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1.
In total, 360 pigs slaughtered at 125 kg of BW and destined for the dry-cured industry were used to study the influence of sex and castration [immunocastrated males (IMC), surgically castrated males (CM), and intact females (IF)] in 2 terminal Large White sire lines [Top York (TY) and Tempo (TE)] on growth performance and carcass and meat quality. The female line was Large White × Landrace. The IMC pigs were immunized against gonadotropin-releasing factor (GnRF) with Improvac at 78 (experimental d 16) and 126 (experimental d 64, 48 d before slaughter) d of age. Each of the 6 treatments was replicated 6 times (10 pigs/pen). Through the day of the first Improvac injection (62 to 78 d of age), IMC and IF grew at a slower rate (P < 0.001) than CM with no differences (P = 0.95) in feed intake. The CM had greater G:F than IF, with IMC being intermediate (P < 0.01). From 78 to 126 d of age (between Improvac injections), the IMC pigs ate less feed (P < 0.001) and grew at a slower rate than CM, with IF being intermediate. The IMC pigs were more feed efficient than IF, and both were more efficient than CM (P < 0.001). However, from 126 to 174 d of age (from the second Improvac injection to slaughter), IMC pigs grew at a faster rate (P < 0.001) and were more efficient (P < 0.001) than IF and CM. Overall, IMC and CM pigs grew at a faster rate (P < 0.01) than IF, and IMC were more efficient than the other sexes (P < 0.001), but had reduced (P < 0.001) carcass yield compared with CM and IF. The IMC and IF pigs also had less (P < 0.001) backfat depth than CM. Intact females had greater (P < 0.01) loin yield but less intramuscular fat than IMC and CM and greater (P < 0.05) fresh and trimmed ham yields than CM, with IMC being intermediate. Crossbreds from TE sires grew at a faster rate (P < 0.001) than crossbreds from TY sires, but no differences (P = 0.23 and 0.14, respectively) were found for feed intake or efficiency. Crossbreds from TY produced greater (P < 0.05) fresh and trimmed ham yield, but less (P < 0.01) loin yield and intramuscular fat content than crossbreds from TE. In conclusion, IMC pigs are more efficient, but have less carcass yield than CM and IF. The intramuscular fat content is least for IF and similar for IMC and CM. Crossbreds from TE sires were larger and had greater intramuscular fat content, but slightly less trimmed ham yield compared with crossbreds from TY sires. Immunocastrated pigs can replace CM for the production of heavy pigs destined for the dry-cured industry. Because of increased carcass weight, crossbreds from TE sires may have an advantage over crossbreds from TY sires.  相似文献   

2.
Sixty crossbred (Iberian dam × Duroc sire) females, 80 days of age (17.6 ± 0.13 kg body weight, BW), was used to investigate the effect of castration on productive performance, carcass and meat quality and fatty acid profile of backfat (BF). There were 2 treatments (intact females, IF; castrated females, CF) and 5 replicates of 6 pigs per treatment. Pigs were reared indoor under an intensive production system, ovariectomized at 92 days of age (26.1 ± 0.19 kg BW) and slaughtered at 267 days of age (143.6 ± 6.49 kg BW). Meat samples were taken at longissimus dorsi muscle at the level of the last rib and BF samples were taken at the tail insertion. For the entire experiment (18 to 144 kg BW), IF ate less feed and were more efficient than CF (P < 0.05). Also, IF had less carcass yield (P < 0.01) and fat thickness at the gluteus medius muscle (P < 0.05) and tended to have lower backfat depth (P < 0.10) than CF. However, IF had higher shoulder yield at 2 and at 24 h post mortem (P < 0.05) and after trimmed (P < 0.10) than CF. The pH24 of the semimembranosus muscle tended to be lower for IF than for CF. Also, IF had more moisture (710 vs. 691 g/kg) and less fat (66.4 vs. 91.2 g/kg) in the longissimus dorsi muscle than CF (P < 0.05). Meat from IF was more lightness (higher L value; P < 0.01), redder (higher a value; P < 0.001) and had more intensive color (higher c value; P < 0.001) than meat from CF. Backfat was more saturated in CF than in IF (P < 0.05), mostly because of the higher palmitic acid (P < 0.05) and the lower linolenic acid (P < 0.05) content. We conclude that intact females have better productive performance and shoulder yield but less carcass yield than castrated females and that castration does not improve meat quality. Therefore, when animal welfare, cost of castration, productive performance and carcass and meat quality traits are considered, the use of intact females rather than castrated females is recommended for the production of Iberian pigs reared under intensive management systems.  相似文献   

