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1.
Abstract.— The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of β‐1,3 glucan and a laboratory developed feed stimulant, BAISM, as feed additives for juvenile olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. Eight experimental diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous and isocaloric and to contain 50.0% crude protein and 16.4 kJ of available energy/g with or without dietary β‐1,3 glucan and BAISM supplementation. β‐1,3 glucan (G) and BAISM (B) were provided at 0% in the control diet (G0B0) and at 0.05% G + 0.45% B (G0.05B0.45), 0.05% G + 0.95% B (G0.05B0.95), 0.1% G + 0.90% B (G0.1B0.9), 0.10% G + 1.90% B (G0.1B1.9), 0.15% G + 1.35% B (G0.15B1.35), 0.15% G + 2.85% B (G0.15B2.85), and 0.30% G + 2.70% B (G0.3B2.7) in experimental diets. After the feeding trial, fish fed G0.1B0.9, G0.1B1.9, and G0.15B1.35 diets had higher percent weight gain (WG), feed efficiency ratio (FER), specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER), and condition factor (CF) than those fed G0B0, G0.05B0.45, G0.05B0.95, G0.15B2.85, and G0.3B2.7 diets (P < 0.05); however, there was no significant differences among fish fed G0.1B0.9, G0.1B1.9, and G0.15B1.35 diets. Fish fed G0.1B0.9 and G0.1B1.9 diets had higher chemiluminescent responses (CL) than those fed the other diets (P < 0.05). Lysozyme activity of fish fed G0.1B0.9 diet was significantly higher than that of fish fed the other diets (P < 0.05). These results indicated that the optimum dietary supplementation level of β‐1,3 glucan and BAISM could be approximately 0.10% β‐1,3 glucan + 0.90% BAISM (G0.1B0.9) of diet based on WG, FER, SGR, PER, CF, CL, and lysozyme activity in juvenile olive flounder, P. olivaceus.  相似文献   

2.
A 6‐wk feeding trial was conducted to reevaluate the phosphorus (P) requirement of juvenile olive flounder and the bioavailability of various inorganic phosphorus sources (IPS). Eight experimental diets were prepared such that all diets contained the same amount of calories, nitrogen, and calcium. Each diet included 0.33% total phosphorus (TP) and 0.60 % total calcium supplied by the basal diet. The eight experimental diets were: the basal diet without P supplementation (BD), three diets consisting of the BD supplemented with NaH,PO4.2H2O (NaP0.45 NaP0.57 or NaP1.14) to supply 0.45, 0.57 or 1.14% TP, and four diets consisting of the BD supplemented with K2HPO4 (KP0.57), Ca(H2PO4);H2O (Cap0.57), CaH2PO4;2H2O (CaHP0.57) or flounder bone meal (FBP0.57) to supply 0.57% TP. Fish (N = 480)averaging 4.02 ± 0.03 g (Mean ± SD) were distributed randomly into 24 aquaria (20 fish per aquarium), and were fed one of the eight experimental diets in triplicate groups. The weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and feed efficiency (FE) of fish fed the NaP0.57 diet were significantly higher than those of fish fed the BD, NaP1.14, KP0.57, CaHP0.57 and FBP0.57 diets (P > 0.05). There was no significant difference in WG, SGR, PER, and FER among fish fed the Nap0.45, NaP0.57 and Cap0.57, diets. Whole body P retention (WBPret) in fish fed the Nap0.57 diet was significantly higher than in fish fed the BD, NaP1.14, KP0.57 CaHP0.57 and FBP0.57diets (P > 0.05). There was no significant difference in WBPret among fish fed the NaP0.47, NaP0.57, and CaP0.57, diets. The ability of the fish to digest the phosphorus in the NaP0.45, Nap0.57, NaP1.14, and CaP0.57 diets was significantly better than that of fish fed the other diets (P > 0.05). These results indicated that the dietary P requirement for juvenile olive flounder could be 0.45457%. Also, NaH,PO; 2H2O and Ca(H2PO4);H2O appeared to have a better bioavailability than the other P sources in juvenile olive flounder.  相似文献   

