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1.
The EU project ‘DROPSA’ started in 2014 and aims to improve plant health strategies in the fruit sector. The project is being conducted by an international consortium of 26 partners consisting of phytosanitary organizations, companies, research institutes and universities and will last 50 months. Results will be disseminated via conventional publications and will be brought together in the development of risk‐based strategies to prevent the introduction of new fruit pests. This article describes the task related to the preparation of alert lists of pests that may be introduced into Europe with the trade of fruit. Activities of this task include the investigation of pathways of introduction for fruit pests into Europe, the development of alert lists for selected fruit crops and a review of current legislation. A review of introductions, interceptions and outbreaks that occurred during the last 10–15 years was conducted and is summarized, showing the relevance of fruit trade for the international movement of pests. Work has started on the development of alert lists for selected pathways. In this context, important fruit crops (including Malus, Vaccinium, Vitis, Citrus) were selected. 相似文献
2.
Within the framework of the EU project DROPSA (‘Strategies to develop effective, innovative and practical approaches to protect major European fruit crops from pests and pathogens’), a review on pests (including pathogens) that have fruit species as their host plants was conducted. The focus was on pests that have been introduced into Europe or were found in the fruit trade during the last 10–15 years. Among the 387 recorded pests, the following groups were identified: 1. fruit and vinegar flies, 2. scale insects, 3. fungi, 4. plant viruses, 5. bacteria, 6. pests of unknown risk, 7. tropical fruit pests, 8. pests that had an unexpected change of hosts, 9. fruit pests not likely to be transported on fruit and 10. ‘hitchhikers’ (non‐fruit pests intercepted on fruit/fruit plants, fruit pests intercepted on other commodities than fruit). The large number of pests identified, from different taxonomic groups and origins, shows that fruit are an important pathway for pests, threatening fruit production in Europe. 相似文献
3.
Sylvie Augustin Neil Boonham Willem J. De Kogel Pierre Donner Massimo Faccoli David C. Lees Lorenzo Marini Nicola Mori Edoardo Petrucco Toffolo Serge Quilici Alain Roques Annie Yart Andrea Battisti 《EPPO Bulletin》2012,42(3):515-551
This paper provides reviews of the most commonly used methods to detect plant pests belonging to groups of invasive organisms with high economic relevance, including Coleoptera (bark beetles, flathead borers, leaf beetles, longhorn beetles, weevils), Diptera (cone and seed flies, fruit flies), Homoptera (aphids, leafhoppers and psyllids, whiteflies), Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies), Thysanoptera (thrips), bacteria (potato brown rot Ralstonia solanacearum) and fungi (pitch canker disease Gibberella circinata, brown rot disease Monilinia fructicola). Future perspectives in detection methods are discussed, with particular reference to the considerable increase in the volume, commodity type and origins of trade in plant material from third countries, the introduction of new crops, the continuous expansion of the EU with new border countries being added, and the impact of climate change affecting the geographical boundaries of pests and their vectors. 相似文献
4.
This paper describes the database Q‐bank ( www.q-bank.eu ). This freely accessible database contains data on plant pathogenic quarantine organisms to allow fast and reliable identification. Development of accurate identification tools for plant pests is vital to support European Plant Health Policies. Council Directive 2000 ? 29 ?EC lists approximately 300 entries representing a large number of species (e.g. non‐European Tephritids contains approximately 3500 species) for which protective measures, against introduction and their spread within the European Community, need to be taken. The risk of introduction of pests into the European Union is increasing because of the increase in the volumes, commodity types and origins of trade, the introduction of new crops, the continued expansion of the EU, the numbers of international travellers and the impact of climate change. Identifying pests (in particular new emerging pests) requires staff with specialised skills in all disciplines (mycology, bacteriology etc.), which is only possible within large centralised laboratory facilities. Expertise in taxonomy, phytopathology and other fields in plant health, which are vital for sustaining sound public policy on phytosanitary issues, are under threat. Sharing knowledge on regulated and non‐regulated pests is necessary to manage a cost‐effective and efficient plant health system in the context of expanding globalisation of trade in plant material. 相似文献
5.