3.
Crossbred pigs (n = 200) from Duroc sires mated to Landrace x Large White dams, with a mean BW of 107.0 +/- 2.4 kg and intended for highquality dry-cured hams (Teruel ham) from Spain, were used to investigate the effects of sex (barrows and gilts) and slaughter weight (SW; 120, 125, 130, 135, and 140 kg of BW) on growth performance and carcass characteristics. For productive performance, there were 5 treatments based on 5 SW; each treatment was replicated 4 times and the replicate was a pen made up of 5 barrows and 5 gilts allotted together. For carcass traits, there were 10 treatments based on 2 sexes and 5 SW; each treatment was replicated 20 times and the replicate was a carcass. Barrows had fatter carcasses (P < 0.001) and wider hams (P < 0.01) but a lower yield of trimmed shoulder (P < 0.05), loin (P < 0.001), and ham (P < 0.001) than gilts. Also, castrates tended to show a greater proportion of final suitable carcasses for Teruel ham (P < 0.10) than females because more barrows than gilts fulfilled the minimum requirement of carcass weight and fat thickness in the gluteus medius (GM) muscle (P < 0.01). An increase in SW tended to decrease ADG and G:F (P < 0.10). In addition, dressing percentage, fat, and dimensions of carcass and ham increased as SW increased (P < 0.001). Although the weight of trimmed primal cuts (shoulder, loin, and ham) increased with SW, the yield of trimmed loin or ham decreased (P < 0.01). The proportion of final suitable carcasses for Teruel ham improved as SW increased up to 130 kg of BW but not thereafter (P < 0.001) because of an increase in percentage carcasses that fulfilled the minimum carcass and ham weight (P < 0.001) and fat in GM (P < 0.05). We can conclude that barrows were better than gilts when intended for Teruel ham. Furthermore, an increase in SW up to 130 kg in pigs impaired growth performance but improved some aspects of carcass quality that are required by the Teruel ham industry.  相似文献   

4.
We studied the influence of pen uniformity at weaning (7.5 ± 0.6 kg vs. 7.5 ± 1.2 kg body weight (BW ± SD)) and sex on growth performance during the nursery (7.5 to 27.3 kg BW) and the fattening (27.1 to 130.5 kg BW) phases and carcass quality of barrows and castrated females (CF). During the nursery phase, pigs from the more uniform pens had lower feed efficiency (P = 0.05) than pigs from the less uniform pens. Also, barrows had higher average daily feed intake (ADFI) (P < 0.05) and average daily gain (P < 0.001) and better feed efficiency (P < 0.001) than CF. During the fattening phase, initial pen uniformity did not affect growth performance of the pigs but barrows tended (P = 0.08) to have higher ADFI and worse feed efficiency than CF. Trimmed primal cut yield tended to be higher for the more uniform pigs and better for barrows than for CF (P = 0.09). It is concluded that regrouping of the pigs at weaning according to uniformity of BW did not affect growth performance or carcass quality of the pigs at slaughter. Castrated females might be used as an alternative to barrows for the production of carcasses destined to the dry‐cured industry.  相似文献   

5.
A restriction/realimentation feeding strategy was applied to pigs to increase the age at market weight and final ADG, modify protein and lipid deposition rates at carcass and muscle levels, and thereby improve eating quality of the pork. A total of 126 Duroc x (Large White x Landrace) pigs (females and castrated males) were used. At the average BW of 30 kg, within litter and sex, pairs of littermates (blocked by BW) were randomly assigned to ad libitum (AL) feeding during growing (30 to 70 kg of BW) and finishing (70 to 110 kg of BW) periods (AL, n = 56), or restricted feeding at 65% of the ADFI of the AL pigs, on a BW basis, during the growing period and AL feeding during finishing (compensatory growth, CG; n = 56). In each feeding regimen, 15 pigs were slaughtered at 70 kg of BW, and 41 pigs were slaughtered at 110 kg of BW. Additionally, 14 pigs were slaughtered at 30 kg of BW to calculate tissue deposition rates. The CG pigs showed decreased ADG (-35%, P = 0.001) during growing but increased ADG (+13%, P = 0.001) during finishing (i.e., compensatory growth) due to greater (P = 0.001) ADFI and G:F. Hence, CG pigs were 19 d older at 110 kg of BW than AL pigs. The CG pigs were leaner at 70 kg of BW than AL (e.g., 11.7 vs. 13.5 mm of average backfat thickness for CG and AL pigs, respectively, P = 0.023), whereas the differences were reduced at 110 kg of BW (20.6 vs. 21.0 mm of average backfat thickness for CG and AL pigs, respectively, P = 0.536). At 70 kg of BW, intramuscular fat (IMF) content of LM did not differ between CG and AL pigs (1.25 vs. 1.49%, respectively, P = 0.118), whereas CG pigs had less IMF in LM at 110 kg of BW (2.19 vs. 2.53% for CG and AL pigs, respectively, P = 0.034). Feeding regimen influenced the composition of weight gain. From 30 to 70 kg of BW, feed restriction reduced (P = 0.001) lean and adipose tissue deposition at the carcass level and protein and lipid deposition at the muscle level. From 70 to 110 kg of BW, the CG feeding strategy increased (P = 0.016) deposition of adipose but not of lean tissue at the carcass level. However, lipid and protein deposition at the muscle level were not affected. Thus, realimentation promoted deposition of subcutaneous fat over IMF. Feeding regimen hardly affected technological meat quality at 110 kg of BW. The CG feeding strategy decreased (P = 0.014) the meat juiciness score in relation to the decreased IMF but did not influence other sensory traits. Elevated IMF content and improved pork quality might be achieved by modifying the onset or duration of the restriction and realimentation periods.  相似文献   

