首页 | 本学科首页   官方微博 | 高级检索  
相似文献
 共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 859 毫秒
1.
The role of ciliate protozoa in nutrition of the ruminant   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  
The effects of ciliate protozoa on the ruminal ecosystem, digestion in different parts of the gut, the nature of nutrients available for absorption and their effects upon the nutrition and productivity of their host are reviewed. Compared with fauna-free ruminants, the presence of ciliate protozoa results in a more stable ruminal fermentation, higher levels of ammonia, reduced numbers of bacteria, as well as changes in dry matter (%), liquid volume and turnover rate of ruminal contents. Associated with these differences in the rumen are higher ruminal and total tract digestion of organic matter and fiber in faunated animals. A reduction in net microbial synthesis and an increase in dietary protein degradation in the rumen results in the flow of protein to the small intestine being lower in faunated ruminants. The major nutritional effect of the ciliate protozoa is to change the ratio of protein to energy in the nutrients absorbed, with faunated animals having lower protein and higher energy availabilities compared with ciliate-free ruminants. Of the nutrients available for absorption, the ciliates have no consistent effect on the proportions of volatile fatty acids or amino acids. However, there is evidence that hydrogenation of lipids is increased, as is the supply of choline, and that the bioavailability of copper is reduced by the presence of ciliates. Defaunation of young growing ruminants that are fed high energy diets, containing low levels of ruminal nondegradable protein, results in increased growth rate and feed efficiency. It is unlikely, with the possible exception of wool growth, that there are other situations in which defaunation will be beneficial; and it is more likely to be detrimental to animal productivity. It remains to be determined whether manipulation of the types of ciliate protozoa in the rumen could improve animal performance. Information for this review was largely derived from comparisons of faunated and fauna-free animals. However, it is indicated that there are large differences in protozoa numbers and types between naturally faunated individuals in the same flock or herd, and that the effects of such variations on their host's nutrition are unknown.  相似文献   

2.
Objectives of this study were to compare fatty acid (FA) composition of ruminal bacterial (B) and protozoal (P) cells, and to investigate effect of protozoa on FA profile in the rumen of cattle. Three cows were used to prepare ruminal B and P cells. Four faunated and three defaunated cattle (half‐siblings) were used to study effect of protozoa on ruminal FA profile. Proportions of C16:0 and C18:0 in total fatty acids in B cells were 20.7% and 37.4%, whereas those in P cells were 33.4% and 11.6%, respectively. Proportions of trans‐vaccenic acid (VA) and cis‐9, trans‐11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in B cells were 3.9% and 1.0%, and those in P cells were 5.5% and 1.6%, respectively, being higher in P cells. Proportions of C18:1, C18:2 and C18:3 in P cells were two to three times higher than in B cells. Proportions of unsaturated fatty acids, VA and CLA in B cells of faunated cattle were higher than those of defaunated. VA and CLA in the ruminal fluid of faunated were also 1.6 to 2.5 times higher than those of defaunated. This tendency was similar for cell‐free fraction of ruminal fluid. These results indicate that protozoa contribute greatly in VA and CLA production in the rumen.  相似文献   

3.
Background: Ruminal microbes are vital to the conversion of lignocellulose-rich plant materials into nutrients for ruminants.Although protozoa play a key role in linking ruminal microbial networks,the contribution of protozoa to rumen fermentation remains controversial; therefore,this meta-analysis was conducted to quantitatively summarize the temporal dynamics of methanogenesis,ruminal volatile fatty acid(VFA) profiles and dietary fiber digestibility in ruminants following the elimination of protozoa(also termed defaunation).A total of 49 studies from 22 publications were evaluated.Results: The results revealed that defaunation reduced methane production and shifted ruminal VFA profiles to consist of more propionate and less acetate and butyrate,but with a reduced total VFA concentration and decreased dietary fiber digestibility.However,these effects were diminished linearly,at different rates,with time during the first few weeks after defaunation,and eventually reached relative stability.The acetate to propionate ratio and methane production were increased at 7 and 11 wk after defaunation,respectively.Conclusions: Elimination of protozoa initially shifted the rumen fermentation toward the production of more propionate and less methane,but eventually toward the production of less propionate and more methane over time.  相似文献   

