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1.
Summary The effects of the presence of Folsomia candida on substrate-induced respiration, CO2-C evolution, bacterial count and NH 4 + -N were investigated in a grassland soil. Differences in these parameters, with the exception of NH 4 + , were correlated with the age of the collembolan Folsomia candida. In the presence of juvenile animals total CO2-C evolution was enhanced, but substrate-induced respiration and the bacterial count were unchanged. In fumigated soil with imagos, substrate-induced respiration and the number of bacteria were increased, but total CO2-C evolution was unaltered. Different food selection strategies between adults and juvenile animals may explain the results.  相似文献   

2.
Laboratory experiments were carried out to investigate the fate of bacteria during and after passage through the intestinal tract of detritivore earthworms. Earthworms (Lumbricus spp.) were fed with cattle dung inoculated 7 days previously with one of five different Gram-negative bacteria. Bacterial concentrations were determined 2 days later in dung and soil, and in gut material from different parts of the earthworm intestinal tract. A high percentage (28–82%) of the total bacteria (epifluorescence direct counts) in the earthworm gut content was culturable. The concentration of total heterotrophic aerobic bacteria did not vary significantly among the five different bacterial additions and the non-inoculated control. In earthworm casts the number of total heterotrophs per gram dry matter (2.1×109) was higher than in soil (1.7×108), but lower than in the dung (1.5×1010). The test-bacteria, however, showed different survival patterns along the earthworm intestinal tract. The concentrations of Escherichia coli BJ 18 and Pseudomonas putida MM 1 and MM 11 in earthworm casts were lower than in the ingested dung, while concentrations of Enterobacter cloacae A 107 and Aeromonas hydrophila DMU 115 in dung and casts were similar. Ent. cloacae, and to aminor extent E. coli, were reduced in numbers by several orders of magnitude in the pharynx and/or crop. In the hind gut, however, the concentration of Ent. cloacae had increased to the same level as in the ingested dung, while the concentration of E. coli remained low. Our observations indicate that the bacterial flora of ingested food materials changes qualitatively and quantitatively during gut transit.  相似文献   

3.
Folsomia candida (order Collembola), a common soil arthropod, has recently been described living in a shallow (2.5–5.7 m below surface), unconsolidated aquifer in southwestern Michigan. F. candida was haplotyped from 14 wells using inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSRs) markers, and genetic variation in F. candida was used as a bioindicator to identify pore scale to mesoscale migration barriers in the aquifer. With one exception, individual haplotypes were only found in single wells. A significant relationship was identified between interpopulation genetic differentiation and geographic distance, and F. candida exhibits genetic population structuring over a very fine geographic scale (0.65 km2). Monmonier's algorithm was used to identify two most likely subsurface barriers to migration. Hypothesized barriers divided the F. candida populations into three genetically distinct groups, with two groups separated by only 15 m. These groupings are not dependent on groundwater flow direction, and are supported by a minimum spanning network and AMOVA analysis. Because F. candida movement is limited by pore size, these barriers identify local areas of low permeability in the aquifer material. The study suggests that F. candida may serve an important role in identifying geological characteristics and patterns in aquifers that may be difficult to evaluate by other means.  相似文献   

4.
ABSTRACT

Chitin, which is the polymer of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) linked by β1,4 glycoside bonds, has been reported as a soil amendment to mitigate plant soil diseases, increasing the population of chitin-degrading bacteria, and chitinolytic enzymatic activity in the soil. In some chitin-degrading bacteria, whose chitinolytic systems have been intensively studied, the chitin degradation product N,N?-diacetylchitobiose {(GlcNAc)2} induces expression of genes for chitinases whereas GlcNAc does not. To evaluate the effects of these mono- and disaccharides on the population and activity of chitinolytic bacteria in soil, we investigated the chitinolytic enzyme activity and bacterial community structure in an incubated upland soil supplemented with GlcNAc or (GlcNAc)2. The added GlcNAc and (GlcNAc)2 (2 mg g?1) were consumed within 1 d when incubated at 25°C. Chitinase activity was induced by (GlcNAc)2 and chitin after 1-d and 7-d incubation, respectively, but not by GlcNAc. N-acetylglucosaminidase (GlcNAcase) activity was induced by GlcNAc but was lower than those by (GlcNAc)2 and chitin. Amplicon sequencing analysis targeting 16S rRNA genes demonstrated that both GlcNAc and (GlcNAc)2 significantly increased the rate of the order Bacillales, but the compositions of Bacillales differed from each other: the family Planococcaceae significantly increased in either GlcNAc- or (GlcNAc)2-added soil, but the genera Bacillus and Paenibacillus were increased mainly by GlcNAc and (GlcNAc)2, respectively. The family Streptomycetaceae of the order Actinomycetales was significantly increased by (GlcNAc)2 and chitin, but GlcNAc did not. Thus, GlcNAc and (GlcNAc)2, which were promptly consumed in the incubated soil, indicated partly similar but distinctive effects on chitinolytic enzyme activity and bacterial communities. Both aminosugars increased GlcNAcase activity and the population size of Planococcaceae. GlcNAc increased Bacillus. Chitinase activity and the populations of Paenibacillus and Streptomycetaceae, a number of strains of which are known as potent chitin-degraders, were increased by (GlcNAc)2, but not by GlcNAc.  相似文献   