3.
The effect on growth and body composition of various dietary additives with putative growth or health‐enhancing properties were determined in juvenile olive flounder (25 g initial weight). Nine experimental diets were prepared to contain one of the following additives: control (Con) with no additive, Opuntia ficus‐indica ver. saboten (OF), propolis (PP), lactic acid bacteria (LA), γ‐poly‐glutamic acid (PG), onion extract (OE), organic sulfur (OS), Biostone® (BS), and fig extract (FE). Fishmeal, dehulled soybean meal, and corn gluten were used as the protein source of the experimental diets. Wheat flour and soybean oil were used as the carbohydrate and lipid sources, respectively. Dietary additives were included in each experimental diet at 1% at the expense of wheat flour except for the FE (aqueous), which was substituted at 1% of the amount of water added to the diet. Fish were hand‐fed to satiation twice a day for 6 d/wk for 6 wk. Weight gain of fish fed the OE diet was higher than that of fish fed with the PP diet. Chemical composition of fish was not different among the experimental diets. OE was the most effective dietary additive to improve performance of olive flounder among additives used in this study.  相似文献   

4.
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation of Barodon, an anionic alkali mineral complex, on growth, feed utilization, humoral innate immunity and disease resistance of olive flounder. A basal experimental diet was used as a control and supplemented with 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, or 0.5% Barodon. Triplicate groups of fish (26.4 ± 0.2 g) were fed one of the diets to apparent satiation twice daily for 10 wk. The growth performance was enhanced (P < 0.05) linearly and quadratically in fish fed diets containing Barodon compared with that in fish fed the control. Feed utilization was significantly improved by Barodon supplementation. Serum lysozyme and antiprotease activities were increased quadratically in Barodon fed groups. Also, significantly higher superoxide dismutase activity was found in Barodon‐fed fish. Dietary supplementation of 0.1–0.3% Barodon resulted in significant enhancement of fish disease resistance against Streptococcus iniae. The findings in this study indicate that dietary supplementation of Barodon can enhance growth, feed utilization, innate immunity, and disease resistance of olive flounder and that the optimum level seems to be 0.1% in diets.  相似文献   

5.
Replacing dietary fish oil with DHA‐rich microalgae Schizochytrium sp. and EPA‐rich microalgae Nannochloropsis sp. for olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) was examined. Three experimental isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets with lipid source provided by 50% fish oil (F50S50), 50% (M50F25S25) and 100% microalgae raw material (M100) respectively were compared with a soybean oil (S100) diet as control. Triplicate groups of olive flounder juveniles (16.5 ± 0.91 g) were fed the experimental diets, and a group was fed the control diets for 8 weeks in a recirculation system. Results showed feed efficiency and growth performance were not significantly changed when fish oil (FO) was totally substituted by soybean oil (SO) or microalgae raw material (MRM). The whole‐body composition, lipid content of liver and muscle, and lipid composition of plasma were not significantly influenced by the total substitution of FO by MRM. The polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) content of muscle and liver declined in fish fed S100 diet, whereas it was not significantly reduced in fish fed M50F25S25 and M100 diets. The total substitution of FO by MRM not only maintained the levels of arachidonic acid, EPA or DHA but also increased n‐3/n‐6 ratio. In conclusion, MRM as the sole lipid source is sufficient to obtain good feed efficiency, growth performance and human health value in olive flounder juveniles.  相似文献   