4.
The effect of the presence of ruminal protozoa on the composition of fecal microbiota in cattle was investigated. Six castrated Holstein cattle (mean bodyweight 137 kg) were divided into two groups: three faunated and three unfaunated. The fecal bacterial composition of the faunated and unfaunated cattle was compared using a culture method and by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T‐RFLP) analysis. Approximately 0.4 to 2.3% of the bacterial cells detected by microscopy formed colonies on medium 10. The major terminal restriction fragments were detected in the T‐RFLP profiles generated by Hha I and Msp I digestion in both the faunated and unfaunated cattle. In particular, the Bacteroides group, the Clostridium coccoides group and the Clostridium leptum subgroup might be the known bacterial groups that protozoa influence by Msp I digestion. From the dendrogram analysis by T‐RFLP patterns, the faunated and unfaunated cattle were divided into two clusters, I and II, respectively. These results suggest that absence of protozoa in the rumen changes the composition of fecal bacteria.  相似文献   

5.
Effects of protozoa on bacterial nitrogen recycling in the rumen   总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7  
The effects of protozoa on ruminal NH3-N kinetics and bacterial N recycling were measured in five sheep (57.6+/-7.1 kg BW, x +/- SD) with ruminal and duodenal cannulas in naturally faunated, defaunated, and refaunated periods. The sheep were fed a diet of 239 g of alfalfa haylage and 814 g of barley concentrate per day (DM basis) divided into 12 equal portions and allocated at 2-h intervals. A pulse dose of 300 mg of 15N as [15N]NH4Cl was administered into the rumen (on d 1 and 15) and 300 mg of 15N as [15N]urea was administered intravenously to the blood (d 8). Enrichment of 15N was measured in ruminal NH3-N, bacterial N, and plasma urea N over a period of 35 h. Total collection of urine was made for 5 d and analyzed for purine derivatives to calculate the flow of microbial N. Ruminal parameters and nutrient digestibilities were also measured. Sheep were defaunated using a rumen washing procedure 50 d prior to measurements in the defaunated period. Sheep were refaunated with ruminal contents from a faunated sheep receiving the same diet. Measurements began 26 d following refaunation, at which time protozoal numbers had returned to those in the originally faunated sheep. Data reported in parentheses are for faunated, defaunated, and refaunated sheep, respectively. Total culturable and cellulolytic bacterial numbers were unaffected by defaunation, but there was an increase in flow of microbial N from the rumen (10.8, 17.3, and 11.1 g N/d; P < .05) in the defaunated period. Flux, irreversible loss, and intraruminal recycling of NH3-N and recycling of NH3-N from plasma urea N were not affected by defaunation. Defaunation had no effect on reducing the absolute amount (13.8, 10.0, and 11.3 g N/d; P > .20) of bacterial N recycling and the percentage of N flux through the bacterial N pool. Total-tract digestion was reduced in defaunated compared with faunated sheep by 8, 17, 15, and 32% for OM, N, NDF, and ADF, respectively. In conclusion, defaunation improved ruminal N metabolism through the enhancement of bacterial protein synthesis, and improvement in the flow of microbial protein to the host animal.  相似文献   

6.
Two experiments were carried out with sheep that originated from a fauna-free flock and were fed a soybean meal-corn silage diet with or without a bentonite supplement. One-half of the sheep fed each diet in each experiment were faunated with a mixed population of ruminal protozoa, whereas the other half of the sheep remained fauna-free until the end of both experiments. Wool growth and daily gain were measured in Exp. 1. (eight rams per treatment), which lasted 110 d, and the metabolic effects in the rumen and intestinal tract of protozoa and dietary bentonite supplement were tested with cannulated wethers (four wethers per treatment) in Exp. 2. The results of Exp. 1 showed decreased wool growth (P less than .05) due to the presence of protozoa in the rumen. Dietary supplementation with bentonite partly offset the decreased wool growth in sheep with protozoa, but there were no effects of dietary bentonite and no protozoa x bentonite interaction (P greater than .05). Daily gain was decreased by the dietary bentonite (P less than .05) supplement but was not affected (P greater than .05) by the ruminal presence of protozoa. In Exp. 2, protozoa increased (P less than .01) the ruminal concentrations of ammonia and decreased (P less than .05) the acetic:propionic acid molar ratio. Fractionation of N in the duodenal digesta flowing from the stomach to the small intestine showed that protozoa decreased (P less than .05) the flow of nonammonia N and bacterial N, and there was a protozoa x bentonite interaction for these effects (P less than .05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  相似文献   