5.
Effects of the broad-spectrum insecticide fipronil were investigated on a non-target insect living in the soil, the springtail Folsomia candida Willem. Fipronil induced a significant reduction in juvenile production (PNEC = 250 μg kg−1 dry soil), which seemed to be linked with an impact on the first stages of springtail development: juveniles and 7-day-old adults. These young organisms have a thinner integument, a smaller mass body and a weaker detoxification efficiency and were more sensitive than adults (14 days old) to fipronil and phenylpyrazole derivatives. Contact toxicity for juveniles was measured (LC50(96 h)) giving the following values: fipronil, 450 μg l−1; sulfone-fipronil, 430 μg l−1; sulfide-fipronil, 160 μg l−1. F. candida organisms were able to avoid contaminated food because phenylpyrazoles decreased food appetency. However, F. candida could bioaccumulate fipronil through trans-tegumental penetration (BAF96 h = 160) and its high biotransformation rate inside springtail bodies (1 ng fipronil metabolized day−1 individual−1) was suspected to increase this process. Under natural conditions, phenylpyrazoles risk assessment on springtails seems to be weak due to their capacity of avoiding high contaminated zones and their biochemical tolerance to this class of insecticides.  相似文献   

6.
Effects of soil amendment with crabshell chitin on the growth of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), and on populations of soil bacteria, fungi, and plant-parasitic and free-living nematodes were investigated in a pot trial. Five soil samples were collected from Te Puke (Paengaroa Shallow Sand, a Typic Hapludand) and five from Hamilton (Bruntwood silt loam, an Aquic Hapludand), New Zealand. Subsamples of each soil were either amended with chitin or unamended and planted with white clover and ryegrass. The ryegrass shoot weight in amended soil was greater (P<0.01), most probably due to N mineralised from chitin. A significantly lower (P<0.01) root: shoot ratio of ryegrass in the amended soil also suggested improved N availability, and therefore less root mass was needed to support a given shoot mass. A reduction in nodulation was observed in 12-day-old white clover seedlings (P<0.05) and also in 6-week-old seedlings (P<0.01). The shoot weight of white clover was significantly lower (P<0.05) in amended soil, possibly due to phytotoxic effects of chitin. Chitin increased (P<0.01) the populations of bacteria and fungi by 13-fold and 2.5-fold, respectively. The cyst nematode of white clover, Heterodera trifolii, was significantly reduced in chitin-amended soil, possibly due to increased levels of chitinase produced by rhizosphere microorganisms. Two other plant-parasitic nematodes, Pratylenchus spp. and Tylenchus spp., were also reduced in ryegrass roots and in soil as a result of the chitin amendment. However, the total number of free-living nematodes increased 5.4-fold in amended soil.  相似文献   

7.
We isolated manganous ion (Mn2+) oxidizing bacteria and fungi from Mn nodules collected from two Japanese rice fields. The phylogenetic position of the Mn-oxidizing bacteria and fungi was determined based on their 16S rDNA and 18S rDNA sequences, respectively. Among 39 bacterial and 25 fungal isolates, Burkholderia and Acremonium strains were the most common and dominant Mn2+-oxidizing bacteria and fungi, respectively. Majority of the Mn-oxidizing bacteria and fungi isolated from the Mn nodules belonged to the genera that had been isolated earlier from various environments. Manganese oxide depositions on Mn2+-containing agar media by these microorganisms proceeded after their colony developments, indicating that the energy produced from Mn2+ oxidation is poorly used for microbial growth.  相似文献   

