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1.
The present study was conducted to identify new target immunogenic molecules from the larval stage of the cattle tick, Boophilus annulatus (Acari: Ixodidae). Two specific larval glycoproteins (GLPs) were isolated by two-step affinity chromatography. The larval immunogens were first purified with CNBr-Sepharose coupled to rabbit anti-larval immunoglobulins, and the glycoproteins were then purified with Con-A Sepharose. These glycoproteins have molecular weights of approximately 32 and 15 kDa with isoelectric points between 6.8 and 7.2. Antibodies against the two GLPs, labeled I and II, were detected in the anti-whole tick, -whole larval, and -gut antigens through immunoblot analysis. These results suggest that these GLPs are good immunogens and can be useful in the vaccination of cattle against tick infestation.  相似文献   

2.
The primary objective of this study was to determine the diversity and intensity of ticks found on camels (Camelus dromedarius) and their seasonal population dynamics in Kerman, southeast of Iran. For this purpose, a total of 426 tick specimens were collected from 217 infested camels in southeast of Iran during activating seasons of ticks (April 2009 to March 2010). The species collected from camel were Hyalomma dromedarii (84.7%), Hyalomma marginatum (8.7%), Hyalomma anatolicum excavatum (5.4%), and Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum (1.2%). The highest seasonal activities occurred in summer. The ratio of male ticks was more than female ticks. H. dromedarii was the predominant tick species and accounted for 84.7% of the ticks.  相似文献   

3.
Crossbred calves (Bos indicus×Bos taurus) were immunized with a fractionated midgut supernate antigen (GS-F Ag from Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum). The first inoculation on day 0 was given intramuscularly after emulsification with Freund's complete adjuvant; the second was given subcutaneously on day 14 in incomplete Freund's adjuvant; and the third on day 35 was given subcutaneously without adjuvant. Each injection comprised 1 mg of antigen protein. Ten days after the last inoculation, the immunized calves were challenged simultaneously with 1000 larvae and 20 pairs (20 males and 20 females) of adult H. a. anatolicum on one ear and a similar number of Hyalomma dromedarii ticks on the other ear. There was a significant decrease in the percentage larval engorgement and larval rejection of up to 34% on the immunized calves. A significant increase in the engorgement and preoviposition periods and a significant decrease in the engorged weight, egg mass weight and reproductive index were observed for adult female ticks when fed on the immunized calves. The GS-F Ag also induced a considerable degree of cross-protection in calves against H. dromedarii larval ticks.  相似文献   

4.
A survey was conducted to identify tick species and determine the prevalence of tick infestation in small ruminants of Miesso District, West Harergie Zone. Collection and identification of the ticks were undertaken from November 2007 to April 2008. All visible individual adult ticks were collected from the body of 328 goats and 40 sheep. The prevalence of tick infestation in goats and sheep was found to be 89.9% and 87.5%, respectively. In this study, ten species of ticks which grouped under four genera were identified. The most abundant species found in this study were Boophilus decoloratus (60%), Rhipicephalus pulchellus (25.1%), and Amblyomma gemma (11%). Hyalomma dromedarii was the minor species observed on goats. The difference in the prevalence of tick infestation between sheep and goats was not statistically significant (Χ 2   = 0.22, p = 0.63) but found to be statistically significant between male and females (Χ 2  = 9.8, p = 0.003). Attention should be given to the control and prevention of ticks, since they cause sever damage to the skins of small ruminants and thereby reduce the foreign exchange of the country; they also transmit some diseases which can cause sever loss to the productivity of these animals.  相似文献   

5.
In the present study, we report for the first time the efficacy of recombinant Bm95 mid gut antigen isolated from an Argentinean strain of Rhipicephalus microplus strain A in controlling the tick infestations in India. The synthetic gene for Bm95 optimized for expression in yeast was obtained and used to generate yeast transformants expressing Bm95 which was purified to apparent homogeneity. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of the purified protein confirmed its identity as Bm95. Vaccine was prepared by blending various concentrations of purified Bm95 with aluminium hydroxide as an adjuvant. Immunogenicity studies of the vaccine in rabbits and cattle indicated that the vaccine was highly immunogenic. The efficacy studies of the vaccine was done in cattle. Naïve Bos indicus cattle were vaccinated with the recombinant vaccine and were challenged with the larval, nymphal and adult forms of Rhiphicephalus haemaphysaloides. The vaccine protected the animals from larval, nymph and adult tick challenges with an efficacy of 98.7%, 84.6% and 78.9% respectively. The results obtained from the above studies clearly demonstrated the advantage and possibilities of the use of Bm95 in controlling R. haemaphysaloides infestations in the field.  相似文献   