6.
Compensatory growth and changes in biochemical composition, hematocrit and body condition indices of juvenile flounder Paralichthys olivaceus were assessed during starvation and after refeeding. Twenty juvenile fish were stocked into each 200‐L flow‐through tank to give five treatments with three replicates per treatment: control group fish (C) were hand fed to apparent satiation twice daily for 8 wk, whereas the Sl, S2, S3, and S4 fish were hand fed to apparent satiation twice daily for 7, 6, 5, and 4 wk after 1, 2, 3, and 4 wk of starvation, respectively. During starvation, weight decreased linearly with periods of feed deprivation up to 3 wk. Survival was not significantly different among treatments. At the end of the feeding trial, weight gain (g/fish) and specific growth rate (SGR) of flounder in S2 was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than those of fish in S3 or S4, but not significantly different from those of fish in C or Sl. Feed consumption of flounder (g/fish) was proportional to duration of feeding except for that of fish in S2. Feed efficiency ratio (FER) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) values for flounder in S2 were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than those for fish in C, but not significantly different from those for fish in Sl, S3, or S4. During starvation, hepatosomatic index (HSI) and lipid content of flounder without liver decreased with periods of feed deprivation. However, HSI and condition factor (CF) for flounder in S2 were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than those for fish in Sl, S3, S4 and C except for CF in Sl at the end of the feeding trial. Proximate composition of flounder without the liver was not significantly different among treatments at the end of the feeding trial. In considering above results, juvenile flounder achieved compensatory growth with up to 2‐wk feed deprivation. Compensatory growth of flounder fed for 6 wk after 2‐wk feed deprivation was well supported by improvement in SGR, FER, and PER. HSI could be a good index to monitor changes in body condition during starvation and after refeeding.  相似文献   

7.
An 8‐week feeding trial was conducted to estimate the optimum dietary protein to energy (P/E) ratio in juvenile olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. Eight experimental diets were formulated with two energy levels and four protein levels at each energy level. Two energy levels of 12.5 and 16.7 kJ g?1 diets were included at crude protein (CP) levels of 25%, 30%, 35% and 45% with 12.5 kJ g?1, and CP levels of 35%, 45%, 50% and 60% with 16.7 kJ g?1. After 1 week of the conditioning period, fish initially averaging 8.1±0.08 g (mean±SD) were randomly distributed into the aquarium as groups of 15 fish. Each diet was fed on a dry‐matter basis to fish in three randomly selected aquariums at a rate of 3–5% of total wet body weight per day for 8 weeks. After 8 weeks of the feeding trial, weight gain (WG), feed efficiency ratio and specific growth rate of fish fed 45% CP with 16.7 kJ g?1 energy diet were significantly higher than those from the other dietary treatments (P<0.05). WG of fish fed 12.5 kJ g?1 energy diets increased with the increase of dietary protein levels. However, WG of fish fed 16.7 kJ g?1 energy diets increased with the increase of dietary protein levels up to 45% CP and then decreased when fish fed 50% and 60% CP diets. Both dietary protein and energy affected protein retention efficiency and energy retention efficiency. Haemoglobin (Hb) of fish fed 35% and 45% CP diets with 12.5 kJ g?1 energy were significantly high and not different from Hb of fish fed 45% and 50% CP diets with 16.7 kJ g?1 energy. Haematocrit of fish fed 45% CP diet with 16.7 kJ g?1 energy was significantly higher than those from fish fed 25% and 30% CP diets with 12.5 kJ g?1 energy (P< 0.05). Based on the results of this experiment, we concluded that the optimum dietary P/E ratio was 27.5 mg protein kJ?1 with diet containing 45% CP and 16.7 kJ g?1 energy in juvenile olive flounder.  相似文献   

8.
A 9‐week feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary carbohydrate level on the growth performance, body composition and apparent digestibility coefficient and digestive enzyme activities of juvenile cobia. Six isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets containing graded levels of starch (1.3%, 6.5%, 12.5%, 18.4%, 24.2% and 30.4%) were fed to juvenile cobia. Specific growth rate (SGR), feed efficiency ratio (FER) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) increased with increasing dietary starch up to 18.4% (P<0.05), and thereafter SGR declined but FER and PER remained nearly the same. Apparent digestibility coefficient of starch reduced significantly when dietary starch up to 30.4%. Fish fed the diets with starch from 18.4% to 30.4% showed higher amylase activities in intestinal tract than those fed diets containing starch 1.3% and 6.5% (P<0.05). Significantly higher whole‐body lipid contents were observed in fish fed the diets containing higher starch. Whole‐body moisture content was inversely correlated with whole‐body lipid content, while protein and ash showed no significant differences. Plasma glucose, hepatosomatic index, liver glycogen and liver lipid increased with an increasing dietary starch. Based on SGR and FER, the appropriate dietary starch supplementations of juvenile cobia were estimated to be 21.1% and 18.0 % of diet respectively.  相似文献   