6.
Body weights of finishing pigs can be variable within a finishing barn near the time of slaughter; therefore, it is common to market pigs over a period of time. This allows lighter pigs more time to gain BW and approach a desired end point. Use of immunological castration late in life to control boar taint, as an alternative to physical castration early in life, increases cutting yields of finishing male pigs compared with physical castrates. Because of common marketing strategies, it is important for advantages in cutting yields to span a broad spectrum of slaughter ages and BW. The primary objectives in this study were to evaluate carcass cutting yields, pork quality, belly quality, and bacon processing characteristics of immunologically castrated (IC) male pigs fed a moderate level of distillers dried grains with solubles and slaughtered at either 4 wk (early slaughter group) or 6 wk (late slaughter group) post-second injection. A total of 156 male pigs (physical castrates or IC males) were selected from a population of 1,200 finishing pigs. Data were analyzed with the MIXED procedure of SAS as a split-split plot design. Body weights of IC males were 3.60 kg heavier (P = 0.03) than physical castrates when slaughtered at 4 wk post-second injection and 7.52 kg heavier (P < 0.0001) than physical castrates when slaughtered at 6 wk post-second injection. Because of a lack of interaction (P > 0.05) between sex and time of slaughter post-second injection, some response variables were pooled. Hot carcass weights were not different (P = 0.57) between physical castrates (91.98 kg) and IC males (92.52 kg). There was a 2.77 percentage unit decrease (P < 0.001) in dressing percentage of IC males (71.78%) compared with physical castrates (74.55%). Lean cutting yields of IC males were 2.62 percentage units greater (P < 0.0001) than physical castrates and carcass cutting yields were 2.27 percentage units greater (P < 0.0001) for IC males when compared with physical castrates. There were no differences between IC males and physical castrates for shear force (P = 0.09), ultimate pH (P = 0.57), objective color (P ≥ 0.31), subjective color score (P = 0.64), or drip loss (P = 0.30). Bellies from IC males were thinner (P = 0.01) and had narrower belly flops (P < 0.0001) than bellies from physical castrates. There were no differences (P = 0.74) in cured belly cooked yield between IC males and physical castrates. Overall, immunological castration improved cutting yields, did not affect pork quality, made fresh bellies thinner, and did not affect cured belly characteristics when pigs were fed a moderate level of distillers dried grains with solubles during the finishing phase of production.  相似文献   

7.
肌糖原含量与猪生产性能、胴体品质及肉质性状间的关系   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
试验比较2个不同基因型猪肌糖原含量、生长性能、胴体品质和肉质的差异,并分析肌糖原含量与生长性能、胴体品质及肉质之间的相关关系。将7头纯种汉普夏阉公猪体重为(19.48±1.1)kg和6头长撒公猪体重为(20.5±1.5)kg在相同条件下进行单圈饲养,到体重达100kg左右时屠宰,并测定肌糖原、胴体品质和肉质。结果表明:汉普夏猪比长撒猪有较高的日增重(P>0.05),较高的肌糖原含量(P<0.05);长撒猪有较高的背膘厚(P<0.01),较低的屠宰率(P<0.05)、眼肌面积和瘦肉率(P<0.01);汉普夏猪有较低的pH2(P<0.05)、剪切力(P<0.05)和b值(P<0.01),但滴水损失和失水率(P<0.05)高于长撒猪。相关分析结果表明:肌糖原含量与眼肌面积和瘦肉率呈正相关,与剪切力、滴水损失、平均日增重、b值、pH1和pH2呈负相关,而与平均日增重、屠宰率和胴体长相关性不大。这表明肌糖原含量是影响猪胴体品质和肉质的一个重要因素。  相似文献   

8.
In each of 2 yr, 20 Holstein steers (185+/-7 kg initial BW) were allocated to each of three treatments: pastured for 4.5 mo on grass/legume pastures and then fed 80% corn diets (DM basis) until slaughter; pastured for 4.5 mo on grass/legume pastures with ad libitum access to molasses-based protein supplements and fed 80% corn diets until slaughter; and placed in a feedlot and fed only 80% corn diets until slaughter (FEEDLOT). Half of the steers in each treatment were initially implanted with Revalor-S and not reimplanted. Supplemented steers on pasture had greater (P < 0.05) ADG than unsupplemented steers, and FEEDLOT steers gained faster and were fatter (P < 0.05) after 4.5 mo. Implanted steers had greater (P < 0.05) ADG with no significant treatment x implant status effect. Supplement intake was variable and related to ambient temperature. During the feedlot phase, steers previously on pasture had greater DMI and ADG (P < 0.05) but were not more efficient than FEEDLOT steers. Percentage of USDA Choice carcasses, fat thickness, dressing percentage, yield grade, and final weight were greater (P < 0.05) for FEEDLOT steers than for steers on other treatments. Implanting increased ADG of all steers but did not affect carcass traits, carcass composition, or feedlot performance during the finishing phase. Holstein steers consuming supplemented and unsupplemented pasture before slaughter will be leaner, have lower carcass weights, and have generally lower quality grades than those fed exclusively in a feedlot when slaughtered at similar ages.  相似文献   

