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1.
不同氮效率粳稻生育后期产量形成的生理基础 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
为明确不同施氮量下高产粳稻在产量形成的关键时期光合生理特性的差异，在盆栽条件下，选取3个中粳（武育粳3号、南粳45、02102）和4个晚粳（武运粳7号、南粳44、南粳46、南粳5055），在开花后不同天数，研究了不同施氮量下（150．0 kg/hm2：LN、300．0 kg/hm2：MN、450．0 kg/hm2：HN ）剑叶光合作用对光强和二氧化碳（CO2）响应曲线，氮代谢关键酶如硝酸还原酶（NR）、谷氨酰胺合成酶（GS）、谷氨酸合酶（GOGAT）谷氨酸脱氢酶（GDH），抗氧化酶和非酶系统的抗氧化能力以及耐光氧化表现等，并在收获期考察其产量构成因子。结果表明：超级稻中粳南粳45和晚粳南粳44在LN、MN和HN的单株产量分别比对照武育粳3号和武运粳7号有所提高；随着施氮量的增加，水稻对高光强的利用能力增强，并可缓解开花后35 d剑叶的最大净光合速率（ Maximum net photosynthetic rate ，Pnmax ）的下降；而供试材料在LN或者MN下，在高CO2浓度下可通过提高表观羧化效率（ Apparent carboxylation efficiency ，ACE），达到与HN的Pnmax ，提高CO2浓度有利于减氮；开花前期氮代谢相关酶活性诱导增加，后期超氧化物歧化酶（ Superoxide dismutase，SOD）的活性诱导增加以缓解后期光氧化，其中超级稻南粳44和南粳45在不同的氮素处理下，均具有中等耐光氧化和耐荫的特性。相关性分析表明，花后7 d的叶片的光合能力与千粒质量有关，而花后35 d，功能叶片的抗氧化能力则影响其结实率。可见，超级粳稻南粳44和南粳45在中等氮素下，可通过开花前期诱导NR和开花后期抗氧化能力增强，最大限度地发挥其叶片的光合功能，从而表现稳产高产。今后兼顾选择具有高光合特性的水稻品种，将是实现水稻高产和减氮统一的有效途径。 相似文献
2.
甘蓝型油菜耐荫性的品种差异 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
以耐荫性强、弱不同的4个甘蓝型油菜品种为试材,比较研究了不同品种甘蓝型油菜的光合生理特性。结果表明：在遮荫（1/4自然光下处理20 d）条件下,与不耐荫品种相比,耐荫品种的单株干重、比叶重、RuBP羧化酶活性、希尔反应活力、PSⅡ活性下降幅度较小,而叶绿素组分中叶绿素b所占比例较高。说明耐荫的甘蓝型油菜品种具有较 相似文献
3.
水稻对高低光强适应的品种间差异 总被引：10，自引：4，他引：10
为阐明水稻对高、低光强的适应性，比较了不同品种光系统和光合酶的活性。结果表明：与不耐高光强的品种相比，适应广幅光强的品种在强光条件下，ＰＳⅡ活性、光合速率下降幅度较小，而ＰＳⅠ、碳酸酐酶（ＣＡ）、超氧歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）活性增加，因此叶片受光氧化伤害较轻。在遮荫条件（１／５自然光）下生长，与不耐荫品种相比，适应广幅光强品种ＲｕＢＰｃ活性和光合速率及每株干重下降幅度较小。看来，在强光下具有稳定的ＰＳⅡ活 相似文献
4.