9.
A study was conducted to examine the use of corn distillers’ by‐products in diets and the effects of additional dietary fat on channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, performance. Juvenile channel catfish (initial weight: 12.6 g per fish) were stocked in flow‐through aquaria and fed one of six practical diets for 9 weeks. Fish fed the control + fat diet consumed more diet and had higher feed efficiency ratio (FER) than fish fed the control diet, but weight gain was not significantly different between fish fed these two diets. Fish fed the diet containing 300 g kg?1 distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) consumed more diet and gained more weight, but had similar FER compared with fish fed the control + fat diet. The diet containing 200 g kg?1 high‐protein distillers grains (HPDDG) resulted in similar diet consumption, weight gain and FER as the control + fat diet. Fish fed the diet containing 100 g kg?1 distillers solubles (DS) consumed more diet, but had similar weight gain and FER compared with fish fed the 300 g kg?1 DDGS diet. The presence of distillers solubles in the diet (300 g kg?1 DDGS, 100 g kg?1 DS, 100 g kg?1 EDS diets) appears to increase diet consumption, weight gain, and FER over the control diets with or without additional fat.  相似文献   

10.
This experiment was conducted to determine the optimum dietary protein level for juvenile olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus (Temminck et Schlegel) fed a white fish meal and casein‐based diets for 8 weeks. Olive flounder with an initial body weight of 4.1 ± 0.02 g (mean ± SD) were fed one of the six isocaloric diets containing 35%, 45%, 50%, 55% and 65% crude protein (CP) at a feeding rate of 4–5% of wet body weight on a dry‐matter basis to triplicate groups of 20 fish per aquarium. After 8 weeks of feeding, per cent weight gain (WG) and feed efficiency ratios of fish fed the 55% CP diet were not significantly higher than those from fish fed the 50% and 65% CP diets, but significantly higher than those from fish fed the 35% and 45% CP diets. Fish fed the 50%, 55% and 65% CP diets had significant higher specific growth rates than did fish fed the 35% and 45% CP diets; however, there was no significant difference among fish fed the 50%, 55% and 65% CP diets. The protein efficiency ratio was inversely related to the dietary protein level; that is, maximum efficiency occurred at the lowest dietary protein level. Broken‐line model analysis indicated that the optimum dietary protein level was 51.2 ± 1.8% for maximum weight gain in juvenile olive flounder. The second‐order polynomial regression analysis showed that the maximum WG occurred at 57.7% and it revealed that the minimum range of protein requirement was between 44.2% and 46.4%. These findings suggest that the optimum dietary protein level for maximum growth could be greater than 46.4%, but less than 51.2% CP in fish meal and casein‐based diets containing 17.0 kJ g?1 energy for juvenile olive flounder.  相似文献   

11.
An 11‐wk feeding trial was conducted to evaluate three different protein hydrolysates as feed ingredients in high‐plant‐protein diets for juvenile olive flounder. Five experimental diets were fed to juvenile olive flounder to examine the effect of three different protein hydrolysates on growth performance, innate immunity, and disease resistance against bacterial infection. A basal fishmeal (FM)‐based diet was regarded as a high‐FM diet (HFM) and a diet containing soy protein concentrate (SPC) as a substitute for 50% FM protein was considered as a low‐FM diet (LFM). Three other diets contained three different sources of protein hydrolysates, including shrimp, tilapia, and krill hydrolysates (designated as SH, TH, and KH), replacing 12% of FM protein. All diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous and isocaloric. Triplicate groups of fish (15.1 ± 0.1 g) were handfed one of the diets to apparent satiation twice daily for 11 wk and subsequently challenged against Edwardsiella tarda. Growth performance and feed utilization of fish fed hydrolysate‐supplemented diets were significantly improved compared to those of fish fed the LFM diet. Dietary inclusion of the protein hydrolysates significantly enhanced apparent digestibility of dry matter and protein of the diets. In the proximal intestine, histological alterations were observed in the fish fed the LFM diet. The fish fed the hydrolysate diets showed significantly longer mucosal fold and enterocytes and greater number of goblet cells compared to fish fed the LFM diet. Respiratory burst activity was significantly higher in fish fed the TH and KH diets than fish fed the LFM diet. Significantly higher immunoglobulin levels were found in fish fed SH and KH diets compared to those of fish fed the LFM diet. Dietary inclusion of the protein hydrolysates in SPC‐based diets exhibited the highest lysozyme activity. Significantly higher superoxide activity was observed in groups of fish fed the KH diet. Fish offered the protein hydrolysates were more resistant to bacterial infection caused by E. tarda. The results of this study suggest that the tested protein hydrolysates can be used as potential dietary supplements to improve growth performance and health status of juvenile olive flounder when they were fed a LFM diet.  相似文献   

