis is partially due to reduced translocation and greater conjugation than in the susceptible S. media. 相似文献
16.
The electron transport inhibition, uncoupling, and binding of ioxynil and bromoxynil salts is compared in chloroplast fragments isolated from two weed species with contrasting responses to the hydroxybenzonitriles. Ioxynil Na was three to four times more inhibitory than bromoxynil K towards DCPIP and SiMo reduction in both Matricaria inodora and Viola arvensis. Ioxynil Na was also a more potent uncoupler of PSI-dependent electron transport from ascorbate/DCPIP to methyl viologen. Uncoupling occurred at concentrations higher than those that inhibited electron transport. Binding studies with [14C]bromoxynil K and [14C]ioxynil Na salts revealed slightly biphasic curves with no significant difference in the amounts of the two herbicides bound at a given concentration. The ratios of inhibition constant (Ki) and binding constant (Kb) were approximately one for ioxynil Na and three for bromoxynil K. Radiolabelled herbicide displacement studies revealed that ioxynil Na could partially displace bound [14C]bromoxynil K, but bromoxynil K could not displace bound ioxynil Na at biochemically active concentrations. Ioxynil Na may be a more effective inhibitor than bromoxynil K because it binds more strongly to the thylakoid membrane. 相似文献
17.
A. Fuchs S. Doma J. Vörös 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1971,77(2):42-54
The new systemic fungicide N,N'-bis-(1-formamido-2,2,2-trichloroethyl)-piperazine (CELA W 524) was shown to display a moderate to distinct fungitoxic activity in vitro towards several pathogenic and non-pathogenic fungi. Depending on the inert ingredients present2, the available formulations proved to be either rather phytotoxic or virtually non-phytotoxic. Pre-infectional spraying with the non-phytotoxic formulation provided complete protection of barley, bean, cucumber, pea and tomato plants against barley powdery mildew, bean rust, cucumber powdery mildew and cucumber scab, pea powdery mildew and tomato leaf mould, respectively. some suppression of disease symptoms —although only at high concentrations of CELA W 524 — was observed in the case of leaf spot in pea plants. Upon post-infectional treatment disease control was less pronounced, although powdery mildew diseases and tomato leaf mould were effectively suppressed. When applied via the roots CELA W 524 proved to be systemically active, successfully protecting barley plants against powdery mildew, and cucumber plants against powdery mildew and cucumber scab.Samenvatting Het nieuwe systemische fungicide CELA W 524 (C. H. Boehringer Sohn, Ingelheim am Rhein, Duitsland) bleek een matige tot duidelijke fungitoxische werking in vitro te vertonen tegenover verschillende pathogene en niet-pathogene schimmels. Eén van de beschikbare formuleringen bleek vrij sterk fytotoxisch, de andere was nagenoeg niet fytotoxisch. Bespuiting vóór inoculatie met de niet-fytotoxische formulering resulteerde in volledige bescherming van gerst, bonen, komkommers, erwten en tomaten tegen respectievelijk gerstemeeldauw, boneroest, komkommermeeldauw en vruchtvuur, erwtemeeldauw en bladvlekkenziekte bij tomaat. Enige onderdrukking van ziektesymptomen trad ook op bij erwten, geïnoculeerd metAscochyta pisi, tenminste, wanneer hoge concentraties van CELA W 524 werden gebruikt. Bij bespuiting na inoculatie was het effect geringer, hoewel meeldauwziekten en bladvlekkenziekte bij tomaat toch doeltreffend bestreden werden. Toegediend via de wortels bleek CELA W 524 systemisch actief; het beschermde aldus gerst tegen meeldauw en komkommers tegen meeldauw en vruchtvuur. 相似文献
18.
The influence of rain and drought before, and air temperature during, weed control with hot water was studied in laboratory experiments on the test weed Sinapis alba (white mustard). The plants were grown in a greenhouse and treated outdoors. There was no difference in weed control effect when S. alba plants at the four‐leaf stage were treated at the air temperatures 7°C and 18°C. The effective energy dose for a 90% fresh weight reduction was 465 kJ m?2 for both air temperatures. Weed control of S. alba at the four‐ to six‐leaf stage in rainfall above the rainwater run‐off level increased the required effective energy dose by 20% (i.e. 120 kJ m?2) compared with dry plants. A short period of drought just before treatment on S. alba at the two‐ to four‐leaf stage increased the plant fresh weight reduction, which was 22% at low energy dose (190 kJ m?2) and 44% at high energy dose (360 kJ m?2). Hot water weed control should thus be carried out when the plants are drought stressed and avoided when the plants are wet. The air temperature seems to be of little importance in the range 7–18°C. 相似文献
19.
Ficld bean (Vicia fab a L. cv. Maris Bead) was susceptible both to simazine and dimefuron applied to the root system in culture solution at concentrations of 0–5 and above. Pea (Pisum satirum L. cv. Kelvedon Wonder). however, exhibited significantly greater tolerance them field bean to dimefuron between concentrations of 0.5 and 1.0. The Hill activity of isolated chloroplasts from pea was more sensitive to dimefuron than that from field bean qualitative (autoradiography) and quantitative experiments dcmonstrated that root-applied 14C dimefuron was more readily transported to the shoot system in bean than in pea. A double-pot experiment revealed that the effective site of uptake by the field bean is the root system: foliar uptake of 14C-dimefuron was shown, but little movement of label from the treated leaf oceurred. Adsorption of dimefuron on a calcareous loam soil was relatively low. It is concluded that fieltolerance exhibited by field bean to pre-emergence applications of dimefuron is due principally to depth protection: in pea. retention in the root provides an additional basis iS for tolerance. 相似文献
20.
The effect of chlorfenprop-methyl, flampropisopropyl and benzoylprop-ethyl on 14CO2 fixation was followed in wild oat (Avena fatua L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L., cv. Ametyst), and wheat (Triticum aestivum L., cv. Mironovská). Experimental plants were exposed to a 14CO2-enriched atmosphere in a special apparatus 2 h, 1, 3, and 9 days after the herbicide treatment. Chlorfenprop-methyl already inhibited 14CO2 fixation in wild oat plants 2 h after the treatment. 14C-metabolite transport to the roots was strongly decreased. Both 14CO2 fixation and 14C-metabolite level in the roots were significantly depressed in A. fatua when compared with untreated plants at the last sampling time. 14C incorporation into starch was inhibited from the first day after treatment, and on day 9 was lowered more than ten fold in treated plants. Flamprop-isopropyl inhibited 14CO2 fixation in wild oat plants from day 3 after treatment, but benzoylprop-ethyl not until day 9. Both herbicides also decreased 14C incorporation into starch in A. fatua. Chlorfenprop-methyl also slightly decreased 14CO2 fixation in barley on day 9. However, assimilate transport into the roots and 14C incorporation into starch were not affected. Flamprop-isopropyl inhibited 14CO2 fixation in barley plants only on the first day after treatment, and assimilate transport was also reduced. By contrast, no differences from untreated plants were found at the end of the experiment. Benzoylprop-ethyl did not decrease either 14CO2 fixation or assimilate transport to the roots in wheat, but it inhibited starch synthesis. Atrazine depressed 14CO2 fixation in wild oat plants by 91%, in wheat plants by 99% compared with untreated plants. Assimilate transport into the roots was also strongly inhibited. In contrast to atrazine, the effect of chlorfenprop-methyl, flamprop-isopropyl, and benzoylprop-ethyl on CO2 fixation seems to be secondary. 相似文献