A quantitative model for trade pathway analysis of plant pest entry and transfer to a host in European Union territory 
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下载免费PDF全文 J. Holt A. W. Leach A. MacLeod D. Tomlinson M. Christodoulou J. D. Mumford 《EPPO Bulletin》2017,47(2):220-226
A quantitative pathway model, QPAFood, has been designed to support risk assessment for plant pest entry into European Union (EU) territory on a range of edible plant commodities via trade flows. The model calculates the distribution of an imported infested/infected commodity along a pathway into and within the EU from source countries, based on Eurostat data and other data/information. The model determines the implications of global trade pathways for the potential arrival of the infested commodity in the EU28 Member States. Within each Member State, the calculation proceeds by distributing the commodity according to uses, notably retail or processing, to the vulnerable area of commercial host crops determined in each NUTS2 region and then quantifies the consequent potential for pest–host contact which could lead to pest transfer. Annual and monthly estimates of contact risk are tabulated and visualized for Member States and NUTS2 regions. The model was developed originally for the European Food Safety Authority using four case studies of specific pest–commodity combinations. These pests had relatively limited host ranges and the model has now been extended in the context of the EC FP7 DROPSA project for the multiple commodity pathways associated with the highly polyphagous fruit pest Drosophila suzukii. 相似文献
6.
《EPPO Bulletin》2017,47(3):452-460
Specific scope
The purpose of the EPPO Standard on Quercus is to recommend to EPPO Member Governments the phytosanitary measures which they should use or require for Quercus plants and plant products moving in international trade to prevent the introduction and spread of quarantine pests. Some of these recommendations are addressed to all EPPO Member Governments, others are addressed only to countries considered to face a certain level of risk from the introduction and spread of the regulated pests concerned. All these recommendations were derived from:- EPPO Standards PM 1/2 (EPPO A1 and A2 lists) and the former EPPO Standards PM 2 (pest‐specific phytosanitary measures), or
- Pest Risk Analysis (PRA) carried out or reviewed by EPPO, or
- the Working Party on Phytosanitary Regulations.
Specific approval and amendment
First approved in 2010‐09 as PM 8/3 Quercus and Castanea. Revised and approved as a separate Standard PM 8/5 in 2017‐09 相似文献7.
We held interviews with 100 mango and cashew growers in Guinea, West Africa. Fewer than 20 questions dealing with the tree-inhabiting weaver ant Oecophylla longinoda were developed, based on local context and related research conducted on farmers' knowledge in other countries. More than half of the growers reported that ants protect their orchard from thieves. Apart from deterring snakes, about 46% of the growers mentioned that weaver ants reduce damage by fruit-eating bats; some reported that bats do dislike the smell of weaver ants. Whereas the relationship between ants and humans or conspicuous fruit bats is well understood, a quantitative appreciation of the effect of Oecophylla on small insect pests, such as fruit flies, is more complex. Despite the fact that 57% of the growers reported that Oecophylla had a positive effect on mango fruit quality, many classified Oecophylla as a pest due to its nuisance during harvest, and they requested the plant protection staff to help them with pesticides. Strategies to strengthen local ecological knowledge are discussed. 相似文献
8.
H. Schmutterer 《Anzeiger für Sch?dlingskunde》1998,71(2):36-38
In 1996 and 1997, several pests and a semi-parasitic plant species were identified as pests of the neem tree in Kenya, East
Africa. Some damage was caused by a gall mite (Phyllocoptes sp.) at Mbita Point in western Kenya in a nursery and on older plants. The potentially dangerous scale insectAonidiella orientalis was widespread in western Kenya but not harmful for the time being. In coastal areas the semi-parasiteCassytha filiformis was very common. This plant is able to kill mature trees growing under unfavourable conditions. As in West Africa, fruit
bats likeEpomophorus wahlbergi were useful due to their feeding activity on the pulp of ripe neem fruit, making consequently depulping (by man) was unnecessary. 相似文献
9.
J. C. Ostojá‐Starzewski 《EPPO Bulletin》2014,44(1):34-36
The finding of two pests which are on the EPPO Lists of pests recommended for regulation and are EU quarantine listed pests: Monochamus alternatus and Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, within the structural components of imported furniture are discussed. This highlights the plant health risks associated with this neglected pathway. 相似文献
10.