7.
Sulfur influences on rumen microorganisms in vitro and in sheep and calves   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
When continuously cultured ruminal microbes were given orchardgrass hay and sufficient sulfuric acid or hydrochloric acid to maintain a pH of 5.5, fermentation and numbers of protozoa were reduced compared with cultures whose pH was controlled with phosphoric acid. Likewise, when sulfur-deficient, purified diets were supplied to cultures, less methane (mmol X liter-1 X d-1), 3.2 vs 32.6, was produced and fewer cellulolytic bacteria (log10/ml), 5.8 vs 7.2 were present than when cultures were given the same diet supplemented with .3% elemental sulfur. The rumen of sheep fed the .04% sulfur diet had reduced digesta weights (1.69 vs 3.2 kg) compared with sheep fed the diet with .34% sulfur at the same intake. There also was reduced methanogenesis 12.3 vs 25.8 mmol X liter-1 X d-1) and reduced numbers of cellulolytic bacteria (7.4 vs 8.4 log10/ml) in sulfur-deficient sheep in comparison to sulfur-supplemented sheep. In growing calves, the same types of bacteria predominated in the rumen, but more facultative anaerobic bacteria were isolated from calves fed .04% sulfur than from calves fed diets with .34 to 1.72% sulfur. None of the dietary levels of sulfur appeared toxic. Regardless of treatment, volatile fatty acids were more predominant than lactic acid as end-products of fermentation of ruminal microbes in fermenters, sheep and calves. The greater methanogenesis and the greater cellulolytic bacterial numbers of sulfur-supplemented sheep compared with sulfur-deficient in vitro cultures, is interpreted to be the result of recycling of sulfur to the rumen in sheep where it is efficiently scavengered by ruminal bacteria.  相似文献   

8.
Three experiments were conducted to determine the influence of the presence of protozoa on copper (Cu) metabolism in sheep fed corn silage or corn silage supplemented with casein, fish meal or soybean meal. For each diet, eight rams were kept fauna-free; eight additional rams were faunated and housed separately from them. The faunated rams in all treatments grew faster and consumed more feed and, consequently, more Cu. However, they had a lower (P less than .01) ruminal Cu solubility and accumulated less Cu in their livers than the fauna-free rams when fed corn silage alone or in combination with soybean meal (insoluble, ruminally degraded protein). Such effects were not significant when corn silage was supplemented with fish meal (protein resistant to ruminal degradation). The presence of ciliate protozoa in the rumen had no effect on the accumulation of Cu in the liver of sheep fed corn silage supplemented with casein (soluble, ruminally degraded protein) and produced conflicting results on ruminal Cu solubility. Hence, the effect of protozoa on Cu metabolism is indirect and depends on the type of protein present in the diet.  相似文献   

9.
The influence of rumen protozoa on the composition of rumen methanogens was studied by using seven growing Holstein cattle divided into two groups: four faunated and three unfaunated. 16S ribosomal RNA gene (rDNA) and methyl coenzyme‐M reductase (MCR) α subunit (mcrA) gene clonal libraries were constructed. The results of each analysis showed that Methanobacteriales was dominant in the rumen of both groups. By mcrA gene analysis, 22.1% of unfaunated clones were classified into unfaunated group 1, which was not detected from faunated cattle. The 16S rRNA gene analysis showed that the number of operational taxonomic units was higher in unfaunated than faunated cattle, suggesting the diversity of methanogens tended to be higher by the removal of protozoa. The results of the LIBSHUFF program indicated that the 16S rRNA gene and mcrA gene clone libraries for the faunated group differed from those for the unfaunated group (P = 0.001). It was suggested that the presence of protozoa strongly affected the composition of rumen methanogens.  相似文献   

