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作物土传病害的危害及防治技术 总被引：14，自引：0，他引：14
近20年来,保护地在中国有了较大的发展,而保护地的发展和作物的连年栽培,导致土传病害和根结线虫发生越来越重,连续栽培3~5年后,作物产量和品质受到严重的影响,已成为生产中的突出问题。本文简述了我国重要作物如玉米、小麦、棉花、大豆、油菜的土传病害种类,以及高附加值作物黄瓜、番茄、茄子、辣椒、瓜类等作物的土传病害种类和20年来的变化。介绍了土传病害的防治方法,如农业防治包括轮作、抗性品种、嫁接、有机质补充、生物熏蒸、厌氧消毒;物理防治技术如太阳能消毒、蒸汽消毒、热水消毒、火焰消毒;化学防治技术如氯化苦、棉隆、威百亩、二甲基二硫、异硫氰酸烯丙酯、硫酰氟;生物防治技术如木霉、枯草芽胞杆菌、荧光假单胞菌、植物促生菌,以及预防为主的综合防治技术。种子、种苗消毒技术在本文中也进行了介绍。 相似文献
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MOHAMMAD AKHTAR 《Integrated Pest Management Reviews》1997,2(4):187-197
Efficient management of plant-parasitic nematodes requires the carefully integrated combination of several methods. Although each individual method of management has a limited use, together, they help in reducing the nematode populations in agricultural soils or in plants. A public desire for methods of managing plant pests in ways that do not pollute or otherwise degrade the environment has increased concomitantly with progress in research. Integrated pest management (IPM) provides a working methodology for pest management in sustainable agriculutural systems. In this paper, current methods for the management of plant-parasitic nematodes are discussed within the guidelines of IPM. The emphasis is on the methods by which decisions are made to manage nematode problems with the most effective and widely used management strategies. The advantages and difficulties associated with nematicidal chemicals (i.e. cost, reinfestation of soil after harvest, contamination of ground water and residues in fruits and vegetables), biological control (by predatory or parasitic fungi and nematodes) and management with cultural methods (including the use of uncontaminated plants or seeds, crop rotation, modification of sowing and/or harvesting times, trap crops and resistant varieties etc.) are considered 相似文献
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M. Gerlagh J.J. Amsing W.M.L. Molhoek A.I. Bosker-van Zessen C.H. Lombaers-van Der Plas J. Köhl 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2001,107(4):377-386
In two successive seasons, the effect of treatment of geranium stock plants with the competitive saprophytic fungus Ulocladium atrum as a biocontrol agent against Botrytis cinerea was compared to a fungicide treatment with Euparene M. B. cinerea incidence and severity on the stock plants, B. cinerea spore load in the air around stock plants and death of cuttings due to B. cinerea were scored. B. cinerea incidence and severity were much stronger in the second than the first experiment. This was quantitatively expressed by higher numbers of conidia of B. cinerea monitored in the second than the first year, both on necrotic (a maximum for the control of 27.5 × 106 spores per sample - all necrotic leaves of five plants - in experiment 1 against 86 × 106 in experiment 2) and green leaves, but numbers of conidia of B. cinerea recovered from the air were only slightly different. The death rate of cuttings was moderate in the first and extremely high in the second experiment. For the fungicide treatment, maximum sample values of 7% and 76% of 6-week old cuttings were killed in the first and the second experiment respectively. Treatment with U. atrum was effective in reducing all parameters studied. With the exception of the spore load of B. cinerea in the air and the success of cuttings, the effect of U. atrum varied from as good as the fungicide to half as effective. In the first trial, only Euparene M reduced spore load in the air, in the second trial only U. atrum consistently did so. In the first trial U. atrum reduced death of 4-week old cuttings, though less than fungicide (1.2, 20 and 38% killed with fungicide treatment, U. atrum treatment and control respectively). In the second trial only the fungicide reduced loss of cuttings. The impact of the data on the integration of U. atrum in a control system of B. cinerea in geranium is discussed. 相似文献