不同生育期水稻耐冷性的鉴定及耐冷性差异的生理机制 总被引：38，自引：4，他引：38
以粳稻9516、H45、武育粳、转PEPC基因水稻、Kitaake、苏沪香粳，籼稻扬稻6号、香籼、IR64，培矮64S以及杂交稻粤优938、汕优63、X07S/紫徽100、两优培九等14个水稻品种为材料，分别鉴定了芽期（胚根1 cm, 胚芽0.5 cm）、苗期（三叶）和孕穗期的耐冷性，同时选取南京对水稻播种敏感的自然低温条件，进行低温鉴定。结果表明，芽期存活率、苗期的枯死率和孕穗期结实率均为可靠的水稻耐冷性鉴定指标。进一步从叶片的光合速率、PSⅡ光化学效率（Fv/Fm）、脂肪酸组分、活性氧指标(丙二醛,过氧化氢和超氧阴离子和抗氧化物质(抗坏血酸和谷胱甘肽)的变化等方面，研究耐冷性不同的水稻的耐冷生理机制。表明耐冷的水稻品种武育粳含较多的不饱和脂肪酸，在低温逆境下，膜的流动性愈大，低温对其伤害愈小；对杂交稻汕优63而言，其叶内抵御逆境的保护系统抗坏血酸和谷胱甘肽的循环被较大地激活，特别是谷胱甘肽再生的高速运转，与不耐冷的品种香籼相比，汕优63叶内的过氧化物质累积较少，其耐冷性表现中等。看来水稻叶片维持高的脂肪酸不饱和指数和谷胱甘肽的周转循环能力是水稻耐冷的重要特征。 相似文献
5.
光氧化条件下两个水稻品种光合电子传递和光合酶活性的变化 总被引：15，自引：2，他引：13
在低ＣＯ２、低ＣＯ２、中等光强的光氧化条件下,测定了耐光氧化品种０２４２８和对光氧化敏感品种金刚３０的光合电子传递和碳代谢有关的酶活性变化。处理１天后,当耐光氧化品种ＰＳⅡ活性开始下降时,ＰＳⅠ活性有增加现象。随着叶内活性氧产生增加,两个品种的ＲｕＢＰｃ活性受到明显抑制,但耐光氧化品种的碳酸酐酶（ＣＡ）和磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶活性出现诱导性增加。上述结果表明：在光氧化逆境下,光俣电子传递和碳同化的 相似文献
6.
日本低谷蛋白品种LGC-1的低谷蛋白形成机理是由于反向重复的两个谷蛋白功能基因GluB4和GluB5中间缺失4.5kb大片段,形成天然的RNA干涉,对其它谷蛋白基因进行沉默而导致。根据缺失位置的两端序列设计PCR引物,运用该引物对LGC-1、武育粳3号及LGC-1/武育粳3号的杂交F1及F2代的DNA进行了PCR扩增。同时,运用SDS-PAGE对形成LGC-1、武育粳3号及LGC-1/武育粳3号的杂交F1及F2代植株的种子中谷蛋白含量进行了分析。结果表明:PCR标记能够扩增出391bp的植株的种子胚乳低谷蛋白含量低,而不能扩增出产物的水稻植株的谷蛋白含量正常。因此,该标记可以用于低谷蛋白品种LGC-1杂交后代的分子标记辅助选择育种。 相似文献
7.
水稻叶片光氧化敏感性与活性氧清除系统的关系 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
用低O_2,低CO_2、光强269μE·m~(-2)·s(-1)的人工光氧化条件处理水稻叶片,观察了不同耐光特性品种叶片的光合速率、叶绿素含量及其组份和活性氧清除系统的差异。结果表明,不同光氧化耐性的水稻品种比较,以耐光氧化的品种受影响较小。光氧化条件下叶片活性氧清除系统中的超氧物歧化酶、过氧化物酶活性及类胡萝卜素和抗坏血酸水平降低,而膜脂过氧化作用加强。处理4～8天,不同品种间以耐光氧化品种的保护酶活性、抗光氧化物质水平下降及丙二醛含量上升的幅度较小。 相似文献
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9.
不同品种抗病性也不同，我县发病率高的品种有杂粳元优1号、六优8号，常规粳稻武育粳3号、9516等，如1998年蔡桥镇检查发现元优1号田间发病率达60％。检查发现武育粳3号、9516发病率55．5％。 相似文献
10.