10.
The objective of this study was to understand the effects of fumarate addition on methane (CH4) and VFA production in the rumen through a meta-analysis of its effects on ruminal batch cultures. Because the reduction of fumarate to succinate can draw electrons away from ruminal methanogenesis, fumarate has been studied as a potential feed additive to decrease CH4 production in ruminants. The average decrease in CH4 in batch cultures was of 0.037 micromol/micromol of added fumarate, which is considerably lower than 0.25 micromol/micromol, the decrease predicted from the stoichiometry of the reactions involved. One reason that fumarate was not effective at decreasing CH4 in batch cultures was that only an average of 48% of added fumarate appeared to be converted to propionate. Secondly, the incorporation of reducing equivalents in the conversion of fumarate to propionate was almost entirely offset by their release from an average of 20% of added fumarate that appeared to be converted to acetate. Thermodynamic calculations indicated that the conversion of added fumarate to both propionate and acetate was feasible. Fumarate appears to be more effective in decreasing CH4 production and increasing propionate in continuous culture than in batch culture. This suggests that microbial adaptation to fumarate metabolism can be important. Variation in populations of fumarate-reducers, methanogens, and protozoa could all be involved. Fumarate supplementation for an extended period may result in the amplification of otherwise small populations of fumarate-reducers. Addition of some of these organisms may be helpful to improve fumarate conversion to propionate. Strategies based on enhancing the rumen's capacity to convert fumarate to propionate by maintaining a low fumarate concentration have been effective. Thermodynamic considerations should be taken into account when designing strategies for CH4 abatement through the addition of external electron acceptors.  相似文献   

11.
A quantitative meta-analysis was applied on 90 publications and 169 comparisons dealing with defaunation of the rumen (removal of protozoa from the rumen) in order to point out the major quantitative effects of defaunation and identify interfering factors. Generally speaking defaunation significantly (P<0.01) increased average daily gain (11% on average, 64 trials) but did not affect dry matter intake. As a consequence, defaunation improved feed conversion efficiency (P<0.05). These different effects were especially obvious as diets were both high in forage and low in nitrogen and as animals had a low growth potential. Defaunation significantly (P<0.001) decreased organic matter digestibility (−1.7 units, 52 trials) and cell wall carbohydrate digestibility (−5.7 units, 15 trials). The same trend was observed for rumen digestibility. On the other hand, duodenal nitrogen flow, expressed as a ratio of nitrogen intake, was enhanced by defaunation (P<0.001). Duodenal microbial nitrogen flow, expressed as the percentage of live-weight, increased by 21% after defaunation (P<0.05). The latter two results may account for the lower ammonia concentration in the rumen (−50.3 mgNNH3/l, 75 trials) and the higher microbial synthesis efficiency (11.8 g microbial N/kg OMDr 19 trials) observed for the ciliate-free animals (P<0.001). The level of concentrate in the diet strongly interfered with the effect of defaunation on the pH in the rumen. pH in the rumen was increased by defaunation with diets containing a high level of concentrate (PCO≥50%), whereas it decreased with diets containing a low level of concentrate. The molar proportion of propionic acid was enhanced by defaunation, whereas the molar proportion of butyric acid was lowered (P<0.01) by defaunation, in the ruminal pool of volatile fatty acids (VFA). Finally, defaunation increased the ruminal volume and the liquid phase outflow rate (P<0.05), but to a lesser extent. We consider that these results strongly suggest a more efficient use of nutrients in ciliate-free animals, especially when they are given poor diets limiting animal production.  相似文献   

12.
Three sheep, each fitted with a ruminal cannula and duodenal re-entrant cannulae were given three isonitrogenous, isoenergetic diets in a Latin Square design. Each diet contained approximately 60% DM as barley grain and 40% of total N as either white fish meal, soya-bean meal or urea. These diets were fed continuously and supplied about 28 g N/day. Diets containing such large amounts of barley grain usually produce wide variations in the rumen volatile fatty acid (VFA) proportions and these have been correlated with various other digestive characteristics. Several ruminal and duodenal components were measured in this study and interrelationships between them sought. The molar proportions of VFA varied widely from 45-67% for acetate, 13-48% for propionate and 7-23% for butyrate. Rumen pH was positively correlated with acetate (P less than 0.01), but negatively so with propionate (P less than 0.01) and butyrate (P less than 0.1). The numbers of rumen ciliate protozoa also varied widely and were related to rumen pH (P less than 0.05) and VFA proportions; positively to acetate (P less than 0.001) and butyrate (P less than 0.01) but negatively to propionate (P less than 0.001). Duodenal N was always less than fed N. The mean composition of this duodenal N was 10.1% ammonia-N, 6.7% RNA-N, 79.0% amino acid-N and 7.3% was unaccounted for. Efficiencies of synthesis of microbial and bacterial crude protein (derived from 35S and 2,6-diaminopimelic acid data) ranged from 10.5 to 42.2 g microbial N per kg apparently digested organic matter (ADOM) and 5.0 to 27.9 g bacterial N per kg ADOM. Division of VFA patterns into either propionate or butyrate type fermentations suggested several further interrelationships. No relationship was established between these fermentation patterns and the extent or efficiency of microbial crude protein synthesis. Possible interrelationships between different digestive characteristics are discussed and a plea made for both more extensive and intensive experimentation before such designation of cause and effect can be assigned.  相似文献   