《EPPO Bulletin》2010,40(3):376-386
Specific scope
The purpose of the EPPO Standard on Quercus and Castanea is to recommend to EPPO Member Governments the phytosanitary measures which they should use or require for Quercus and Castanea plants, and plant products moving in international trade, to prevent the introduction and spread of regulated pests. Certain of these recommendations are addressed to all EPPO Member Governments, others are addressed only to countries considered to face a certain level of risk from the introduction and spread of the regulated pests concerned. All these recommendations are derived:- ? from the EPPO Standards PM 1/2 (EPPO A1 and A2 lists)
- ? from the former EPPO standard PM 2 (pest‐specific phytosanitary measures) (which was withdrawn in 2006 by the Working Party on Phytosanitary Regulations)
- ? from Pest Risk Analysis
- ? from the Working Party on Phytosanitary Regulations
- ? from the ISPM n°15 ‘Guidelines for regulating wood packaging material in international trade’.
11.
Control of the Bemisia tabaci/Tomato yellow leaf curl virus complex in tomato nurseries in Portugal*
According to EU and Portuguese law, inspection of horticultural nurseries is an important task for the Phytosanitary Inspection Services of the NPPO, which requires the introduction of some rules: official registration of producers and production of plant material of EC quality. Mainly as a result of the introduction of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) in 1995, tight control of registered nurseries was implemented in Algarve in order to ensure the production of young horticultural plants of good varietal and phytosanitary quality. A survey system was established in order to contain pests by trying to eradicate them in nurseries. Nurseries were obliged to adopt new technologies, including for example the compulsory use of screen nets, the improvement of the existing glasshouses and the implementation of strict rules for access of people to these places. The Administration (MADRP/DRAALG) has provided financial support in order to have new nursery glasshouses (without increasing the area) suitable for the control of Bemisia tabaci and other pests which may be disease vectors. It should be stressed that about 50% of nursery production in Algarve is used in other regions of Portugal, considered as EU Protected Zones for B. tabaci. 相似文献
12.
This study presents a list of invasive alien plants that are found along roadsides in seven selected European countries – Austria, Germany, the Netherlands, Ireland, Norway, Slovenia and Sweden – and an overview on the role of roadsides as a habitat for invasive alien plants. This compilation is based on national lists of invasive alien plants, a literature search and expert consultation. Comprising 89 species from 31 plant families, species introduced for horticulture dominate the list (65%). Thirteen species (14%) are widespread (occur in four or more countries) and include well‐known invasive plants such as Fallopia japonica, Heracleum mantegazzianum, Solidago canadensis and Solidago gigantea. Seventeen species are listed either on the EPPO List of Invasive Alien Plants or on the EPPO A2 List of pests recommended for regulation as quarantine pests. Five species are on the List of Invasive Alien Species of Union Concern (EU Regulation 1143/2014). The compiled list provides a snap‐shot of invasive alien plants currently found along roadsides in the selected countries. It allows for a more targeted approach to monitoring, containment and control of the most problematic invasive alien plants identified in each country. Moreover, the list may also be used to identify emerging (potentially) invasive alien plants along roadsides in other European countries that warrant monitoring and/or management. 相似文献
13.
A. S. ROY 《EPPO Bulletin》1997,27(4):571-579
For approximately 10 years, EPPO has been working on the development of certification schemes for fruit crops. The production of healthy planting material is an effective tool to ensure that plants moving in trade can be certified free from certain dangerous pests, and also to protect national crop production. In 1981, a first scheme giving the basic principles for the production of virus-free fruit trees and rootstocks was produced and approved by EPPO Council. Later, an EPPO Panel on certification of pathogen-tested fruit crops was created in order to expand the original outline scheme, and in particular to develop technical details of testing procedures. The first part, containing general requirements and explaining how plant material of known filiation passes through several categories of propagation (nuclear stock, propagation stock, certified stock), was published in 1991. It was followed in 1992 by technical appendices which gave details on viruses, virus testing, nematological analysis, thermotherapy, in vitro techniques, etc. The principles of this scheme are presented specifically in relation to almond. At present, the EPPO scheme covers the production of healthy planting material (varieties, rootstocks, seeds) of fruit trees in general, including Malus, Pyrus, Cydonia, Prunus and Juglans regia, but it must be noted that it is currently under revision, in particular to update the technical appendices and to divide it into four separate schemes for apples, pears, cherries and other Prunus. Finally, the fruit-tree scheme is part of a wider programme, covering also grapevine, Ribes, Rubus, strawberry, citrus, Vaccinium, olive, hop and hazelnut. 相似文献
14.