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K. Reinink 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1986,92(1):3-14
From 1981 to 1984, 27 experiments were carried out to evaluate and develop the EPIPRE system for supervised pest and disease management in wheat. The results of these experiments led to an adjustment of the EPIPRE recommendation for control ofSeptoria spp. After this adjustment only minor differences remained between EPIPRE and the general recommendation in the number and type of sprays and in net yields. The EPIPRE advice models for stripe rust, leaf rust, mildew and cereal aphids were reliable. More research is needed onSeptoria spp. and the modelling of pesticide action and efficiency. Reduction in pesticide application as a result of using EPIPRE was less than was expected at the start of the EPIPRE project. A reason for this is that pesticide use in wheat in the Netherlands is low in comparison with surrounding countries. Application of sprays above the level of EPIPRE recommendation were often found to be economically worthwhile, but their economic advantage, compared to the adapted EPIPRE recommendation or to the general recommendation, was small and did not justify intensive, high-input crop protection strategies. EPIPRE had positive educational effects, but probably few short-term economic benefits for the farmer. This limits the participation in the advice system. In the future the EPIPRE information on disease and pest management will be incorporated into a computerized management system for wheat growing, that comprises all crop husbandry measures from sowing to harvest.Samenvatting Van 1981 tot 1984 werden 27 proeven uitgevoerd om het EPIPRE-systeem voor geleide bestrijding van ziekten en plagen in tarwe te evalueren en verder te ontwikkelen. De resultaten van deze experimenten gaven aanleiding tot een forse aanpassing van het EPIPRE-advies voorSeptoria spp. Na deze aanpassing verschilden het EPIPRE advies en het Algemene advies, zoals gegeven door de Voorlichtingsdientst, nog slechts weinig wat betreft het aantal en het type van de bespuitingen en de netto opbrengst. De EPIPRE-adviesmodellen voor gele roest, bruine roest, meeldauw en bladluizen bleken te voldoen. VoorSeptoria spp. en het modelleren van de werking en efficiëntie van bestrijdingsmiddelen is meer onderzoek nodig. De reductie in het gebruik van bestrijdingsmiddelen door gebruik van EPIPRE bleek minder te zijn dan aanvankelijk werd verwacht. Een van de redenen hiervoor is dat het gebruik van bestrijdingsmiddelen in de tarweteelt in Nederland laag is in vergelijking met omringende landen. Vaker spuiten dan EPIPRE adviseerde bleek vaak economisch verantwoord, maar het voordeel t.o.v. EPIPRE of het Algemene advies was klein en geeft geen reden om over te gaan tot intensieve bestrijdingsregimes. Deelnemers aan EPIPRE waarderen de educatieve aspecten van het systeem, maar hebben waarschijnlijk op korte termijn slechts weinig economische voordelen van deelname. Dit bemoeilijkt de uitbreiding van het aantal deelnemers. In de komende jaren zal de EPIPRE-advisering ingebouwd worden in een compleet geautomatiseerd teeltbegeleidingssysteem, dat alle belangrijke teelthandeling van zaaien tot oogsten zal bevatten. 相似文献