13.
This study investigated the effect of fumarate (FUM) and rice bran (RB), alone and together, on in vitro rumen fermentation, methanogenesis and methanogens. In vitro incubation was performed with six media that were either unsupplemented (control) or supplemented with 10% RB, 5 mmol/L FUM, 10% RB + 5 mmol/L FUM, 10 mmol/L FUM, or 10% RB + 10 mmol/L FUM. Methane (CH4) production, dry matter digestibility, CH4 per digested dry matter, total short‐chain fatty acid (SCFA) production, proportion of SCFA, acetate : proprionate ratio, production of NH3‐N, and population density of rumen microbes were determined. Supplementation with 10% RB + 10 mmol/L FUM yielded a 36% decrease in CH4 production compared to the control. Supplementation of FUM, in the presence or absence of RB, provided increases in total SCFA production and propionate proportion up to 61% and 31%, respectively. Total bacteria, methanogens and protozoa populations were significantly (P < 0.05) decreased with the 10% RB + 10 mmol/L FUM supplementation. The effect of anti‐methanogenesis of FUM was enhanced by the addition of RB. Notably, the CH4 production attenuation was achieved by 10% RB + 10 mmol/L FUM without reduction of digestibility or of ruminal fermentation.  相似文献   

14.
将20头安装瘤胃瘘管的荷斯坦产奶牛随机分为对照组和试验Ⅰ～Ⅲ组,每组5头,对照组饲喂TMR,试验Ⅰ～Ⅲ组饲喂TMR分别加150．0g／（头·d）复合脂肪酸、乳酸和复合脂肪酸＋乳酸（1：1）,探讨复合脂肪酸和乳酸对奶牛瘤胃CH4释放量、VFA和NH3-N浓度及产奶性能的影响。结果显示,TMR加150．0g／（头·d）复合脂肪酸＋2L酸（1：1）,使奶牛瘤胃NH3-N和CH4释放量分别减少11．92％（P〈0．05）和21.35％（P〈0．01）,FCM、乳脂率和乳糖含量分别提高3．28％、5．12％和3．62％,瘤胃VFA明显增加,能够有效抑制奶牛对空气的CH4污染．显著提高奶牛的生态效益和经济效益。  相似文献   

15.
嗜热毛壳菌纤维素酶对小尾寒羊瘤胃代谢的影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
本试验研究不同水平嗜热毛壳菌纤维素酶对小尾寒羊瘤胃代谢的影响。试验动物为4只安装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的成年小尾寒羊公羊(平均体重为45 kg),采用4×4拉丁方试验设计,在基础日粮中分别添加0％、0．3％、0．6％和0．9％4个水平酶制剂,采集瘤胃液测pH值、氨氮浓度和挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)浓度。试验结果表明:各组试羊瘤胃液平均氨氮浓度的变化范围为10．01-12．80 mg/dL,各组之间相同时间点差异不显著(P>0．05)。瘤胃液平均pH值在6．50-6．80范围内变动,试验组pH值低于对照组(P<0．05),以0．6％水平较好。各组试羊瘤胃乙酸、丙酸及总 VFA浓度的变化规律基本相同,即喂料后逐渐上升,其中乙酸和总VFA浓度在2 h后达到最高点,丙酸浓度在4 h 达到最高点,随后平稳下降于饲喂前降至最低点,再次采食后又重复出现此规律。试验组瘤胃乙酸和总VFA浓度显著或极显著高于对照组(P<0．05或P<0．01),以0．6％水平组最高。  相似文献   