Bjørn Arild Hatteland Rafael De Andrade Moral Gunnhild Jaastad Gaute Myren Endre Bjotveit Irén Lunde Sekse Karin Westrum Nina Trandem 《Pest management science》2023,79(12):5292-5303
BACKGROUND
Integrated pest management (IPM) has a long history in fruit production and has become even more important with the implementation of the EU directive 2009/128/EC making IPM mandatory. In this study, we surveyed 30 apple orchards in Norway for 3 years (2016–2018) monitoring pest- and beneficial arthropods as well as evaluating fruit damage. We obtained growers’ diaries of pest management and used these data to study positive and negative correlations of pesticides with the different arthropod groups and damage due to pests.RESULTS
IPM level had no significant effects on damage of harvested apples by arthropod pests. Furthermore, damage by arthropods was mainly caused by lepidopteran larvae, tortricids being especially important. The number of insecticide applications varied between 0 and 3 per year (mean 0.8), while acaricide applications varied between 0 and 1 per year (mean 0.06). Applications were often based on forecasts of important pest species such as the apple fruit moth (Argyresthia conjugella). Narrow-spectrum insecticides were commonly used against aphids and lepidopteran larvae, although broad-spectrum neonicotinoid (thiacloprid) insecticides were also applied. Anthocorid bugs and phytoseiid mites were the most abundant natural enemies in the studied orchards. However, we found large differences in abundance of various “beneficials” (e.g., lacewings, anthocorids, parasitic wasps) between eastern and western Norway. A low level of IPM negatively affected the abundance of spiders.CONCLUSION
Lepidoptera was found to be the most important pest group in apple orchards. Insecticide use was overall low, but number of spray applications and use of broad-spectrum insecticides varied between growers and regions. IPM level did not predict the level of fruit damage by insects nor the abundance of important pests or most beneficial groups in an apple orchard. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry. 相似文献15.
分析了外来植物有害生物传入我国蔓延危害的主要特点、发展态势及潜在风险.我国防范外来植物有害生物入侵,主要存在管理体制、法规制度、检疫手段和技术、人员素质和资金投入等诸方面问题.加强植物检疫职能、整合检疫管理力量、构建快速反应机制、确保安全服务贸易等是有效防范外来生物入侵的重要组织步骤;完善植物检疫立法和管理体制、重视技术标准研制和采用国际标准惯例、加快有害生物风险分析和重新确定检疫性有害生物名录、改进植物检疫检验手段和技术、加强非疫区和非疫生产基地建设、设立植物检疫专项基金、加强国际合作与交流等尤为迫切. 相似文献
16.
17.
The European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis), the Mediterranean corn borer (Sesamia nonagrioides) and the western corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera) are the main arthropod pests in European maize production. Practised pest control includes chemical control, biological control and cultural control such as ploughing and crop rotation. A pest control option that is available since 1996 is maize varieties that are genetically engineered (GE) to produce insecticidal compounds. GE maize varieties available today express one or several genes from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) that target corn borers or corn rootworms. Incentives to growing Bt maize are simplified farm operations, high pest control efficiency, improved grain quality and ecological benefits. Limitations include the risk of resistance evolution in target pest populations, risk of secondary pest outbreaks and increased administration to comply with licence agreements. Growers willing to plant Bt maize in the European Union (EU) often face the problem that authorisation is denied. Only one Bt maize transformation event (MON810) is currently authorised for commercial cultivation, and some national authorities have banned cultivation. Spain is the only EU member state where Bt maize adoption levels are currently delivering farm income gains near full potential levels. In an integrated pest management (IPM) context, Bt maize can be regarded as a preventive (host plant resistance) or a responsive pest control measure. In any case, Bt maize is a highly specific tool that efficiently controls the main pests and allows combination with other preventive or responsive measures to solve other agricultural problems including those with secondary pests. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
18.