ATP是构建类似C4水稻的重要限制因素 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为了分析ATP是否是转PEPC+PPDK基因水稻或转 PEPC+PPDK+ME基因水稻CO2浓缩过程的限制因素,以原种和不同转C4光合酶基因水稻为材料,测定了C4光合酶活性、光合速率以及活性氧代谢有关指标,结果表明:原种中具有全套的C4光合酶,但活性很低,而不同转C4光合酶基因水稻高表达了相应的C4酶活性.在高光条件下,与原种相比较,转PPDK基因水稻的光合速率未增加;转ME基因水稻的光合速率降低了6.1%;转PEPC+PPDK双基因水稻与转PEPC基因水稻相近.ATP和ATP激活剂NaHSO3处理后,可显著提高转PEPC+PPDK双基因水稻和转PEPC+PPDK+ME基因水稻的光合放氧速率,达到玉米的80.7%,显现出类似C4的光合特点,表明ATP是构建类似C4水稻的重要限制因素.光氧化条件下,转PEPC+PPDK+ME基因水稻的耐光氧化能力得到进一步的增强.这些结果为构建C4水稻提供了技术途径. 相似文献
11.
花生品种抗光氧化特性的鉴定与评价 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
为评价不同花生品种的抗光氧化特性,并为选育广适性品种提供依据,本研究利用夏季强光高温的自然条件,人为创造一个光氧化胁迫条件,对不同花生品种进行抗光氧化特性的鉴定。结果表明,2015 年筛选到8 个抗光氧化品种,占鉴定品种的6.67%;中等抗光氧化品种占87.5%,不抗光氧化品种占5.83%。2017 年从2015 年材料中挑选45 个品种继续进行鉴定,3 个品种表现为抗光氧化特性,占鉴定品种的6.67%;中等抗光氧化品种占51.11%,不抗光氧化品种占44.22%。不同等级抗光氧化品种的相对叶绿素含量均存在显著或极显著差异,其中,2017 年不同等级抗光氧化品种的相对叶绿素含量明显低于2015 年对应等级的品种。本研究筛选到了抗光氧化差异明显的花生品种,验证了本方法在鉴定评价花生品种抗光氧化特性上的可靠性。此外,光氧化特性鉴定中光氧化胁迫时间应结合胁迫期间的温光条件和研究目的综合考虑。 相似文献
12.
雌雄穗开花间隔(ASI )是衡量玉米抗逆性的重要指标。在抽雄期对12个黄淮海地区推广种植面积较大玉米品种进行不同时间50%的遮光处理,以研究ASI 与产量及其他相关性状的关系。研究表明：在7天的遮荫条件下,不同品种的抽雄期延迟,ASI 延长、穗长变短、穗行数和行粒数减少,小区产量严重降低;遮荫对株高、穗位、穗粗和百粒重并没有显著的影响;在15天的遮荫条件下,不同品种ASI 大幅度延长（‘豫禾988’除外）,导致雌雄不协调,植株不能正常授粉结实;相关分析发现在7天遮荫条件下,品种ASI 与小区产量呈显著负相关,以小区产量降低的百分率和ASI 为衡量指标,将‘豫禾988’、‘武科2号’、‘蠡玉16’归为耐荫性较强的品种。 相似文献
13.
Long-term Low Radiation Decreases Leaf Photosynthesis, Photochemical Efficiency and Grain Yield in Winter Wheat 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
H. Mu D. Jiang B. Wollenweber T. Dai Q. Jing & W. Cao 《Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science》2010,196(1):38-47
Low radiation reduces wheat grain yield in tree-crop intercropping systems in the major wheat planting area of China. Here, two winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L) cultivars, Yangmai 158 (shading tolerant) and Yangmai 11 (shading sensitive), were shaded from jointing to maturity to evaluate the impact of low radiation on crop growth, photosynthesis and yield. Grain yield losses and leaf area index (LAI) reduction were less than the reduction in solar radiation under both shading treatment in both cultivars. Compared with the control (S0), grain yield only reduced 6.4 % and 9.9 % under 22 % shading treatment (S1), while 16.2 % and 25.8 % under 33 % shading (S2) in Yangmai 158 and Yangmai 11 respectively. The reduction in LAI was 6.0 % and 9.2 % (S1), and 18.2 % and 22.2 % (S2) in Yangmai 158 and Yangmai 11 respectively. However, decline in canopy apparent photosynthetic rate (CAP) was 15.0–22.9 % (S1) and 29.5–49.6 % (S2), which was consistent with the reduction in radiation. The reduction in LAI was partially compensated by increases in the fraction of the top and bottom leaf area to the total leaf area, which facilitated to intercept more solar radiation by the canopy. The decrease in photosynthetic rate ( Pn ) of flag leaf was partially compensated by the increase in Pn of the third leaf from the top. In addition, an inconsistency between the low Pn and the high Chl content in flag leaf was observed at 30 DAA. This could be explained that more excitation energy was dispersed via the non-photochemical approaches in the photosystem II (PSII) of flag leaf after long-term shading. 相似文献
14.