16.
Sheep rumen metabolic development in response to age and dietary treatments   总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8  
This study examined the time course of rumen metabolic development in the absence of solid feed consumption and the effect of delayed solid feed consumption on sheep rumen development. Twenty-seven lambs consumed milk replacer until slaughter at nine ages from 1 to 84 d (milk group). Three additional lambs consumed milk replacer from 1 to 48 d. From 49 d until slaughter at 84 d, these lambs were weaned onto solid feed (fed group). At slaughter, rumen contents were removed for VFA analysis and rumen epithelium was preserved for morphological examination. Rumen epithelial cells were isolated and incubated in media containing 2.5 mM U-[14C]-glucose or 10 mM 1-[14C]-butyrate. Rumen VFA concentrations did not change with age in lambs given milk replacer. At 84 d of age, intraruminal VFA concentrations were elevated in lambs consuming solid feed compared to 84-d-old lambs given milk replacer (P < .05). The number of ruminal papillae per square centimeter decreased (P < .05) while papillae length and width did not change significantly with age in rumen epithelium from lambs given milk replacer. At 84 d of age, rumen epithelium from lambs in the fed group had fewer and larger papillae/per square centimeter than rumen epithelium from lambs given milk replacer (P < .05). Rates of glucose and butyrate oxidation and acetoacetate and lactate production by rumen cells isolated from lambs given milk replacer did not change with age. Beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) production was undetectable before 42 d of age in lambs given milk replacer and increased to levels found in conventionally raised adults by 84 d. At 84 d there were no differences in rates of glucose and butyrate oxidation or acetoacetate and lactate production by rumen cells between the two treatment groups. Thus, the change in substrate oxidation from glucose to butyrate, indicative of rumen metabolic maturation, does not occur in the absence of solid feed consumption. However, the development of rumen ketogenesis, as evidenced by increased BHBA production, does occur in the absence of solid feed consumption. Delaying the initiation of solid feed consumption results in rumen morphological development but does not stimulate rumen metabolic development. Increased intraruminal VFA concentrations, earlier exposure to VFA, or a longer period of exposure to VFA may be required to induce the genes responsible for rumen metabolic development.  相似文献   

17.
Naturally fauna-free (FF) wethers, equipped with ruminal and duodenal cannulas, were used in two groups of eight (Group A) and seven (Group B) animals in six consecutive experimental periods, each lasting for 28 d. The objective was to measure ruminal fermentation traits, and flows of nonammonia nitrogen (NAN), total amino acid (TAA), and bacterial nitrogen (BN) from the stomach after inoculation with individual ciliate protozoa species in each period. The wethers in both groups were fed a diet based on corn silage, haylage, and soybean meal, and they remained FF during the first period. At the beginning of each other period, the wethers were progressively inoculated intraruminally with one individual major species of ruminal ciliate protozoa or total fauna (TF). Thus, Group A was progressively inoculated (+) with Dasytricha ruminantium (DS), Polyplastron multivesiculatum (PP), Isotricha intestinalis (IS), Entodinium caudatum (EN) and TF-type A. Also, Group B was progressively inoculated (+) with IS, DS, Epidinium ecaudatum (EP), Eudiplodinium maggi (EU), and EN. Duodenal digesta and ruminal fluid were collected and sampled in each period on d 26 and 28, respectively, and subjected to chemical analyses. A significantly higher (P < .05) pH (6.4) in ruminal fluid of the Group A wethers was obtained when each DS, DS+PP, DS-PP-IS+EN, and TF population was present in the rumen than when the wethers were FF (6.2). In the Group B wethers, pH (6.1) was lower (P < .05) for the population of IS-DS-EP+EU than for other populations (6.2 to 6.3). The concentration of total VFA in ruminal fluid was higher (P < .05) in the Group B wethers when IS, IS+DS, or IS-DS+EP populations were present in the rumen than when the wethers were FF. The flow of NAN, TAA, and BN from the stomach to the intestinal tract was generally lower for different protozoa populations than for the FF period. Largest decreases (P < .05) in the flow of NAN, TAA, and BN occurred when EN was added into the rumen of wethers in the A and B groups, which already contained populations of DS-PP+IS and IS-DS-EP+EU, respectively. Holotrich protozoa had very little effect on the protein metabolism in the rumen, but cellulolytic protozoa (PP, EP, and EU) and EN decreased the efficiency of protein utilization by the ruminant host.  相似文献   