Products containing microorganisms as a tool in integrated pest management and the rules of their market placement in the European Union 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 Ewa Matyjaszczyk 《Pest management science》2015,71(9):1201-1206
Products containing microorganisms (bacteria, fungi and viruses) can be used in plant production as an intervention as well as a prevention method for pest control. Their utilisation is strictly in line with the principles of integrated pest management, provided that they are effective and safe. The rules of registration of microorganisms for crop production in the European Union differ, depending on whether they are placed on the market as plant protection products or not. For over 20 years, uniform rules for registration of plant protection products have been in force. Currently, 36 microorganisms marked up to the strain are approved for use in pest control in the Community. The decision concerning market placement of plant protection products containing approved microorganisms is issued for each member state separately. The approaches to market placement of other products with microorganisms differ within the EU, ranging from a complete lack of requirements to long and costly registration procedures. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
19.
近年来,学者对植物挥发性物质在功能和合成代谢方面的关注度越来越高。许多植物在被害虫侵袭后能够产生一些挥发性化学物质,而这些化学物质可以趋避害虫或吸引害虫天敌以达到间接防治害虫的目的。其中,(E)-4,8-二甲基-1,3,7-壬三烯((E)-3,8-dimethyl-1,4,7-nonatriene,DMNT)和(E,E)-4,8,12-三甲基-1,3,7,11-十三碳四烯((E,E)-4,8,12-trimethyltrideca-1,3,7,11-tetraene,TMTT)在高等植物中广泛存在。这2种物质能够在植物受植食性昆虫侵害后诱导产生,并起到吸引相应的害虫天敌前来从而达到控制害虫的作用。同时,它们还具有吸引授粉昆虫、诱导邻近植物防御反应和趋避害虫等功能。本文主要从这2种物质的发现、生态学功能、生物合成、研究展望与应用前景等方面进行探讨,综述近年来植物中DMNT和TMTT的研究进展。 相似文献
20.
A prioritization process for invasive alien plant species incorporating the requirements of EU Regulation no. 1143/2014 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 E. Branquart G. Brundu S. Buholzer D. Chapman P. Ehret G. Fried U. Starfinger J. van Valkenburg R. Tanner 《EPPO Bulletin》2016,46(3):603-617
When faced with a large species pool of invasive or potentially invasive alien plants, prioritization is an essential prerequisite for focusing limited resources on species which inflict high impacts, have a high rate of spread and can be cost‐effectively managed. The prioritization process as detailed within this paper is the first tool to assess species for priority for risk assessment (RA) in the European Union (EU) specifically designed to incorporate the requirements of EU Regulation no. 1143/2014. The prioritization process can be used for any plant species alien to the EU, whether currently present within the territory or absent. The purpose of the prioritization is to act as a preliminarily evaluation to determine which species have the highest priority for RA at the EU level and may eventually be proposed for inclusion in the list of invasive alien species of EU concern. The preliminary risk assessment stage (Stage 1), prioritizes species into one of four lists (EU List of Invasive Alien Plants, EU Observation List of Invasive Alien Plants, EU List of Minor Concern and the Residual List) based on their potential for spread coupled with impacts. The impacts on native species and ecosystem functions and related ecosystem services are emphasized in line with Article 4.3(c) of the Regulation. Only those species included in the EU List of Invasive Alien Plants proceed to Stage 2 where potential for further spread and establishment coupled with evaluating preventative and management actions is evaluated. The output of Stage 2 is to prioritize those species which have the highest priority for a RA at the EU level or should be considered under national measures which may involve a trade ban, cessation of cultivation, monitoring, control, containment or eradication. When considering alien plant species for the whole of the EPPO region, or for species under the Plant Health Regulation, the original EPPO prioritization process for invasive alien plants remains the optimum tool. 相似文献