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1.
Powerful relativistic jets are among the most ubiquitous and energetic observational consequences of accretion around supermassive black holes in active galactic nuclei and neutron stars and stellar-mass black holes in x-ray binary (XRB) systems. But despite more than three decades of study, the structure and composition of these jets remain unknown. Here we present spatially resolved x-ray spectroscopy of arc second-scale x-ray jets from XRB SS 433 analyzed with the Chandra advanced charge-coupled device imaging spectrometer. These observations reveal evidence for a hot continuum and Doppler-shifted iron emission lines from spatially resolved regions. Apparently, in situ reheating of the baryonic component of the jets takes place in a flow that moves with relativistic bulk velocity even more than 100 days after launch from the binary core. 相似文献
2.
Cirtain JW Golub L Lundquist L van Ballegooijen A Savcheva A Shimojo M Deluca E Tsuneta S Sakao T Reeves K Weber M Kano R Narukage N Shibasaki K 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2007,318(5856):1580-1582
Coronal magnetic fields are dynamic, and field lines may misalign, reassemble, and release energy by means of magnetic reconnection. Giant releases may generate solar flares and coronal mass ejections and, on a smaller scale, produce x-ray jets. Hinode observations of polar coronal holes reveal that x-ray jets have two distinct velocities: one near the Alfvén speed ( approximately 800 kilometers per second) and another near the sound speed (200 kilometers per second). Many more jets were seen than have been reported previously; we detected an average of 10 events per hour up to these speeds, whereas previous observations documented only a handful per day with lower average speeds of 200 kilometers per second. The x-ray jets are about 2 x 10(3) to 2 x 10(4) kilometers wide and 1 x 10(5) kilometers long and last from 100 to 2500 seconds. The large number of events, coupled with the high velocities of the apparent outflows, indicates that the jets may contribute to the high-speed solar wind. 相似文献
3.
Kivelson MG 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2006,311(5766):1391-1392
Instruments on the Cassini spacecraft reveal that a heat source within Saturn's moon Enceladus powers a great plume of water ice particles and dust grains, a geyser that jets outward from the south polar regions and most likely serves as the dominant source of Saturn's E ring. The interaction of flowing magnetospheric plasma with the plume modifies the particle and field environment of Enceladus. The structure of Saturn's magnetosphere, the extended region of space threaded by magnetic-field lines linked to the planet, is shaped by the ion source at Enceladus, and magnetospheric dynamics may be affected by the rate at which fresh ions are created. 相似文献
4.
De Young DS 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1984,225(4663):677-682
Observations now require that there be a continuous supply of energy to the giant extragalactic radio sources. These observations also suggest that this energy input may be in the form of streams or jets of gas emanating from the centers of galaxies and quasi-stellar objects. Current data indicate that the large-scale jet structures are not moving with relativistic speeds, as previously proposed. Slow-moving jets, which possess turbulent interiors and are dominated by relatively cool gas, can account for the observed jet properties at optical and radio wavelengths. Extremely small-scale jets observed adjacent to the central energy source may or may not be in relativistic motion. 相似文献
5.
Carrasco-González C Rodríguez LF Anglada G Martí J Torrelles JM Osorio M 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2010,330(6008):1209-1212
Synchrotron emission is commonly found in relativistic jets from active galactic nuclei (AGNs) and microquasars, but so far its presence in jets from young stellar objects (YSOs) has not been proved. Here, we present evidence of polarized synchrotron emission arising from the jet of a YSO. The apparent magnetic field, with strength of ~0.2 milligauss, is parallel to the jet axis, and the polarization degree increases toward the jet edges, as expected for a confining helical magnetic field configuration. These characteristics are similar to those found in AGN jets, hinting at a common origin of all astrophysical jets. 相似文献
6.