9.
One hundred-sixty Holstein growing-finishing steers (initial BW of 185 kg) were blocked by BW to determine the effectiveness of long-term bovine somatotropin (bST) administration on lean, skeletal, and carcass measurements. Steers were randomly allocated to 4 treatments (10 steers/treatment) within a block (n = 4 blocks). Treatments were control, no bST (C-C); bST from d 0 to 182 (bST-C); bST from d 183 to slaughter (C-bST); and bST from d 0 to slaughter (bST-bST). Steers received a s.c. injection of placebo or bST at 14-d intervals. Doses were 320 mg of bST/injection from d 0 to 112 and 640 mg of bST/injection from d 113 to slaughter. The last treatment was administered 31 d before slaughter. Steers received a 14% CP (DM basis) diet from d 0 to 182 and 11.5% CP from d 183 to slaughter that consisted of dry, whole-shelled corn and a pelleted protein-mineral supplement. Steers were slaughtered when BW per block averaged 615 kg (d 325, 353, 367, and 381 for the 4 blocks, respectively). Thirty steers were removed from the study because of poor performance with respect to their pen mates, illness, lameness, death, incomplete castration, and incorrect treatment. Serum IGF-I concentrations increased 151% (P < 0.01) from d 7 through 35 in bST-treated steers compared with control steers. During the first 182 d, bST-C and bST-bST steers were heavier (P < 0.01) and had greater (P < 0.01) ADG, G:F, hip height, and hip height gain compared with C-C and C-bST steers. From d 183 to slaughter, C-bST steers had reduced (P < 0.05) daily DMI and greater G:F than bST-C steers. At final slaughter, C-bST and bST-bST steers had greater (P < 0.05) hip height than C-C steers. Noncarcass weight was increased and dressing percent reduced (P < 0.05) in C-bST and bST-bST steers compared with C-C steers. Quality grade was least (P < 0.05) in bST-bST carcasses compared with C-C, whereas bST-C and C-bST carcasses were intermediate. At final slaughter, steers receiving bST had greater (P < 0.05) carcass protein and water composition and lower (P < 0.05) carcass lipid and lipid accretion than C-C steers. Bovine somatotropin was effective in reducing carcass fat and increasing edible lean. Administering bST to young, lightweight steers increased skeletal growth and noncarcass weight without an increase in total carcass weight, but decreased carcass quality.  相似文献   

10.
Crossbred pigs (n = 192) from Piétrain x Large White sires mated to Landrace x Large White dams, with a mean BW of 75 +/- 1.3 kg, were used to investigate the effects of gender and slaughter weight (SW) on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and meat quality. Pens of pigs (eight pigs/pen) were assigned randomly to one of six treatments arranged in a 2 x 3 factorial design with two genders (barrows or gilts) and three SW (116, 124, or 133 kg). Each treatment was replicated four times. Over the entire trial, barrows had higher (P < 0.001) ADFI (as-fed basis) and ADG than gilts; however, gilts had higher (P < 0.05) gain-to-feed ratios (G:F) than barrows. Barrows had lower (P < 0.01) dressing percents than gilts and produced fatter (P < 0.001) carcasses that had lower trimmed shoulder (P < 0.10) and ham (P < 0.001) yields than gilts. There was a trend for the semimembranosus muscle (SM) from barrows to have a higher (P < 0.10) 45-min pH than that of gilts, but 24-h pH was 0.11 pH unit higher (P < 0.01) in the SM of barrows than gilts. Gender had no (P > 0.10) effect on the moisture and lipid content of the longissimus muscle (LM), nor did gender affect (P > 0.10) LM color, myoglobin content, or thaw loss percentage. However, the LM from barrows had lower (P < 0.05) cooking loss percentages and tended to have lower (P < 0.10) shear force values than the LM from gilts. Pigs slaughtered at 116 kg had higher (P < 0.05) ADG than pigs slaughtered at 124 and 133 kg. Daily feed intake (as-fed basis) was not (P > 0.10) different among SW; however, pigs slaughtered at 116 and 124 kg had higher (P < 0.001) G:F than those slaughtered at 133 kg. Dressing percent, backfat depth, carcass length, and ham and shoulder weights increased (P < 0.001) as SW increased from 116 to 133 kg. The initial (45-min) pH of the SM from pigs slaughtered at 133 kg was higher (P < 0.05) than from pigs slaughtered at 116 or 124 kg; however, 24-h pH was not (P > 0.10) affected by SW. The LM from pigs slaughtered at 133 kg was darker (lower L* values; P < 0.001), redder (higher a* value; P < 0.01), and had more (P < 0.001) myoglobin than the LM of pigs slaughtered at 116 and 124 kg. Barrows and gilts of this particular crossbreed can be used to produce acceptable quality fresh pork when slaughtered at 116 kg; however, increasing SW to 124 kg, or more, decreased live pig performance and carcass leanness without any additional benefits to pork quality attributes.  相似文献   