6.
A study was conducted to identify the species of ticks found on camels (Camelus dromedarius) and their seasonal population dynamics in Eastern Ethiopia. Collection and identification of the ticks were undertaken at 2-month intervals from December 1997 to August 1999. On each occasion, all the visible adult ticks were collected from one side of the body of each of the same 17 camels. The most abundant species of ticks on the camels were Rhipiephalus pulchellus (85.2%), Hyalomma dromedarii (5.9%), Amblyomma gemma (4.0%) and Amblyomma variegatum (1.8%). The average tick load per camel was higher during rainy months than during dry months. The smallest number of ticks per camel was observed during the driest month (December), whereas the highest was recorded in the wettest month (August). Any strategy intended to mitigate problems of tick infestation of camels in this area should take into account the identified tick species and their season of abundance.  相似文献   

7.
Five experiments were carried out on the movement of partially fed male Rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks on rabbits towards other ticks of the same species. Male ticks pre-fed for 5 days were attracted towards pre-fed females, slightly attracted towards other pre-fed males, but not attracted towards nymphal ticks or recently relinquished feeding sites of adult or nymphal ticks. Female ticks fed for 5 days or longer were particularly attractive to male ticks which had also fed for 5 days or longer. Eight-week-old female ticks were most attractive to males, and 8-week-old male ticks most attracted to females. It is suggested that the male ticks may be attracted to the females by means of a sex pheromone, as has been shown in other ixodid tick species.  相似文献   

8.
In Ethiopia, ticks and tick-borne diseases are widely distributed and contribute to important economic losses. Several studies investigated the prevalence and species composition of ticks infesting ruminants; however, data on tick-borne pathogens are still scarce. During the study period from October 2010 to April 2011, a total of 1,246 adult ticks and 264 nymphs were collected from 267 cattle and 45 sheep in Bako District, western Oromia, Ethiopia. The study showed infestation of 228/267 (85.4 %) cattle and 35/45 (77.8 %) sheep with adult ticks. Overall, eight tick species, belonging to three genera (Amblyomma, Rhipicephalus, Hyalomma), were identified and Amblyomma cohaerens (n?=?577), Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi (n?=?290), Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) decoloratus (n?=?287), and Amblyomma variegatum (n?=?85) were the more prevalent species. A statistically significant host preference in A. cohaerens for cattle and R. evertsi evertsi for sheep was noticed. Molecular detection of piroplasms, performed only for adult ticks of two species of the genus Rhipicephalus (R. evertsi evertsi and R. decoloratus), revealed an overall prevalence of 4 % (8/202) Theileria buffeli/sergenti/orientalis, 0.5 % (1/202) Theileria velifera, and 2 % (4/202) Theileria ovis. The study showed that tick infestation prevalence is considerably high in both cattle and sheep of the area, but with a low intensity of tick burden and a moderate circulation of mildly pathogenic piroplasm species.  相似文献   

9.
Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi larvae were fed on the ears of rabbits. Seven days after larval infestation, unfed, newly moulted nymphae were manually removed to infest a splenectomized donkey showing a patent Babesia caballi infection. Engorged nymphae were collected from the donkey and the ensuing adult ticks were placed on a susceptible horse. The horse contracted a B. caballi infection showing a prepatent period of 19 days after tick infestation. A very low parasitaemia, (highest score 2), which was patent for only 10 days, was recorded. The lowest packed cell volume recorded was 16%.  相似文献   

10.
Lambs infected with adult Haemaphysalis punctata and rabbits infected with nymphs developed a macrocytic normochromic anaemia during seven and six successive infestations, respectively. The anaemia was directly proportional to the degree of infestation but disappeared several days after the termination of infestation. A leucocytosis, due to neutrophilia, was seen in both lambs and rabbits. Rabbits developed a thrombocytosis and reticulocytosis. Infested lambs grew less rapidly than uninfested animals. Signs of tick toxicosis and several other clinical manifestations appeared in both infested sheep and rabbits. Circulating antibodies against salivary antigen of adult H punctata were demonstrated in the sera of infested lambs by the micro-ELISA test. Titres were first detected on day 3 after infestation and increased gradually as infestation progressed. No precipitating antibodies in either infested sheep or rabbits were detected.  相似文献   