18.
本试验旨在研究全混合日粮（TMR）中添加发酵玉米蛋白粉（fermented corn gluten meal,FCGM）对奶牛瘤胃体外发酵特性及微生物菌群的影响。选用3头体重（600±25）kg,安装永久性瘤胃瘘管的荷斯坦奶牛作为瘤胃液供体,发酵底物为TMR,分为对照组和3个试验组,各组分别在发酵液中添加0、0.3、0.6、0.9 g/L FCGM（干物质基础）,每个处理3个重复。记录体外发酵12、24、36和48 h产气量,测定体外发酵12、24和48 h发酵液pH、体外干物质消失率（IVDMD）、纤维素酶活性、氨态氮（NH3-N）、挥发性脂肪酸（VFA）和菌体蛋白浓度,并测定体外发酵24 h发酵液中瘤胃微生物菌群相对丰度。结果显示：①添加不同水平FCGM组的体外产气量（除12 h外）、慢速产气部分、潜在产气部分和有效产气速率均显著或极显著高于对照组（P < 0.05;P < 0.01）;②与对照组相比,添加不同水平FCGM处理组的发酵液pH显著或极显著低于对照组,纤维素酶活性、菌体蛋白、挥发性脂肪酸、氨态氮含量和体外干物质消失率均显著或极显著升高（P < 0.05;P < 0.01）,且0.9 g/L FCGM组达到最高。③添加0.6和0.9 g/L FCGM组发酵液中白色瘤胃球菌、黄色瘤胃球菌、产琥珀酸丝状杆菌、牛链球菌、普雷沃氏菌、溶纤维丁酸弧菌、嗜淀粉瘤胃杆菌、真菌和原虫相对丰度均显著高于对照组（P < 0.05）,且0.9 g/L FCGM组达到最高,而产甲烷菌相对丰度显著低于对照组（P < 0.05）,且0.9 g/L FCGM组达到最低。综上所述,TMR中添加FCGM可提高体外发酵产气量,增加发酵液内纤维素酶活性、VFA、NH3-N及菌体蛋白含量,提高瘤胃内某些纤维降解菌、蛋白降解菌、淀粉降解菌、真菌和原虫相对丰度,降低产甲烷菌相对丰度,调节瘤胃微生物菌群结构,改善瘤胃发酵,其中以添加0.9 g/L FCGM为宜。  相似文献   

19.
Ruminal evacuation's effect on microbial activity and ruminal function   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
The influence of evacuating, mixing and returning ruminal contents on microbial populations, volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations and liquid flow rate was investigated with four ruminal-cannulated Hereford steers (247 kg avg wt). Ruminoreticular contents were sampled, then completely removed, mixed for 5 min and returned to the rumen. Subsequent samples were taken immediately, 1 h and 4 h later. Non-evacuated steers were sampled at identical time intervals either 1 d before or after evacuation. Averaged over time, there was no significant difference between evacuated and non-evacuated steers in total anaerobic, cellulolytic and facultative bacteria, protozoa, oxidation-reduction potential, VFA concentrations, and liquid flow rates. There were no treatment X time interactions and, except for holotrich protozoa and VFA, no differences from time of sampling. Ruminal evacuation does not appear disruptive to anaerobiosis or detrimental to ruminal microorganisms and digestive processes.  相似文献   

20.
A survey was conducted to investigate the physiological levels of pipecolic acid (Pip) in rumen fluid and plasma of ruminants such as goats and cattle in the presence or absence of rumen protozoa. The concentration of Pip was determined using HPLC. Basal Pip levels in the rumen fluid and plasma of normal faunated animals were 21 ± 8 and 2.3 ± 1.3 µM, respectively, and levels increased 1–2 h after feeding. The Pip levels in the rumen fluid and plasma of faunated goats and cattle were significantly higher than those of defaunated goats and unfaunated cattle. A small amount of Pip was also found in the rumen fluids of the defaunated and unfaunated animals; this appeared to be derived from feeds such as hay cube and corn silage. The results obtained in the present study suggest that a significant amount of rumen‐produced Pip is likely to be absorbed into the plasma of the host animals and that rumen protozoa significantly enhance the concentration of Pip in the rumen fluid and plasma of ruminant animals.  相似文献   

设为首页 | 免责声明 | 关于勤云 | 加入收藏

Copyright©北京勤云科技发展有限公司  京ICP备09084417号