11.
An experiment was conducted to determine the efficacy of dietary betaine, CLA, or both as growth promotants and carcass modifiers in growing Iberian pigs. Twenty gilts (20 kg of BW) were individually penned and fed barley- and soybean meal-based diets (12% CP, 0.81% Lys, and 14.8 MJ of ME/kg of DM) containing either no added betaine or CLA (control), 0.5% betaine, 1% CLA, or 0.5% betaine + 1% CLA, at 95% of ad libitum energy intake. An additional group of 5 pigs was slaughtered at the beginning of the experiment to obtain the initial body composition. At 30 kg of BW, a balance experiment was conducted. At 50 kg of BW, pigs were slaughtered and viscera was removed and weighed. Betaine or CLA alone did not affect growth performance. However, betaine + CLA increased ADG (601 vs. 558 g, P = 0.03) and gain relative to ME intake (25.4 vs. 22.2 g/MJ, P = 0.03) compared with control pigs. Digestibility of nutrients and metabolizability of energy did not differ among diets (P = 0.46 to 0.75). Carcass protein, water, and lean deposition (g/d) increased (19.8, 24.2, and 23.4%, respectively, P < 0.01) in pigs fed betaine + CLA compared with control pigs. Similarly, protein deposition relative to ME intake increased by 28% in betaine + CLA-supplemented pigs (P < 0.05). Fat and mineral deposition did not differ among treatments. Carcass protein, water, and lean content (g/kg of carcass) of pigs fed betaine + CLA-supplemented diets tended to increase (P = 0.07 to 0.09) and carcass fat content tended to decrease (P = 0.09). Similarly, estimated composition of carcass gain was affected, such that water and lean content tended to increase (P = 0.06 to 0.08), whereas fat tended to decrease (P = 0.08) in pigs fed betaine + CLA-supplemented diets. Longissimus muscle area was not altered by treatments (P = 0.49). The liver of pigs fed betaine + CLA diets had increased weight (19%, P < 0.05) compared with control pigs. Overall, dietary supplementation of betaine + CLA increased ADG, protein, water, and lean deposition in growing Iberian gilts. There appears to be a synergistic action when betaine and CLA are used together.  相似文献   

12.
The objective of this experiment was to determine if increasing lysine in the diets of immunologically castrated (IC) male pigs would increase percentage fat free lean and carcass cutting yields when compared with physical castrates. The anti-gonadotropin-releasing factor (GnRF) immunological product (Improvest, Pfizer Animal Health) is used worldwide to immunologically castrate entire male pigs to control boar taint and take advantage of the inherent ability of the entire male to deposit more muscle, less fat, and grow more efficiently than physically castrated males. The immunization process essentially allows the pig to grow as an entire male pig for most of its life and then removes any boar odor (boar taint) before slaughter. Reported lean meat advantages may also provide economic benefits to the domestic meat industry. Approximately 1,200 male pigs [physical castrates, IC males, and entire males] were each assigned to 1 of 4 diet programs which differed in lysine content. In each case, lysine was fed in a conventional step-down program that culminated with the following concentrations in the late finishing diet: physical castrates fed low lysine (0.7%), IC fed low lysine (0.7%), IC fed low/medium lysine (0.8%), IC fed medium/high lysine (0.9%), IC fed high lysine (1.0%), and entire males fed high lysine (1.0%). At 25 wk of age (5 wk post-second injection), pigs were individually weighed and the 2 pigs (n=96) in each pen closest to the median pig BW were selected and slaughtered. The right side of each carcass was dissected into soft tissue, skin, and bone. Proximate composition was determined on the soft tissue to determine percentage fat-free lean. The left side of each carcass was weighed and initially fabricated into ham, loin, belly, and whole shoulder. Each primal piece was weighed again and further fabricated into respective subprimal cuts. Immunological castration did not change (P>0.05) shear force values or ultimate pH when compared with either physical castrates or entire males. Marbling appeared to decrease as dietary lysine was increased among IC males. As expected, IC males had a greater (P<0.05) percentage fat-free lean than physical castrates but less (P<0.05) than entire males. Immunologically castrated males fed diets with medium/high and high lysine had greater (P<0.05) lean cutting yields and carcass cutting yields than physical castrates. Lean cutting yield and carcass cutting yields appeared to increase as dietary lysine was increased among IC males. Overall, immunological castration improved carcass cutability, increased percentage fat free lean, and had no effect on pork quality when compared with physical castrates.  相似文献   