11.
Feeding by adult Amblyomma americanum ticks induced a level of immunity in rabbits to subsequent tick feeding that resulted in a significant decrease in tick feeding success and fecundity. Histological analysis of tick feeding sites in hosts expressing resistance revealed a predominant eosinophil response, with weak basophil and neutrophil infiltrates. While the basophil was never the dominant granulocyte at the tick feeding sites in resistant hosts, this cell exhibited the greatest increase in density (tenfold) over levels observed in hosts experiencing their first infestation; eosinophils and neutrophils exhibited increases of five- and twofold, respectively. Serum from animals that expressed resistance was tested for the presence of anti-tick antibodies to tick-derived salivary gland substances (SGA) by Western blotting. Western blot analysis of female-derived SGA compared to male-derived SGA, using the Avidin/Biotin technique, resulted in the identification of approximately 25 proteins from the female preparation, but only seven from the male. The use of 125I labeled protein-A as the probe for anti-tick antibody in Western blot analysis resulted in fewer recognized proteins. Serum from rabbits immunized with A. americanum-derived SGA emulsified with complete (CFA) Freund's adjuvant recognized most of the proteins identified by active serum, whereas serum from animals immunized with SGA in incomplete (IFA) Freund's adjuvant did not. Furthermore, both sera recognized a multiplicity of proteins from extracts of larval A. americanum Dermacentor variabilis and Boophilus microplus ticks, suggesting the presence of common antigens between these distantly related ticks. The results from this study demonstrate that rabbits acquire a strong immunity to A. americanum ticks characterized by the production of antibody. Furthermore, ticks secrete a number of substances into rabbits during feeding, as seen by Western blot analysis but only three may be crucial to the induction of host immunity; proteins at 41, 40 and 39 kDa. The purified anti-tick antibody will be used for subsequent isolation and characterization of crucial antigens.  相似文献   

12.
Several tick species of medical and veterinary importance occur in the southern Orange Free State. The purpose of the present study was to determine the host status of rock elephant shrews ( Elephantulus myurus) and Namaqua rock mice ( Aethomys namaquensis) for these ticks. Infestation levels were used as a criterion. The seasonal abundances of the ticks as well as the effects of landscape topography and sex of the host on infestation levels were also investigated. Incidental observations were made on the pouched mouse (Saccostomys campestris). No adult ticks were recovered from any of these small mammals. Seven tick species were found on the elephant shrews of which only Ixodes rubicundus and Rhipicephalus punctatus occurred in high numbers on a large proportion of the animals. Both these ticks cause paralysis in domestic stock. The Namaqua rock mice harboured eight tick species. Only Haemaphysalis leachi/spinulosa and R. punctatus had a relative abundance exceeding 15%. Three of the 10 pouched mice examined were infested with small numbers of ticks. The 132 rock elephant shrews examined harboured a mean total burden of 121 immature ticks compared to four on each of the 321 Namaqua rock mice. The larvae and nymphs of I. rubicundus occurred mainly in the colder months (April to September), while those of H. leachi/spinulosa preferred the warmer months (October to March). Large numbers of larvae of R. punctatus were present from December to July and nymphs from August to October. Infestation levels of I. rubicundus were consistently higher on animals trapped on southern slopes than on those trapped on northern slopes. The sex of the hosts seemed to have little effect on infestation levels.  相似文献   

13.
Five species of ixodid ticks, Amhlyomma hebraeum, Boophilus decoloratus, Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, R. evertsi evertsi and R. muehlensi, were commonly collected from impala (Aepyceros melampus) in the Mlawula-Mbuluzi-Simunye Nature Reserve and Protected Area complex in north-eastern Swaziland. The prevalence and apparent intensity of infestation of most tick species was greater on yearlings (13-24 months of age) and adults (> 24 months) than on lambs (≤12 months), and on adult males than on adult females. The packed cell volume and marrow dry weight were lower in impala infested with A. hebraeum, and in lambs and adults with moderate to heavy loads of R. muehlensi and/or R. appendiculatus. The age and sex patterns of tick infestation were probably determined by both body condition and host behaviour. The prevalence and apparent intensity of infestation of most tick species was greater in the unmanaged, densely populated area of the reserve than in the managed area from which impala had been culled. This trend was consistent in all months, and in all age classes.  相似文献   