8.
We examined collembolan food preference for fungal mycelium grown on copper-contaminated medium, and the relationship between copper content, food selectivity and collembolan fitness when fed contaminated mycelium.To clarify whether collembolan food selectivity is related to fitness parameters, Folsomia candida were fed mycelium of the dark-pigmented fungus Alternaria alternata grown on medium with different copper concentrations. Copper-contaminated food (fungus grown on 50, 125, 250 and 500 μg Cu g−1 medium, fresh wt.) was offered together with untreated food for 4 weeks. F. candida fed selectively on the provided mycelium and discriminated clearly between mycelium grown on high and low levels of contamination, distinctly preferring fungus grown on medium with a total copper concentration of 50 and 125 μg g−1. In contrast, fungus grown on highly contaminated medium (250 and 500 μg g−1) was avoided. Collembolan food preference generally matched fitness parameters. Reproduction was significantly affected by the total copper concentration of the fungal growth medium. When fed their preferred mycelium, collembolan reproduction was enhanced, whereas a diet of highly contaminated mycelium (250 or 500 μg g−1) resulted in a strong decrease in reproduction. Adult survival was affected only marginally. Even though heavy metal contamination is a potential stress factor for many soil microarthropods, F. candida is able to discriminate between high and low quality food sources, and even benefits from moderately elevated copper concentrations.  相似文献   

9.
Fatty acid (FA) analysis is a promising tool to study trophic relationships in soil food webs. We determined FA biomarkers to trace bacterial food sources (Bacillus megaterium, Pseudomonas putida, Enterobacter aerogenes) of Collembola (Heteromurus nitidus, Protaphorura fimata, Folsomia candida). In addition, δ15N, δ13C, C/N ratio, body weight and NLFA/PLFA ratio (neutral lipid/phospholipid fatty acids) of Collembola were assessed. These measures indicated that P. putida ranked first, B. megaterium second and E. aerogenes third in food quality. FAs specific for bacteria were found in the NLFAs of the Collembola reflecting the respective bacterial diet. Biomarker FAs for gram-positive bacteria were methyl branched i14:0, i15:0, a15:0 and i17:0. Consumption of gram-negative bacteria was reflected by the cyclic form cy17:0 (E. aerogenes, P. putida) and by 16:1ω5 (P. putida).  相似文献   

10.
N2 fixation, photosynthesis of whole plants and yield increases in soybeans inoculated with mixed cultures of Bradyrhizobium japonicum 110 and Pseudomonas fluorescens 20 or P. fluorescens 21 as well as Glomus mosseae were found in pot experiments in gray forest soil carried out in a growth chamber. The effects of pseudomonads and vesicular-arbuscular (VA) mycorrhizal fungus on these parameters were found to be the same. Dual inoculation of soybeans with mixed cultures of microorganisms stimulated nodulation, nitrogenase activity of nodules and enhanced the amount of biological nitrogen in plants as determined by the 15N dilution method in comparison to soybeans inoculated with nodule bacteria alone. An increased leaf area in dually infected soybeans was estimated to be the major factor increasing photosynthesis. P. fluorescens and G. mosseae stimulated plant growth, photosynthesis and nodulation probably due to the production of plant growth-promoting substances. Increasing phosphorus fertilizer rates within the range of 5–40 mg P 100 g-1 1:1 (v/v) soil: sand in a greenhouse experiment led to a subsequent improvement in nodulation, and an enhancement of N2 fixation and yield in soybeans dually inoculated with B. japonicum 110 and P. fluorescens 21. These indexes were considerably higher in P-treated plants inoculated with mixed bacterial culture than in plants inoculated with nodule bacteria alone.  相似文献   