X. Li J. Cai H. Li Y. Bo F. Liu D. Jiang T. Dai W. Cao 《Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science》2012,198(1):68-79
Accumulations of high molecular weight glutenin subunits (HMW‐GS) and glutenin macropolymer (GMP) in wheat grains are important indicators of grain quality. Two wheat cultivars, Yangmai 158 (shading tolerant) and Yangmai 11 (shading intolerant) which contains the same subunit pairs of 7 + 8 and 2 + 12, were used to evaluate the impacts of shading on HMW‐GS accumulation and GMP concentration in the grain. Three shading levels were implemented from jointing to maturity, i.e. S1, S2 and S3, in which the plants received 8 %, 15 % and 23 % less radiation of the control (S0), respectively. The initial formation of HMW‐GS was pre‐dated by shading. The rapid HMW‐GS accumulation duration was shortened, and the accumulation rate during late grain filling period was lowered in the two relatively severe shaded treatments (S2 & S3). Thus, the total HMW‐GS accumulation in single grain at maturity was lower in S2 and S3 than in the control (S0). However, concentrations of HMW‐GS and GMP at maturity increased because of the reduced single grain weight in S2 and S3, as compared to S0. In contrast, the low density shading (S1) prolonged the rapid accumulation duration of HMW‐GS, hence increased the accumulation and concentration of HMW‐GS in the grains. Consequently, S1 reduced falling number and SDS‐sedimentation volume, while shortened dough development time (DDT) and dough stability time (DST). In contrast, S2 and S3 increased falling number, wet‐gluten concentration and SDS‐sedimentation volume, and lengthened the DDT and DST. In addition, the fluctuations in accumulations of HMW‐GS and GMP and most quality traits because of shading in Yangmai 158 were less than Yangmai 11. The interrelations between HMW‐GS accumulation, GMP concentration and quality of grain and dough were further discussed. 相似文献
15.
通过遮去不同光照强度和高温处理对水稻HS叶片叶绿素含量影响效应的试验,拟验证是强光而非高温是产生叶片失绿的原因,并探明可以消除叶片失绿（黄化）的遮光比例。结果表明,在自然光强条件下,水稻HS的叶片叶绿素含量在分蘖期急剧降低而发生叶片失绿,而遮去自然光强3/4和2/4（相同气温条件下）处理的叶绿素含量变化很小,无明显的叶片失绿现象。处理1个月后再恢复自然光强,原来由于遮光而没有明显失绿的叶片曝露在自然强光下后也出现明显的失绿,再次证实叶片失绿是由于强光引起。遮去自然光强的2/4以上,可基本消除HS的叶片失绿和光氧化现象。高温（中等和较弱光强下）并不会导致HS叶绿素含量和叶色发生明显变化。 相似文献
16.
During 1990 and 1991 growth seasons at two locations in Peru four sweet potato cultivars were tested for their response to a short-term shading. The plants were subjected to artificial shade (42 % light reduction) for 1 month at different growth stages.