14.
Recent studies have produced new insight into the origin and distribution of some cattle ticks in the south-western Indian Ocean islands. Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, introduced from Tanzania in 2002, is now well established on Grande Comore but has not yet reached the other islands of the archipelago (Mohéli, Anjouan and Mayotte). Only one of the two clades identified in Africa has settled so far. Amblyomma variegatum, which was not supposed to be able to persist in the Antananarivo region (1300 m) nor in other Malagasy regions of high altitude without regular introductions of ticks by infested cattle, is now endemic as a general rule up to 1600 m although other regions of lower altitude (1400 m) are still free of the tick. This species remains confined in a small area of the west coast on La Reunion Island. On the contrary, Hyalomma dromedarii could not settle on Madagascar where it was introduced in 2008 and Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi is not yet present in Grande Comore despite regular introductions by infested cattle from Tanzania. A phylogeographic approach has been carried out at an intra-specific level for A. variegatum. This study has led to the identification of two main lineages, one covering all species distribution and one restricted to East Africa and the Indian Ocean area. These two lineages are in sympatry in Madagascar where a high genetic diversity has been described, whereas a lower genetic diversity is observed on other islands. These results seem to agree with the historical data concerning the introduction of the tick in the Indian Ocean area.  相似文献   

15.
Objective To determine the duration of efficacy of a 4% deltamethrin‐impregnated collar for dogs (Scalibor® ProtectorBand, MSD Animal Health) against adult female paralysis ticks (Ixodes holocyclus). Procedures A controlled pen study was conducted. Dogs were artificially infested at 14‐day intervals with unfed adult female ticks for up to 140 days following application of the collar to the dogs. Efficacy was assessed by manually counting ticks on dogs at 24, 48 and 72 h after each infestation. Results Efficacy at the 72‐h count was 96% after the day 14 tick infestation. The 72‐h efficacy remained above 94% from the day 14 to the day 98 infestations, when efficacy was still 99.5%. Efficacy at 72 h was above 90% after the day 112 infestation and was still 93% at 72 h after the day 140 infestation. Conclusions The deltamethrin‐impregnated collar gave greater than 90% control of paralysis ticks for at least 14 weeks.  相似文献   

16.
Eight cattle immunized with cattle-derived Theileria parva Boleni stabilate together with six susceptible controls were released in Dombawera Game Park on the Highveld of Zimbabwe. This coincided with Rhipicephalus appendiculatus nymphal activity. The cattle grazed together with African buffaloes (Syncerus caffer) and were not treated against tick infestation. The nymphal tick infestation was high, and seven of the eight immunized cattle and three of the controls had severe and fatal reactions. Subsequently, two stocks of Theileria parva to be tested for their immunizing abilities were prepared-one from adult ticks which were fed as nymphs on one of the sick control animals (Dom 268) and the other from adult ticks collected from pastures grazed by buffaloes (Bv-1). Two groups of cattle were immunized with either the Dom 268-derived strain (eight animals) or the Bv-1-derived strain (four animals). These together with three non-immunized controls, were released in Bally Vaughaun Game Park in the Highveld, where buffaloes are present, during the season of nymphal tick activity. A third group of five cattle, immunized with stabilate Bv-1, and three non-immunized controls were released at the same site during the season of adult tick activity. The nymphal and adult tick infestations of the cattle were large and more than 2000 nymphs and 1000 adult ticks were counted per animal. Cattle were treated with a pyrethroid pour-on preparation to control the tick infestation and screw-worm strike. The immunized cattle in the three groups survived the theileriosis challenge for a period of 18 months, but the non-immunized control cattle suffered a severe and fatal theileriosis 19-23 days after being placed on the pasture.  相似文献   