11.
Bacterial and fungal bioluminescence-based biosensors were used as indicators of potential heavy metal toxicity to microorganisms in the needle litter of a mature Pinus radiata forest under heavy metal contaminated sewage sludge. Sewage sludge was amended with increasing concentrations of Cu, Ni and Zn and applied to the surface of a mature P. radiata forest. The response of the bacterial and fungal biosensors to soluble Cu, Ni and Zn in needle litter extracts was investigated. The bioluminescence response of the bacterial biosensor Escherichia coli HB101 pUCD607 declined as water-soluble Zn concentrations increased. The effective concentrations that gave a 50% reduction in bioluminescence (EC50 values) for water-soluble Zn and total litter Zn were 1.3 mg l−1 and 3700 mg kg−1, respectively. The bioluminescence response of the fungal biosensor Armillaria mellea declined as soluble Cu concentrations increased. The EC50 values for water-soluble Cu and total litter Cu were 0.12 mg l−1 and 540 mg kg−1, respectively. No decline in bioluminescence was noted for either the bacterial or fungal biosensor on exposure to increasing concentrations of water-soluble Ni. The use of a combination of bacterial and fungal biosensors offers a rapid and sensitive tool for assessing toxicity of heavy metals to microorganisms and, thus, elucidating the environmental impact of contaminants in sewage sludge on litter dwelling microorganisms.  相似文献   

12.
We examined collembolan food preference for fungal mycelium grown on copper-contaminated medium, and the relationship between copper content, food selectivity and collembolan fitness when fed contaminated mycelium.To clarify whether collembolan food selectivity is related to fitness parameters, Folsomia candida were fed mycelium of the dark-pigmented fungus Alternaria alternata grown on medium with different copper concentrations. Copper-contaminated food (fungus grown on 50, 125, 250 and 500 μg Cu g?1 medium, fresh wt.) was offered together with untreated food for 4 weeks. F. candida fed selectively on the provided mycelium and discriminated clearly between mycelium grown on high and low levels of contamination, distinctly preferring fungus grown on medium with a total copper concentration of 50 and 125 μg g?1. In contrast, fungus grown on highly contaminated medium (250 and 500 μg g?1) was avoided. Collembolan food preference generally matched fitness parameters. Reproduction was significantly affected by the total copper concentration of the fungal growth medium. When fed their preferred mycelium, collembolan reproduction was enhanced, whereas a diet of highly contaminated mycelium (250 or 500 μg g?1) resulted in a strong decrease in reproduction. Adult survival was affected only marginally. Even though heavy metal contamination is a potential stress factor for many soil microarthropods, F. candida is able to discriminate between high and low quality food sources, and even benefits from moderately elevated copper concentrations.  相似文献   

13.
Freely available glucose improves the conditions for soil microorganisms which are utilized as food by Collembola. We examined the effects of glucose application on collembolan (Folsomia candida Willem) growth and on several biotic and abiotic soil parameters (microbial biomass, soil respiration, qCO2, dissolved organic carbon, inorganic nitrogen, and Olson-P) in an artificial system without predatory pressure on Collembola. Glucose addition increased soil respiration and qCO2, and decreased nutrient levels in the soil. Collembolan growth increased with increasing glucose doses. We conclude that the availability of carbon substrates can sustain collembolan growth via an improvement of microbial growth conditions.  相似文献   

14.
Summary An investigation was conducted during the summer months of 1986–1987 and 1987–1988 in Western Australia to evaluate the effect of soil solarization on the control of root rot of gerbera an also on the microbial and nutrient status of the soil. Infested soil cores were sampled from a site where root-rot was a severe problem and were removed to a non-infested site where they were subjected to soil solarization or fumigation. Soil solarization resulted in reduced root rot (root disease index 28.6%) in comparison to the untreated control (52.0%) 8 months after planting. Plants in the fumigated plots had 15.8% less disease than those in solarized plots. Solarization increased the total numbers of bacteria and actinomycetes, and the proportion of bacteria and fungi antogonistic to Fusarium oxysporum, F. solani and Rhizoctonia solani. The proportion of actinomycetes antagonistic to these fungi, however, did not differ between solarized and control soil treatments. There was a significant reduction in disease in plants grown in infested fumigated soil to which a 10% concentration of solarized soil had been added, suggesting the development of microbial suppression in solarized soil. Phytophthora cryptogea was eradicated to 30 cm by solarization as well as by fumigation. Solarization eliminated R. solani but not F. oxysporum to a soil depth of 10 cm. Solarization increased the levels of NO n3 – -N and NH4 +-N in soil, but did not affect the concentrations of PO4 3–, K+, Fe2+, organic C and pH. Yield (as number of flowers per plant) was increased by soil solarization and by fumigation.Increased yields and decreased disease severity in the solarized plots could have been caused by (1) a reduction in the infectivity of the infested soils, (2) an increase in the suppressiveness of the soil, and (3) an increased available of plant nutrients.  相似文献   