A high genetic variability was found in the extent to which tuber and total biomass yield of sweet potato was affected by sub-optimal light conditions. One cultivar was completely tolerant to shade at all growth stages, whereas the others showed a yield decline between 20 % and 55 %. Generally tuber yield was most reduced when shade was imposed at the end of the growth season (fourth and fifth months) and the least at its beginning (first and second months). Yield losses were due to a diminished biomass production and/or an altered assimilate partitioning within the plant. Tuber formation was affected rather than tuber initiation. 相似文献
A high genetic variability was found in the extent to which tuber and total biomass yield of sweet potato was affected by sub-optimal light conditions. One cultivar was completely tolerant to shade at all growth stages, whereas the others showed a yield decline between 20 % and 55 %. Generally tuber yield was most reduced when shade was imposed at the end of the growth season (fourth and fifth months) and the least at its beginning (first and second months). Yield losses were due to a diminished biomass production and/or an altered assimilate partitioning within the plant. Tuber formation was affected rather than tuber initiation. 相似文献
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18.
为蒙东地区荫蔽环境合理选用不同类型的草坪草种植提供借鉴。以冷季型草坪草草地早熟禾的优异(Merit)、新哥来德(Nu Glade)和肯塔基(K.B.G)3个品种和紫羊茅的2个品种宝瑞(Boreal)和梦神(Rubra),共5个品种草坪草为研究对象,在人工遮荫控制下,对其幼苗耐荫性进行了比较研究。试验设置的遮荫处理分别是:遮荫度22%,45%,66%,83%,以不遮荫的全光照为对照(CK)。结果表明:苗期遮荫显著提高了草坪草(肯塔基)的株高(P0.05),株高先增加后降低,幼苗生长细弱,高遮荫度对株高生长也产生抑制,幼苗株高以全光照的最低,45%或66%遮荫下株高达到最高,83%遮荫时株高显著(新哥来德除外)降低(P0.05);遮荫对幼苗根系生长有抑制作用,根系长度随遮荫度增加而降低;随着遮荫度提高,各品种的叶片含水量和茎含水量逐渐增加,叶绿素含量先增后减,叶绿素a/b值先降低后增加,可溶性糖含量逐渐降低。 相似文献
19.
蛇皮果是喜阴植物,遮荫处理对蛇皮果幼苗的生长具有重要作用,笔者研究不同遮荫处理对蛇皮果栽培生长的影响。本试验通过采用不遮荫（CK）、25%遮荫（S1）、50%遮荫（S2）、75%遮荫（S3）及椰子叶遮荫（S4）的处理方式对蛇皮果进行遮荫栽培研究。结果表明,不同处理对于蛇皮果的生长发育影响显著（P<0.05）,其中75%遮荫（S3）处理效果很好,其次是50%遮荫（S2）和椰子叶遮荫（S4）处理,遮荫处理对于蛇皮果的生长具有促进作用。遮荫栽培试验为蛇皮果规模化生产提供了重要的参考意义。 相似文献
20.
M. O. Ghandorah M. M. El-Rouby F. A. Al-Saad A. A. Al-Derfasi 《Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science》1988,161(2):114-122
This study was carried out at the Agricultural Experiment Station of King Saud University near Riyadh (26° N, 46° E) during the 1984/85 season to study the effect of shading densities on the agronomic and growth parameters of sugarbeet. Two cultivars were grown under three shading nets with densities of 37, 50 and 70 % in addition to the control (0 % shading = normal sunlight condition).
The results indicated that shading affected the growth and the weight of sugarbeet plants and the effects were function of shading density. Root weights were drastically reduced by increasing shading density, whereas top weights were less affected.
Increasing shading density resulted in a significant increase in specific leaf area, leaf area ratio while it decreased leaf area index, root weight ration, net assimilation rate and crop growth rate for both cultivars. The interaction between shading densities and sampling dates was significant for most of the studied characters, while that between cultivars and shading densities was significant for root weight and crop growth rates only. 相似文献
The results indicated that shading affected the growth and the weight of sugarbeet plants and the effects were function of shading density. Root weights were drastically reduced by increasing shading density, whereas top weights were less affected.
Increasing shading density resulted in a significant increase in specific leaf area, leaf area ratio while it decreased leaf area index, root weight ration, net assimilation rate and crop growth rate for both cultivars. The interaction between shading densities and sampling dates was significant for most of the studied characters, while that between cultivars and shading densities was significant for root weight and crop growth rates only. 相似文献