12.
This study evaluated the effects of dietary fermented tuna by‐product meal (FTBM) in juvenile olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. Five diets were formulated to replace fishmeal (FM) with FTBM at 0% (FTBM0), 12.5% (FTBM12.5), 25.0% (FTBM25), 37.5% (FTBM37.5), or 50% (FTBM50). After 8 wk, weight gain, specific growth rate, and feed efficiency of fish fed FTBM0 and FTBM12.5 diets were significantly higher than fish fed the other diets (P < 0.05). Also, mean cumulative survival rates (%) of fish fed the FTBM0 and FTBM12.5 diets were significantly higher than those fed FTBM50 diet at Day 9 postchallenge with Edwardsiella tarda (P < 0.05). Protein efficiency ratio of fish fed FTBM0 and FTBM12.5 diets was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than fish fed diets FTBM37.5 and FTBM50. Broken‐line regression analysis of weight gain showed an optimal FM replacement level of 10.65% with FTBM. Therefore, the optimal dietary inclusion of FTBM in juvenile olive flounder diets could be greater than 10.65% but less than 12.5% without any adverse physiological effects on fish health.  相似文献   

13.
A feeding trial using five semi-purified diets (50% crude protein) was conducted to investigate the effects of different dietary amino acid patterns on growth and body composition of juvenile Japanese flounder. The control diet contained casein and gelatin as intact protein sources and four other diets contained 30% casein–gelatin (2:1, w/w) and 20% crystalline amino acids (CAA). CAA were added to the diets to simulate the amino acid pattern found in red sea bream egg protein (REP), Japanese flounder larvae whole body protein (FLP), Japanese flounder juvenile whole body protein (FJP), and brown fish meal protein (BFP), respectively. The test diets were fed to triplicate groups of juveniles (2.75±0.05 g) twice a day for 40 days to evaluate weight gain, survival, feed conversion efficiency (FCE), protein efficiency ratio (PER), and apparent protein utilization (APU). The apparent retention of total dietary amino acids in the whole body and A/E ratios of the whole body were also evaluated. The highest weight gain was observed in fish fed the diet containing the dietary amino acid pattern of BFP followed by fish fed the control, FJP, FLP and the REP diets. Percent survival, FCE, PER and APU were also significantly (P<0.05) affected by the amino acid pattern in the diets, indicating the highest value in fish fed the BFP diet. Except for a few amino acids, the amino acid composition of the whole body did not show marked differences with different dietary amino acid pattern. Results suggest that BFP could be more suitable as a reference amino acid pattern in the diet of juvenile Japanese flounder compared to the amino acid pattern of FLP, FJP or REP.  相似文献   

14.
This study was conducted to investigate the influence of dietary distillers dried grain (DDG) level on growth and body composition of juvenile olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Five diets (designated as DDG0, DDG7, DDG14, DDG21 and DDG28) were prepared to contain 0, 70, 140, 210 and 280 g kg?1 DDG. Three replicate groups of fish averaging 11.6 ± 0.1 g were fed one of the diets for 8 weeks. Weight gain of fish fed diets containing 70–280 g kg?1 DDG was not different to that of fish fed DDG0 diet (P > 0.05). Feed efficiency of fish fed DDG21 and DDG28 diets was lower than that of fish fed DDG0 diet (P < 0.05). The antioxidant enzyme and digestive enzyme activities were not affected by dietary DDG levels. The results of this experiment suggested that DDG is a valuable ingredient as a candidate to replace wheat flour in the diet and could be used up to 280 g kg?1 for the growth of olive flounder. On the other hand, if lower feed efficiency of fish fed 210–280 g kg?1 DDG is considered, up to 140 g kg?1 DDG in diet is recommended for optimum feed utilization of fish.  相似文献   