13.
Barrows and gilts (n = 128) from four breed crosses were used to investigate the effect of age at slaughter on carcass traits, proteolytic enzyme activity, and meat and fat quality. Pigs were blocked by breed cross into four blocks, and within blocks, one pen (eight barrows and eight gilts) was assigned randomly to be slaughtered at either 8 or 10 mo of age. Pigs were fed a corn-barley-soybean meal finisher diet from 104 +/- 2.5 d of age (37.7 +/- 0.33 kg BW) to the appropriate slaughter age. Carcasses from older (10 mo) pigs had lower (P < 0.01) muscularity indexes and lean cut yields than those of younger (8 mo) pigs, but dressing percentage and longissimus muscle area increased (P < 0.01) with age. Older pigs produced a redder (P < 0.01) and darker (P < 0.05) semimembranosus, with lower (P < 0.01) ultimate pH and cathepsin B and B + L activities, as well as higher (P < 0.01) aminopeptidase hydrolyzing activity than younger pigs. Moreover, the longissimus muscle of pigs slaughtered at 10 mo of age had lower (P < 0.01) drip and cooking loss percentages than that from pigs slaughtered at 8 mo of age. Ham subcutaneous fat from 10-mo-old pigs had greater (P < 0.05) percentages of oleic acid and lower (P < 0.01) proportions of moisture, linoleic, and linolenic acids than subcutaneous fat from pigs slaughtered at 8 mo of age. Results from this study indicate that fresh hams from pigs slaughtered at 10 mo of age would be more suitable for the production of high-quality, Italian, dry-cured hams.  相似文献   

14.
Neonatal pigs were treated with lipolytic agents to determine whether this would cause a long-term decrease in their ability to deposit fat, with a consequent increase in muscle growth and feed efficiency. Groups of 25 female piglets were given clenbuterol (100 microg/kg BW), porcine somatotropin (pST; 100 microg/kg BW), pST plus clenbuterol, or saline injections from 3 d to 40 d of age. Five piglets from each group were then slaughtered to determine body composition. Clenbuterol and pST both increased ADG up to weaning when given separately (24%, P < 0.05; 20%, P < 0.1 respectively) but did not reduce fat deposition. In contrast, pigs given clenbuterol plus pST showed no increase in ADG and a 41% reduction in carcass fat (P < 0.05). Clenbuterol caused a marked decrease in beta2-adrenoceptor density in porcine adipose tissue (P < 0.001) and skeletal muscle (P < 0.01). This effect was attenuated by concurrent pST treatment, which helps to explain the synergistic effect of these drugs on fat deposition. Once the drugs were withdrawn at 40 d, the anabolic effect of pST gradually disappeared, so that the live weight of pST-treated and control pigs was identical at 168 d. Clenbuterol withdrawal caused the rapid loss of extra weight gained, plus an additional 4 to 5 kg live weight that was never recovered. During the 4-wk finishing period there was an increase in feed intake in pigs that had previously undergone treatment with pST (23%, P < 0.1), with no increase in ADG, and so feed efficiency was impaired (P < 0.05). Pigs that were treated with pST plus clenbuterol showed no marked increase in feed intake during this period. Carcasses from clenbuterol-treated pigs tended to be leaner at 168 d, but there was no long-term effect of pST or the combined treatment on carcass composition. Overall, the treatment of neonatal pigs with repartitioning agents was counter-productive, due to the withdrawal effects of the beta-adrenefgic agonist and the delayed long-term effect of pST on feed intake.  相似文献   

15.
A total of 120 pigs [Duroc × (Landrace × Large White); initial average BW: 100.3 ± 2.5 kg] were used to investigate the effects of sex (barrows and gilts) and dietary total Lys restriction (7.0, 6.5, and 6.0 g·kg(-1)) on growth performance and carcass, meat, and fat characteristics. Pigs were intended for high-quality dry-cured ham from Spain (called Teruel ham), and a minimum fat thickness at the gluteus medius muscle (GM) is required (16 mm) for carcasses to be acceptable. Animals were slaughtered when they reached 129.0 ± 3.6 kg of BW. There were 6 treatments arranged factorially (2 sexes × 3 dietary Lys concentrations) and 4 replicates of 5 pigs per treatment. Barrows consumed more feed (P = 0.001) and tended to have less G:F (P = 0.06) than gilts. Carcasses from barrows were fatter (P = 0.001) and had heavier main trimmed lean cuts (P = 0.008) than gilts. A greater proportion of final acceptable carcasses for Teruel ham (P = 0.001) was observed in barrows than in gilts because of the greater percentage of carcasses that fulfill the minimum fat depth at GM required (P = 0.001). Meat from barrows had greater content of intramuscular fat (P = 0.02) than meat from gilts. Also, subcutaneous fat from barrows had less proportion of PUFA than fat from gilts (P = 0.02). A reduction in dietary Lys concentration decreased ADG (P = 0.004) and ADFI (P = 0.001) in pigs. In addition, backfat depth (P = 0.007) and fat at GM (P = 0.07) increased as dietary Lys decreased. The proportion of carcasses that fulfilled the minimum fat depth at GM required for Teruel ham increased as dietary Lys decreased in feed, but this effect was greater in gilts than in barrows (sex × Lys, P = 0.02). Meat and fat quality was not influenced by dietary treatment. We conclude that different feeding programs with different dietary Lys concentrations may be needed for barrows and gilts intended for production of dry-cured hams where a minimum carcass fat depth is required.  相似文献   