DE Young DS 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1991,252(5004):389-396
Astrophysical jets are linear structures associated with stars and galaxies which span about seven orders of magnitude in size; the largest jets emanating from galaxies are about 100 times the size of our galaxy and are the largest single objects in the universe. Jets associated with stars are composed of ionized gas moving away from the star with velocities of a few hundred kilometers per second. Extragalactic jets are composed of relativistic particles, magnetic field, and probably additional amounts of cooler ionized plasma either originally ejected in the jet or entired by it out of the surrounding gaseous medium. The initial outflow velocity for extragalactic jets may be relativistic, and average outflow speeds of several thousand kilometers per second are likely. The energy flux carried by extragalactic jets may be in excess of 10(46) ergs per second, depending upon the nature of the jet. A definition of jet properties, deduced from their interaction with the ambient medium, can place essential constraints on models for the central power source in the parent galaxy or quasi-stellar object where they originate. 相似文献
7.
Corbel S Fender RP Tzioumis AK Tomsick JA Orosz JA Miller JM Wijnands R Kaaret P 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2002,298(5591):196-199
We have detected, at x-ray and radio wavelengths, large-scale moving jets from the microquasar XTE J1550-564. Plasma ejected from near the black hole traveled at relativistic velocities for at least 4 years. We present direct evidence for gradual deceleration in a relativistic jet. The broadband spectrum of the jets is consistent with synchrotron emission from high-energy (up to 10 tera-electron volts) particles that were accelerated in the shock waves formed within the relativistic ejecta or by the interaction of the jets with the interstellar medium. XTE J1550-564 offers a rare opportunity to study the dynamical evolution of relativistic jets on time scales inaccessible for active galactic nuclei jets, with implications for our understanding of relativistic jets from Galactic x-ray binaries and active galactic nuclei. 相似文献
8.
The atmospheres of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune were modeled as shallow layers of turbulent fluid overlying a smooth, spherical interior. With only the observed values of radius, rotation rate, average wind velocity, and mean layer thickness as model parameters, bands and jets spontaneously emerged from random initial conditions. The number, width, and amplitude of the jets, as well as the dominance of anticyclonic vortices, are in good agreement with observations for all four planets. 相似文献
9.
Mazzali PA Valenti S Della Valle M Chincarini G Sauer DN Benetti S Pian E Piran T D'Elia V Elias-Rosa N Margutti R Pasotti F Antonelli LA Bufano F Campana S Cappellaro E Covino S D'Avanzo P Fiore F Fugazza D Gilmozzi R Hunter D Maguire K Maiorano E Marziani P Masetti N Mirabel F Navasardyan H Nomoto K Palazzi E Pastorello A Panagia N Pellizza LJ Sari R Smartt S Tagliaferri G Tanaka M Taubenberger S Tominaga N Trundle C Turatto M 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2008,321(5893):1185-1188
The only supernovae (SNe) to show gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) or early x-ray emission thus far are overenergetic, broad-lined type Ic SNe (hypernovae, HNe). Recently, SN 2008D has shown several unusual features: (i) weak x-ray flash (XRF), (ii) an early, narrow optical peak, (iii) disappearance of the broad lines typical of SN Ic HNe, and (iv) development of helium lines as in SNe Ib. Detailed analysis shows that SN 2008D was not a normal supernova: Its explosion energy (E approximately 6x10(51) erg) and ejected mass [ approximately 7 times the mass of the Sun (M(middle dot in circle))] are intermediate between normal SNe Ibc and HNe. We conclude that SN 2008D was originally a approximately 30 M(middle dot in circle) star. When it collapsed, a black hole formed and a weak, mildly relativistic jet was produced, which caused the XRF. SN 2008D is probably among the weakest explosions that produce relativistic jets. Inner engine activity appears to be present whenever massive stars collapse to black holes. 相似文献
10.
Albert J Aliu E Anderhub H Antoranz P Armada A Asensio M Baixeras C Barrio JA Bartelt M Bartko H Bastieri D Bavikadi SR Bednarek W Berger K Bigongiari C Biland A Bisesi E Bock RK Bordas P Bosch-Ramon V Bretz T Britvitch I Camara M Carmona E Chilingarian A Ciprini S Coarasa JA Commichau S Contreras JL Cortina J Curtef V Danielyan V Dazzi F De Angelis A de Los Reyes R De Lotto B Domingo-Santamaría E Dorner D Doro M Errando M Fagiolini M Ferenc D Fernández E Firpo R Flix J Fonseca MV Font L 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2006,312(5781):1771-1773
Microquasars are binary star systems with relativistic radio-emitting jets. They are potential sources of cosmic rays and can be used to elucidate the physics of relativistic jets. We report the detection of variable gamma-ray emission above 100 gigaelectron volts from the microquasar LS I 61 + 303. Six orbital cycles were recorded. Several detections occur at a similar orbital phase, which suggests that the emission is periodic. The strongest gamma-ray emission is not observed when the two stars are closest to one another, implying a strong orbital modulation of the emission or absorption processes. 相似文献
11.