15.
This experiment was conducted to study the effects of different dietary levels of vitamin C, L‐ascorbyl‐2‐polyphosphate (ASPP), on growth and tissue vitamin C concentrations in juvenile olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus (Temminck et Schlegel). Fish were fed one of six semi‐purified diets containing an equivalent of 0, 25, 50, 75, 150, or 1500 mg ascorbic acid (AA) kg?1 diet (C0, C25, C50, C75, C150 or C1500) in the form of ASPP for 12 weeks. Weight gain (WG) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) of fish fed the C0 diet were significantly lower than those of fish fed the other diets (P < 0.05), and WG and PER of fish fed the C25, C50 and C75 diets were significantly lower than those of fish fed the C1500 diet (P < 0.05). Fish fed the C0 diet exhibited vitamin C deficiency symptoms such as anorexia, scoliosis, cataract, exophthalmia and fin hemorrhage at the end of the 12‐week test. After 12 weeks of the feeding trial, AA concentrations from gill, kidney, and liver of fish fed the C0, C25, C50 and C75 diets were significantly lower than those of fish fed the C150 and C1500 diets (P < 0.05). Based on broken line analyses for WG and PER, the optimum dietary levels of vitamin C were 91 and 93 mg AA kg?1 diet respectively. These findings suggest that the dietary vitamin C requirement could be 93 mg AA kg?1 diet to support reasonable growth, and greater than 150 mg AA kg?1 diet may be required for AA saturation of major tissues for juvenile olive flounder under experimental conditions.  相似文献   

16.
A 12‐week feeding trial was designed to assess the probiotic potential of indigenous Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and/or Bacillus subtilis singly or in combination with Bacillus licheniformis in an extruded feed for olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) juveniles. A high fish meal (FM) diet (control) and a low‐FM diet containing an alternative protein blend (30% FM replacement, FM30) were formulated. Three other experimental diets were prepared by inclusion of B. amyloliquefaciens (BA), B. subtilis (BS), or a mixture of B. amyloliquefaciens, B. subtilis, and B. licheniformis (BASL) into FM30 diet, with a final concentration of 106 CFU/g diet. Results indicated that the FM30 diet was well tolerated by flounder, and the overall performance was not affected by dietary treatments. Lysozyme activity and total immunoglobulin level were significantly reduced in flounders when fed with the FM30 diet compared with the BASL and BA diets, respectively. The Bacillus additives neither enriched the relative abundance of the corresponding Bacillus spp. in the relevant gut microbiota of olive flounder nor modulated the presumptive gene functions of the gut microbiome. Despite the absence of growth‐promoting effect, the tested probiotics could still be economically viable for use as immunostimulants in commercial flounder diets with partial FM replacement.  相似文献   

17.
为研究饲料中不同蛋白质含量对美洲鲥幼鱼生长的影响,设置了蛋白质含量分别为35%、40%和45%的3组实验,经过41d的试验得出:蛋白质含量为40%的饲料组,幼鱼的增重率、特定生长率最高(P<0.05);蛋白质含量为40%组和45%组的蛋白质效率和饲料转化率无显著差异(P>0.05),但均高于35%组(P<0.05)。  相似文献   

18.
The effects of six formulated diets containing different protein and lipid levels on growth performance and body composition of juvenile southern flounder were evaluated. Test diets were prepared with a combination of three crude protein (CP) levels (45, 50 and 55%) and two crude lipid (CL) levels (10 and 15%). Diets (CP/CL) were as follows: 45/10, 45/15, 50/10, 50/15, 55/10, 55/15 and a commercial diet (50/15). Southern flounder (1.10 g) were fed the respective diets for 42 d in triplicate recirculating tanks (20 fish/tank). Percent body weight gain (BWG) for fish fed diet 45/10 (413%) and the commercial diet (426%) were significantly (P < 0.05) lower than fish fed other diets (823–837%). Increasing protein level from 45 to 50% produced a significant increase in BWG for the 10% lipid diet (823%) but further increasing protein did not produce a significant effect on BWG irrespective of dietary lipid levels. Specific growth rate (SGR), feed intake, feed conversion efficiency (FCE), protein efficiency ratio (PER), and total lipid content in the whole body were significantly affected by different dietary protein and lipid levels. Results indicated that a combination of 50% protein and 10% lipid was optimal for the growth performance of southern flounder juveniles.  相似文献   