15.
采用稀释平板培养法与PCR-DGGE技术, 以阿维菌素为阳性对照, 水为阴性对照, 研究了大田喷施推荐剂量(0.1 kg·hm-2)和高剂量(10 kg·hm-2)苏云金芽孢杆菌(Bt)菌剂对棉花根际土壤细菌种群数量及结构的影响。结果表明, 喷雾处理后1~3 d, 不同处理组土壤细菌数量间无显著性差异, 在3 d时细菌数量均值达到最大, 之后开始下降, 12 d后清水对照、推荐剂量Bt菌剂、高剂量Bt菌剂处理组土壤细菌数量均值维持在4.0×107 CFU·g-1左右; 推荐剂量Bt菌剂处理样品土壤细菌数量在6 d时显著高于清水对照, 其余时间与清水对照间无显著性差异; 高剂量Bt菌剂处理与清水对照在整个试验期间均无显著性差异; 阿维菌素处理组土壤细菌数量在0~6 d内与清水对照无显著性差异, 而在12~45 d内显著低于其他3个处理组。DGGE图谱显示, Bt菌剂处理对棉花根际土壤17种细菌均无显著抑制作用。聚类分析结果表明, Bt菌剂对土壤细菌群落结构的扰动在12 d后得到恢复。与阴性对照组相比, Bt菌剂对土壤细菌多样性指数无显著影响, 而阳性对照阿维菌素对土壤细菌种群消长和多样性指数有较强的影响。对DGGE图谱中17条电泳条带的序列分析, 证明棉花根际土壤中存在起固氮作用的慢生根瘤菌属细菌和具有污染修复与净化活性的鞘脂菌属、鞘氨醇单胞菌属和红球菌属细菌。Bt菌剂与阿维菌素处理均对这些土壤有益菌群无明显不利影响。总体结果表明, Bt菌剂无论是在正常推荐剂量下还是在较高剂量(推荐剂量的100倍)下使用, 对棉花根际土壤微生态环境产生的冲击都较小, 是一种生态安全性较高的生物农药。  相似文献   

16.
Arid soils where water and nutrients are scarce occupy over 30% of the Earth's total surface. However, the microbial autotrophy in the harsh environments remains largely unexplored. In this study, the abundance and diversity of autotrophic bacteria were investigated, by quantifying and profiling the large subunit genes of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase(Ru Bis CO) form I(cbb L) responsible for CO2 fixation, in the arid soils under three typical plant types(Haloxylon ammodendron, Cleistogenes chinensis,and Reaumuria soongorica) in Northwest China. The bacterial communities in the soils were also characterized using the 16 S r RNA gene. Abundance of red-like autotrophic bacteria ranged from 3.94 × 105 to 1.51 × 106 copies g-1dry soil and those of green-like autotrophic bacteria ranged from 1.15 × 106 to 2.08 × 106 copies g-1dry soil. Abundance of both red- and green-like autotrophic bacteria did not significantly differ among the soils under different plant types. The autotrophic bacteria identified with the cbb L gene primer were mainly affiliated with Alphaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria and an uncultured bacterial group, which were not detected in the 16 S r RNA library. In addition, 25.9% and 8.1% of the 16 S r RNA genes were affiliated with Cyanobacteria in the soils under H. ammodendron and R. soongorica, respectively. However, no Cyanobacteria-affiliated cbb L genes were detected in the same soils. The results suggested that microbial autotrophic CO2 fixation might be significant in the carbon cycling of arid soils, which warrants further exploration.  相似文献   

17.
Summary Selective grazing of fungi by soil microarthropods may affect decomposition rates of litter materials and the structure of microarthropod and fungal communities. We developed laboratory methods to assay feeding selectivity and investigated the preferences of the collembolan Folsomia candida on three fungi: Acremonium sp., Paecilomyces varioti, and Penicillium citrinum. F. candida showed stronger preference for Acremonium sp. than for P. varioti and P. citrinum. Oviposition site selection followed the same pattern. Actively metabolizing hyphae of Acremonium sp. and P. varioti were preferred over senescent hyphae, while spores of P. citrinum were preferred over active hyphae. If microarthropod preference for active hyphae is extensive, microarthropod regulation of decomposition could be more important than their biomass indicates. Furthermore, as the P. citrinum results indicate, mechanisms of microbial dissemination may include selective grazing.Contribution in part to International Symposium on Faunal Influences on Soil Structure, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (11–13 June 1984), organized by W. B. McGill; and the annual meeting of the Ecological Society of America, Minneapolis, Minnesota (17–21 June 1985)  相似文献   