16.
Corn kernel composition may affect its nutritive value and, thus, pig growth performance and carcass characteristics. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of the chemical and physical traits of corn kernels from different hybrids on the growth performance and carcass characteristics of pigs. A total of 288 crossbred pigs were grown in a 3-phase program from 21 kg of BW until slaughter at 113 kg of BW with 12 pens (4 pigs/pen) per dietary treatment. Target BW for each phase were 20 to 40 kg (grower 1), 40 to 80 kg (grower 2), and 80 to 120 kg (finisher). In each phase, diets were formulated to be marginally deficient in Lys, TSAA, Ca, Na, and nonphytate P to improve the likelihood of detecting differences in performance due to corn hybrid. Each of 6 corn hybrids represented a wide range of kernel chemical and physical traits and was substituted for corn in a common diet formulation on an equal weight basis to make the 6 dietary treatments. Physical and chemical composition of the kernels were analyzed and correlated with performance measures by multivariate ANOVA. Kernel density was correlated with i.m. fat (IMF) content in LM (r = -.35, P < 0.05). Stenvert grinding time was correlated (P < 0.05) with ADG during the grower 1 phase (r = 0.26), ADFI during the grower 2 phase (r = 0.27), final BW (r = 0.27), and IMF (r = -0.36). The amylose content of the cornstarch was correlated (P < 0.05) with ADG during the grower 2 phase (r = -0.28) and with BW at the end of the grower 2 phase (r = -0.27). The NDF content of the kernels was correlated (P < 0.05) with ADG during the finisher phase (r = -0.30), final BW (r = -0.33), and number of days to market (r = 0.31). The ADF content of the kernels was correlated (P < 0.05) with ADG during the grower 1 phase (r = -0.26), final BW (r = -0.26), and IMF (r = 0.31). The correlations of performance measure variation with individual kernel hybrid physical and chemical traits were statistically significant yet not large enough to base corn hybrid selection for feeding pigs on any single kernel chemical or physical trait.  相似文献   

17.
Growth, development, and carcass composition in five genotypes of swine.   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
An experiment with 127 barrows representing five genotypes, 1) H x HD, 2) SYN, 3) HD x L[YD], 4) L x YD, and 5) Y x L (H = Hampshire, D = Duroc, SYN = synthetic terminal sire line, L = Landrace, and Y = Yorkshire), was conducted to evaluate growth and development of swine from 59 to 127 kg live weight. Animals were allowed ad libitum access to a pelleted finishing diet containing 18.5% CP, .95% lysine, and 10.5% fat, with an energy density of 3,594 kcal of ME/kg. Pigs were serially slaughtered at either 59, 100, 114, or 127 kg live BW. After slaughter, carcasses were chilled and backfat was measured at four locations. The right side of each carcass was fabricated into primal cuts of ham, loin, Boston Butt, picnic, and belly. Composition of each primal cut was determined by physical dissection into lean, fat, bone, and skin. Estimated allometric growth coefficients for carcass length, carcass weight, and longissimus muscle area relative to BW; carcass lean, fat, bone, and skin relative to both BW and carcass weight; and lean in each of the primal cuts relative to total carcass lean did not differ (P greater than .05) among genotypes. Relative to BW, the pooled growth coefficient(s) for carcass weight was (were) greater (P less than .001) than unity, whereas those for carcass length, longissimus muscle area, and backfat at first rib were smaller (P less than .001) than unity. Those for other backfat measurements were close to 1.00. Relative to either BW or carcass weight, the pooled coefficient(s) for fat was (were) greater (P less than .001) than unity, whereas those for lean, bone, and skin were smaller (P less than .001) than unity. Growth of lean, backfat, bone, and skin in the carcass were nearly linearly associated with increases in BW. The increase in fat weight was curvilinear as the pig grew and was accelerated in later growth stages, indicating that carcass fat percentage increased with increased BW.  相似文献   