17.
A survey was carried out to define the distribution of heartwater in goats that originated from six districts in communal grazing semi-arid areas of Zambia. A total of 181 samples (40.1%) out of 451 serum samples from adult goats were positive for Ehrlichia ruminantium antibodies after screening using indirect MAP-1B antigen ELISA technique with statistically significant differences (P < 0.01) between the six districts. Out of 1 036 adult goats examined for tick infestation, 105 were infested by ticks, with Amblyomma species being the most dominant tick encountered. Amblyomma variegatum, which is the vector for heartwater transmission in Zambia constituted 42.4% of the tick species, identified. The overall tick infestation rate was 10% while the tick:goat ratio was 2.1:1. Amblyomma variegatum appears to be widespread throughout the study area, as are antibodies to E. ruminantium.  相似文献   

18.
A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the species composition and prevalence of ixodid ticks infesting horses in three agroecological zones in central Ethiopia. For this purpose, a total of 1,168 horses were examined for tick infestation. An overall prevalence of 39.04% of tick infestation on horses was recorded. A total of 917 adult ticks were collected from infested horses. Amblyomma, Boophilus, Rhipicephalus, and Hyalomma genera with the respective prevalence of 3.2%, 1.8%, 29.2%, and 4.7% were identified. In the study, Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi was encountered with the highest prevalence (15.8%) whereas Amblyomma gemma was with lowest prevalence (1.5%). From the highland, Hyalomma marginatum rufipes (3.1%), Hyalomma truncatum (1.0%), and Boophilus decoloratus (0.3%) were identified. From the midland, R. evertsi evertsi (27.5%), Rhipicephalus pulchellus (18%), Amblyomma variegatum (3.6%), B. decoloratus (2.8%), H. marginatum rufipes (2.6%), H. truncatum (1.8%), and A. gemma (1.5%) were identified. R. evertsi evertsi, 107 (27.5%), was with the highest prevalence in the midland. From the lowland, R. pulchellus (22.3%), R. evertsi evertsi (20%), H. truncatum (3.6%), A. gemma (3.1%), B. decoloratus (2.3%), H. marginatum rufipes (2.1%), and A. variegatum (1.5%) were identified. In the lowland, R. pulchellus, 87 (22.3%), was the most abundant tick species. The overall prevalence of tick infestation on horses was significantly (P < 0.05) higher both in the midland, 225 (57.8%), and the lowland, 214 (54.87%), than the highland, 17 (4.4%). This suggests that horses in midland and lowland are at higher risk of tick infestation than those horses in the highland. Further studies on the role of ticks in transmission of diseases to equines and the importance of horses as alternative hosts in different parts of Ethiopia are needed.  相似文献   

19.
《Veterinary parasitology》2015,207(3-4):318-323
Haemaphysalis longicornis tropomyosin (HL-Tm) was amplified by RT-PCR. The cDNA contained a 825 bp open reading frame coding for 274 amino acids with a predicted theoretical isoelectric point (pI) of 4.55 and molecular weight of 31.7 kDa. Real-time RT-PCR analysis showed that the expression levels of the HL-Tm in the unfed-females were significantly higher than in other tested developmental stages (eggs, unfed-larvae and unfed-nymphs). Western blot analysis showed that rabbit anti-serum against H. longicornis unfed-adult ticks recognized the recombinant HL-Tm protein (rHL-Tm). Immunization of rabbits with the rHL-Tm resulted in a statistically significant reduction of female engorgement and oviposition. Silencing of HL-Tm by RNAi showed a decrease in tick engorgement and oviposition, which is consistent with the effect of recombinant protein vaccine on the adults. These results showed that tick HL-Tm might be involved in the regulation of ticks blood-feeding, growth and oviposition.  相似文献   

20.
Four genera of cattle ticks were found and identified during two tick surveys: Amblyomma, Boophilus, Hyalomma and Rhipicephalus. Amblyomma variegatum was the only species found of genus Amblyomma. The genus Boophilus was represented by two species: B. microplus and B. decoloratus, and the genus Hyalomma by two species: H. truncatum and H. marginatum rufipes. Ten different species of Rhipicephalus were identified: R. appendiculatus, R. sanguineus, R. compositus, R. pravus, R. simus, R. kochi, R. reichenowi, R. tricuspis, R. masseyi and R. punctatus.The results are compared with those from previous investigations conducted by the late Dr S.G. Wilson.All sites at which the different species of cattle ticks were found, and the distribution of each tick are illustrated by a series of maps. The territorial distribution of the ticks is discussed. R. appendiculatus was collected at five sites in the Shire Highlands, an area in which their presence has not been previously demonstrated.  相似文献   

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