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为探明在小麦不同生育期施用新型杀菌剂丙硫菌唑及施用次数对小麦赤霉病及籽粒DON毒素总量[包括脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(DON)?3-乙酰脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(3-ADON)?15-乙酰脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(15-ADON)]的控制效果, 2020年-2021年通过田间自然发病和人工接种发病试验的方法, 研究了小麦不同生育期施用丙硫菌唑及施用次数对小麦赤霉病的防效, 并通过液相色谱-串联质谱法测定了不同处理小麦籽粒中对DON毒素总含量?结果表明, 30%丙硫菌唑可分散油悬浮剂(OD)防治2次对小麦赤霉病的防效和对DON毒素的控制效果均显著高于防治1次; 防治2次时, 其首次最佳防治时期为小麦齐穗期至扬花20%, 防效为90.25%~95.13%, 毒素控制效果为77.35%~79.97%?30%丙硫菌唑OD作为防控小麦赤霉病的新型药剂具有良好的应用前景, 本研究为该药剂推广应用于小麦赤霉病及籽粒DON毒素的防控提供了科学依据? 相似文献
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一些蜗牛常栖息在高大植株上活动为害, 为探索其有效防治方法, 分别在玉米田及美国红枫( Acer rubrum L . )园选用5种杀软体动物剂进行喷雾法(在玉米田仅对植株喷雾、在美国红枫园对树体和地面喷雾)和撒粒法的防效对比试验。重复测量方差分析结果表明：26%四聚?杀螺胺悬浮剂1.125 L/hm2、45%三苯基乙酸锡可湿性粉剂1.125 kg/hm2、70%杀螺胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂0.75 kg/hm2、40%四聚乙醛悬浮剂1.125 L/hm2喷雾防治灰巴蜗牛( Bradybaena ravida )的效果均显著高于6%四聚乙醛颗粒剂7.5 kg/hm2地面撒粒的防效。不同药剂不同施用方法的防治效果随用药后时间的增加而降低。用药后第3天, 4种喷雾处理在美国红枫上的防效均在90%左右, 在玉米上的防效在80%左右。当蜗牛在高大的植株上栖息为害时, 可用上述药剂按750 L/hm2的药液用量对植株均匀喷雾, 必要时同时进行地面喷雾防效更佳。 相似文献
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植物源羊脂酸除草活性及其响应机制 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为研制新型植物源除草剂,需从植物中筛选具有除草活性的天然产物,本研究将椰子经物理压榨成椰子油,椰子油经皂化、酸化、蒸馏分段,再经气质联用仪鉴定其中具有除草活性的产物,并采用室内生测法和田间药效试验对该产物的除草活性进行评价,测定其在不同光照和浓度条件下对小飞蓬Conyza canadensis的3种防御酶——L-苯丙氨酸解氨酶、多酚氧化酶和过氧化物酶活性的影响。结果表明:从椰子油中筛选的具有除草活性的产物经鉴定为羊脂酸,气质色谱图中保留时间为6.20 min。羊脂酸具有较高的除草活性,EC_(50)为14.07 mg/L,100 m L的20%羊脂酸水乳剂喷施后15 d对20 m~2非耕地杂草的株防效和鲜重防效分别为90.25%和90.37%,即与对照药剂草甘膦异丙胺盐水剂除草效果相当。低浓度羊脂酸对小飞蓬的防御酶活性影响不显著,较高浓度下L-苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性显著上升,多酚氧化酶和过氧化物酶活性显著下降,当光强为100~120μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)、温度为18~20℃时,这种变化在完全黑暗条件下较完全光照条件下更为明显。表明羊脂酸除草机理可能与其抑制杂草的光合作用有关。 相似文献
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桂林植物园白蚁防治研究初报 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
桂林植物园的树木受白蚁危害率为27.1％,其中以家白蚁(Coptotermes formosanus)、黄翅大白蚁(Macrotermes barneyi)危害最大,分别占总危害率的61.2％和36.5％。受害树种以樟树最为严重,占受害树种的73.8％。利用白蚁活巢的指示物鸡枞菌［Termitomyces albuminosus (Berk)］、三踏菌(Termitomyces sp.)进行挖巢灭蚁,取得很好的效果,4年来共挖巢329窝,取得很好的效果。 相似文献
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为有效解决半夏田草害问题, 选择4种茎叶除草剂进行半夏田杂草防除田间药效试验。结果表明:10%乙羧氟草醚EC 50~60 mL/667m2 (制剂用量,下同)处理与240 g/L乳氟禾草灵EC 20~30 mL/667m2处理能有效防除半夏田金腰箭、辣子草、土荆芥、金荞麦、紫花香薷、针筒菜、尼泊尔蓼等阔叶杂草, 且对半夏安全, 药后21 d对阔叶杂草株防效、鲜重防效均达90%以上, 与禾本科除草剂8.8%精喹禾灵EC 40 mL/667m2或108 g/L高效氟吡甲禾灵EC 30 mL/667m2搭配使用对半夏田大部分杂草能实现较好防除。但两种阔叶除草剂持效期较短(30 d左右), 生产上可根据施药后期田间杂草发生情况, 采用人工拔除或进行第2次化学防除; 施药应避开中午高温时刻, 以免造成此类阔叶除草剂药害。研究结果可为半夏田除草剂的合理选择和应用提供科学依据。 相似文献
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在蔬菜田对不同生物防治技术组合对叶菜害虫的控制作用及其生态、经济效益进行了研究和分析,结果表明:生物防治技术组合对菜心和芥蓝害虫的防治效果比以化学农药为主的防治效果更好,能显著增加田间天敌密度,并能明显提高经济效益。 相似文献
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莱阳地区梨锈病防治适期研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
在山东莱阳地区,梨锈病菌冬孢子角自梨花现蕾期开始陆续成熟,成熟的冬孢子角遇1.5 mm/d以上的降雨,萌发产生担孢子。经2～3次降雨后,冬孢全部萌发,以后不再产生担孢子。梨树初花后35 d内对锈病最敏感,即为防治期。若该期内降雨量大于1.5 mm/次、叶面结露时间长于7 h/次,担孢子即可侵染。其侵染量与梨园周围越冬菌原的数量、降雨持续时间和品种抗病性等因子有关。田间试验表明:担孢子侵染后至病斑显症前(约7 d)是内吸性杀菌剂防治的有效时期。病斑显症后只有少数杀菌剂能抑制病斑扩展,20.67%氟硅唑乳油、10%苯醚甲环唑水分散粒剂和15%三唑酮可湿性粉剂3种药剂在病原菌侵入前喷施能有效地抑制担孢子侵染,持效期约7 d;担孢子侵染后喷药能有效抑制病斑显症,因此,要特别关注梨树初花时第1次降雨后梨锈病的防治。 相似文献
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