19.
An 11‐week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary protein and/or energy levels on growth, feed efficiency and proximate composition of juvenile (average weight: 21.5 g) common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) fed various diets based on constant daily protein input. Five experimental diets were prepared. One group of diets (diets 1, 2 and 3) contained three crude protein (P) levels (35%, 40% and 45%) with a constant gross energy (GE) of 3.8 kcal g?1 diet. The second group of diets (diets 4 and 5) were formulated to contain a GE of 4.3 or 4.9 kcal g?1 diet and 40% or 45% protein levels, respectively, where GE/P was constant at 10.8 kcal g?1 protein. Fish receiving diet 1 served as the control; they were hand‐fed to visual satiety. Feed allowance for diets 2 and 4 was 87.5% of the control. Feed allowance for fish receiving diets 3 and 5 was 77.8% of the control. Thus, all tanks received the same daily protein input. When gross energy in the diets was constant, 3.8 kcal g?1 diet, weight gain of fish fed diet 2 at 87.5% satiation was significantly higher than that of fish fed diet 3 at 77.8% of satiation. When the GE/P in the diets was constant, 10.8 kcal g?1 protein, weight gain of fish fed diet 1 was significantly higher than that of fish fed diet 5 at 77.8% satiation. The feed efficiency ratio (FER) for diets 2–5 was significantly higher than for diet 1 at constant GE and GE/P, and this improved linearly as dietary protein levels increased. The protein efficiency ratio (PER) for diet 2 was significantly higher than for diet 3 at constant GE. However, PER was not significantly different at constant GE/P. Protein retention of fish fed diet 2 was significantly higher than that of fish fed diet 3 at constant GE. Protein retention of fish linearly decreased at constant GE/P. The energy efficiency ratios (EER) for diets 2 and 3 were significantly higher than for diet 1 at constant GE. Moisture and protein contents of the whole body of fish were not significantly different at constant GE, but they decreased linearly at constant GE/P. The lipid content of fish fed diet 1 was significantly lower than that of fish fed diet 2 at constant GE, and body lipid content linearly increased at constant GE/P. These results indicate that growth and feed efficiency for common carp fed a 40% protein diet with 3.8 kcal g?1 diet GE at 87.5% satiation rate was superior to those for the fish fed either a 35% protein diet with 3.8 kcal g?1 diet GE at 100% satiation rate or a 45% protein diet with either a 3.8 or 4.9 kcal g?1 diet GE at 77.8% satiation rate.  相似文献   

20.
A 9‐week feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with protein hydrolysates on growth, innate immunity and disease resistance of olive flounder. A fishmeal (FM)‐based diet was regarded as a control, and three diets were prepared by partial replacement of FM with krill hydrolysate, shrimp hydrolysate or tilapia hydrolysate (designated as Con, KH, SH and TH, respectively). Triplicate groups of fish (24.5 ± 0.3 g) were fed one of the diets to apparent satiation twice daily for 9 weeks and then challenged by Edwarsellia tarda. Fish‐fed KH diet showed significantly (P < 0.05) higher growth performance and feed utilization compared with the Con diet. Dry matter digestibility of the diets was significantly increased by KH and TH supplementation. All the examined innate immune responses were significantly increased in fish fed KH diet. Significantly, higher respiratory burst and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities were found in fish‐fed SH diet. Lysozyme and SOD activities were significantly increased in fish‐fed TH diet. However, no significant effect was found on fish disease resistance. This study indicates that dietary supplementation of the hydrolysates, particularly KH, can improve growth performance, feed utilization and innate immunity of olive flounder.  相似文献   

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