18.
Pentachloronitrobenzene (PCNB) is an organochlorine fungicide that is mainly used in the prevention and control of diseases in crop seedlings. Microbial removal is used as a promising method for in-situ removal of many organic pesticides and pesticide residues. A short-term field experiment (1 year) was conducted to explore the potential role of a PCNB-degrading bacterial isolate, Cupriavidus sp. YNS-85, in the remediation of a PCNB-contaminated soil on which Panax notoginseng was grown. The following three treatments were used:i) control soil amended with wheat bran but without YNS-85, ii) soil with 0.15 kg m-2 of solid bacterial inoculum (A), and iii) soil with 0.30 kg m-2 of solid bacterial inoculum (B). The removal of soil PCNB during the microbial remediation was monitored using gas chromatography. Soil catalase and fluorescein diacetate (FDA) esterase activities were determined using spectrophotometry. In addition, cultivable bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes were counted by plating serial dilutions, and the microbial biodiversity of the soil was analyzed using BIOLOG. After 1 year of in-situ remediation, the soil PCNB concentrations decreased significantly by 50.3% and 74.2% in treatments A and B, respectively, when compared with the uninoculated control. The soil catalase activity decreased in the presence of the bacterial isolate, the FDA esterase activity decreased in treatment A, but increased in treatment B. No significant changes in plant biomass, diversity of the soil microbial community, or physicochemical properties of the soil were observed between the control and inoculated groups (P<0.05). The results indicate that Cupriavidus sp. YNS-85 is a potential candidate for the remediation of PCNB-contaminated soils under P. notoginseng.  相似文献   

19.
This paper describes a method that allowed counting of both the total culturable and antagonistic microorganisms in a given source such as compost. Fusarium solani, used as the test fungus, was spread-plated on quarter-strength (1/4) potato dextrose agar (PDA), its surface was exposed in a laminar flow for 4 h and then another layer (2–3 mm thick) of 1/4 PDA was poured over it, on which an appropriate dilution of a compost sample was spread-plated. Microorganisms in the compost samples appeared first, and were counted as total culturable organisms. Plates were further incubated until F. solani grew through the upper layer of PDA (generally in 4–8 days) and covered the whole plate including most of the microbial colonies, except for a few which had a halo around them. These were counted as antagonistic, and they were isolated and purified for further studies. The population of bacteria in the six specific compost samples (called Biodynamic or BD preparations by organic farmers) ranged from 3.45 log10 (in BD502) to 8.59 log10 (in BD504) per gram of materials. The population of antagonistic bacteria was counted for three of the six compost samples, and ranged from 3.24 log10 (in BD502) to 6.90 log10 (in BD500). Of the 67 bacterial isolates showing a halo that were assembled from different sources, 17 suppressed at least 1 of the 4 plant pathogenic fungi against which these were evaluated using the dual culture method.  相似文献   

20.
Summary A laboratory microcosm study was used to investigate the survival and population dynamics of genetically modified microorganisms (GMM) in the gut of Lumbricus terrestris. Three methods of axenic earthworm production were investigated. An antibiotic mixture of streptomycin and cycloheximide was introduced either passively, mixed with sterile soil or cellulose, or actively, by teflon catheter. Worms treated by all methods lost weight but this was least for the catheter method which was also the only method to produce axenic earthworms. Axenic earthworms were used to determine the effect of competition with indigenous gut bacteria on ingested GMM. The GMM used was Pseudomonas fluorescens, strain 10586/FAC510, with chromosomally inserted Lux genes for bioluminescence, and chromosomal resistance to rifampicin. The bacteria were grown up to the mid-exponential phase before inoculation into earthworms. Bacteria in faecal material were enumerated by dilution plate counting using selective agar. The GMM were re-isolated from the casts of both antibiotic-treated and untreated earthworms. Lower concentrations of GMM and higher concentrations of indigenous bacteria in the casts of untreated compared to antibiotic-treated earthworms suggested that competition is a fundamental control on population dynamics of the introduced bacterial inocula ingested by earthworms.The catheter method, developed in this study, is proposed as a technique to contribute to the risk assessment of environmental release of GMM.  相似文献   

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