18.
The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of metabolizable energy intake (MEI) on changes in fat depots of adult Pelibuey ewes fed roughage diets under tropical conditions. Eighteen 3-year-old Pelibuey ewes with similar body weight (BW) of 37.6 ± 4.0 kg and body condition score (BCS) of 2.5 ± 0.20 were randomly assigned to three groups of six ewes each in a completely randomized design. Ewes were housed in metabolic crates and fed three levels of MEI: low (L), medium (M), and high (H) for 65 days to achieve different BW and BCS. At the end of the experiment, the ewes were slaughtered. Data recorded at slaughter were: weights of viscera and carcass. Internal fat (IF, internal adipose tissue) was dissected, weighed, and grouped as pelvic (around kidneys and pelvic region), omental, and mesenteric regions. Carcass was split at the dorsal midline in two equal halves, weighed, and chilled at 6°C during 24 h. After refrigeration, the left half of the carcass was completely dissected into subcutaneous and intermuscular fat (carcass fat). Dissected carcass fat (CF) of the left carcass was adjusted as whole carcass. At low levels of MEI, proportion of IF and CF was approximately 50%; however, as the MEI was increased, the proportion of IF was increased up to 57% and 60% for M and H, respectively. Omental and pelvic fat depots were those which increased in a larger proportion with respect to the mesenteric fat depot. Regression equations between the weight of each body fat depot and BW had a coefficient of determination (r 2) that ranged between 0.37 for mesenteric fat and 0.87 for CF. The regression with BCS had a r 2 that ranged between 0.57 for mesenteric and 0.71 for TBF. BW was the best predictor for TBF, CF, omental fat, and pelvic fat; whereas, BCS was better than BW in predicting IF and mesenteric fat. Inclusion of both BW and BCS in multiple regressions improved the prediction for all fat depots, except for pelvic fat, which was best estimated by BCS alone. The greater slope of the regression for the pelvic fat depot equation, relative to TBF (1.40), EBW (4.02), and BCS (2.36), suggested that pelvic fat has a greater capacity to accumulate and mobilize fat. These results indicated that adult Pelibuey ewes seem to store a considerable proportion of absorbed energy in the IF depots rather than in the carcass.  相似文献   

19.
Two experiments were conducted to determine independent effects of BW and DE intake on body composition and the partitioning of retained body energy between lipid and protein in pigs with high lean tissue growth potentials and when energy intake limited whole-body protein deposition. In a preliminary N-balance experiment involving 20 entire male pigs at either 30 or 100 kg BW, it was established that whole-body protein deposition increased linearly (P < 0.05) with DE intake at both BW. These results indicate that DE intake controlled whole-body protein deposition and that these pigs did not achieve their maximum whole-body protein deposition when fed semi-ad libitum. In the main serial slaughter experiment, 56 pigs, with a BW of 15 kg, were assigned to one of four DE intake schemes and slaughtered at 40, 65, 90, or 115 kg BW. Within DE intake schemes, DE intake was increased linearly (P < 0.05) with BW, allowing for an assessment of effects of DE intake and slaughter BW on chemical and physical body composition (carcass, viscera, blood). Between 15 and 90 kg BW, average DE intake of 16.1, 20.9, 25.2, and 28.8 MJ/d supported average BW gains of 502, 731, 899, and 951 g/d, respectively. The proportion of whole-body protein present in the carcass increased with BW and decreased with DE intake (P < 0.05), whereas the distribution of whole-body lipid between carcass and viscera was not influenced by BW and DE intake. A mathematical relationship was developed to determine the relationship between DE intake at slaughter (MJ/d) and chemical body composition in these pigs: whole-body lipid-to-protein ratio = 1.236 - 0.056 x (DE intake) + 0.0013 x (DE intake)2, r2 = 0.71. The data suggests that absolute DE intake alone was an adequate predictor of chemical body composition in this population of entire male pigs over the BW and DE intake ranges that were evaluated, simplifying the characterization of this aspect of nutrition partitioning for growth in different pig populations.  相似文献   

20.
Crossbred heifers (initially 24 mo, approximate age and 378 +/- 32.1 kg BW) were used to evaluate the influence of pregnancy and advancing gestation on DMI, BW, carcass weight, ruminal characteristics, and visceral organ mass. Heifers (naturally serviced (n = 22; nonpregnant controls, n = 17), were grouped in common pens. Heifers were provided corn silage and hay-based diets formulated to provide 0.45 kg of ADG. Treatments were pregnancy and nonpregnancy; pregnant and nonpregnant heifers were slaughtered on d 40, 120, 200, and 270. Live weight at slaughter and BW change throughout the trial were not influenced by pregnancy (P > 0.1). Carcass weight per unit of BW was decreased due to pregnancy (P < 0.05) and an interaction was found in eviscerated BW (EvBW; P < 0.1), with the pregnant heifers having greater live weights, carcass weights, and EvBW at the d-200 slaughter period. Ruminal fluid fill and total fill (g/kg BW) declined as slaughter period advanced, resulting in the pregnant heifers having less fill at d 270 (P< 0.07). However, ME intake was not different between pregnant and nonpregnant heifers (P > 0.1) at any of the slaughter periods. Heart mass responded differently when nonpregnant and pregnant were analyzed over time and an interaction was detected as slaughter period advanced (P < 0.1). Liver, duodenum, jejunum, and large intestinal mass were not responsive to pregnancy (P > 0.1). Data indicate that ruminal fill is altered by pregnancy but visceral organ mass is not greatly changed by treatment.  相似文献   

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