Blandford RD 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2002,295(5560):1653-1654
Almost 50 years ago, astronomers provided evidence for powerful radio emissions localized in two giant "lobes" on opposite sides of elliptical galaxies. These lobes are now known to be powered by jets emanating from black holes at the centers of the galaxies. In his Perspective, Blandford discusses how the black hole may generate the jets. He highlights the report by Koide et al., who have simulated one mechanism for supplying the jets with energy via a magnetic connection to the gas just outside the black hole's event horizon. 相似文献
12.
Huebner AL 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1970,168(3927):118-119
Disintegration processes occurring with charged jets of isopropyl alcohol differ in several respects from results obtained with water. Although bimodal distributions of drop size shift to smaller diameters with increasing electrification for both liquids, the lower surface tension of the alcohol promotes the formation of secondary jets and a fan configuration not observed for water. 相似文献
13.
中国优质蛋白玉米育种研究进展 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
随着中国居民收入的不断提高,人们的饮食结构有了较大的改善,市场对畜产品的需求量大大增加。高赖氨酸玉米的出现,标志着玉米不再是单纯的热能饲料,而是热能与蛋白质相结合的新型饲料;然而,纯隐性的高赖氨酸玉米粉质胚乳表现出的生理缺陷,制约了高赖氨酸玉米的发展与利用。中国育种工作者经过30年的艰苦努力,将纯隐性的高赖氨酸玉米改良成半硬质、硬质胚乳的高赖氨酸玉米自交系,组配出胚乳籽粒半硬质的高赖氨酸玉米杂交种;随着人们对优质蛋白玉米品质、利用价值、饲用价值、经济价值认识不断提高,如能得到政府的重视和扶持,优质蛋白玉米将在中国的种植业、畜牧业中发挥其应有的作用。 相似文献
14.
A number of astronomical systems have been discovered that generate collimated flows of plasma with velocities close to the speed of light. In all cases, the central object is probably a neutron star or black hole and is either accreting material from other stars or is in the initial violent stages of formation. Supercomputer simulations of the production of relativistic jets have been based on a magnetohydrodynamic model, in which differential rotation in the system creates a magnetic coil that simultaneously expels and pinches some of the infalling material. The model may explain the basic features of observed jets, including their speed and amount of collimation, and some of the details in the behavior and statistics of different jet-producing sources. 相似文献
15.
Cratering flow calculations for a series of oblique to normal (10 degrees to 90 degrees ) impacts of silicate projectiles onto a silicate halfspace were carried out to determine whether or not the gas produced upon shock-vaporizing both projectile and target material would form a downstream jet that could entrain and propel SNC meteorites from the Martian surface. The difficult constraints that the impact origin hypothesis for SNC meteorites has to satisfy are that these meteorites are lightly to moderately shocked and yet have been accelerated to speeds in excess of the Martian escape velocity (more than 5 kilometers per second). Two-dimensional finite difference calculations were performed that show that at highly probable impact velocities (7.5 kilometers per second), vapor plume jets are produced at oblique impact angles of 25 degrees to 60 degrees and have speeds as great as 20 kilometers per second. These plumes flow nearly parallel to the planetary surface. It is shown that upon impact of projectiles having radii of 0.1 to 1 kilometer, the resulting vapor jets have densities of 0.1 to 1 gram per cubic centimeter. These jets can entrain Martian surface rocks and accelerate them to velocities greater than 5 kilometers per second. This mechanism may launch SNC meteorites to earth. 相似文献
16.
提取抗赤星病烤烟CV87的总DNA ,采用花粉管通道法导入感赤星病烤烟NC89。D1代筛选出的优良株收种并种植后得到D2 代 ,对其活体接种赤星病菌 ,检测其抗病性 ,并于接菌前后测定叶片过氧化物酶活性。结果表明 :接菌的 10个株系有 3个株系的抗病性与供体亲本CV87相似 ,并显著高于受体亲本NC89;抗病性强的个体接菌后其过氧化物酶活性较接菌前有明显升高 ,与CV87没有明显差异。但CV87的过氧化物酶活性在接菌前后没有明显变化 ,说明其接菌前就表现高的活性 相似文献
17.
河南审定的183个小麦品种中有75个小麦品种含有豫麦2号的血缘,豫麦2号成为河南小麦育种利用率最高的骨干亲本.利用系谱资料对豫麦2号种质与其75个衍生品种的共祖先度进行了分析.结果表明:75个小麦品种与豫麦2号的共祖先度范围为0.0500～0.6250,累积的共祖先度为20.9041,占75个小麦品种的27.87%,占河南183个小麦品种的11.42%,豫麦2号具有极高的利用价值,豫麦2号及其衍生品种的利用还在继续.研究豫麦2号的育种价值,对于有效利用小麦种质资源,保持小麦品系的遗传多样性,恰当地选用杂交亲本,成功地创造出优良新基因型具有重要意义. 相似文献
18.
Sekanina Z Brownlee DE Economou TE Tuzzolino AJ Green SF 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2004,304(5678):1769-1774
We interpret the nucleus properties and jet activity from the Stardust spacecraft imaging and the onboard dust monitoring system data. Triangulation of 20 jets shows that 2 emanate from the nucleus dark side and 16 emanate from sources that are on slopes where the Sun's elevation is greater than predicted from the fitted triaxial ellipsoid. Seven sources, including five in the Mayo depression, coincide with relatively bright surface spots. Fitting the imaged jets, the spikelike temporal distribution of dust impacts indicates that the spacecraft crossed thin, densely populated sheets of particulate ejecta extending from small sources on the rotating nucleus, consistent with an emission cone model. 相似文献
19.
追溯了国外室内植物的起源,盆栽是一个历史性的转折。温室的出现为植物进入室内提供了条件,为室内植物创造适宜的生长环境,其中培育暖房和橙屋都是早期温室的一种形式。阐述了它的历史,在室内植物的产生过程中,植物收集者们的功劳是最大的,19世纪后半期是引进全世界各地室内植物到欧洲的鼎盛时期,植物收集者的贡献不可忽视。在所有收集者们中最有名的两个姓氏是Joseph和Veitch。室内植物令人惊奇的是,各种不同气候带的植物都可以在同一个环境中生长,使得室内的植物物种极为丰富。随着室内环境的改善,可以在室内生长的植物种类将会更多。 相似文献
20.
Aharonian F Akhperjanian AG Aye KM Bazer-Bachi AR Beilicke M Benbow W Berge D Berghaus P Bernlöhr K Boisson C Bolz O Borrel V Braun I Breitling F Brown AM Bussons Gordo J Chadwick PM Chounet LM Cornils R Costamante L Degrange B Dickinson HJ Djannati-Ataï A Drury LO Dubus G Emmanoulopoulos D Espigat P Feinstein F Fleury P Fontaine G Fuchs Y Funk S Gallant YA Giebels B Gillessen S Glicenstein JF Goret P Hadjichristidis C Hauser M Heinzelmann G Henri G Hermann G Hinton JA Hofmann W Holleran M 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2005,309(5735):746-749
X-ray binaries are composed of a normal star in orbit around a neutron star or stellar-mass black hole. Radio and x-ray observations have led to the presumption that some x-ray binaries called microquasars behave as scaled-down active galactic nuclei. Microquasars have resolved radio emission that is thought to arise from a relativistic outflow akin to active galactic nuclei jets, in which particles can be accelerated to large energies. Very high energy gamma-rays produced by the interactions of these particles have been observed from several active galactic nuclei. Using the High Energy Stereoscopic System, we find evidence for gamma-ray emission of >100 gigaelectron volts from a candidate microquasar, LS 5039, showing that particles are also accelerated to very high energies in these systems. 相似文献