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1.
运用时间-剂量-死亡率模型分析绿僵菌MaFZ-13对油桐鹰尺蠖Biston suppressaria幼虫的时间效应和剂量效应,评价该菌株的致病力。结果表明:油桐鹰尺蠖幼虫累计死亡率随着绿僵菌孢子悬浮液浓度的增大和接种时间的延长而增加,接种10 d后,1.0×10^9,1.0×10^8,1.0×10^7,1.0×10^6,1.0×10^5孢子/mL浓度累计死亡率分别为100%,98.3%,91.7%,70%,48.3%。生物测定数据采用时间-剂量-死亡率(TDM)模型进行分析,所建模型可以通过Hosmer-Lemeshow拟合异质性检验,模型拟合良好;由模型估算出绿僵菌MaFZ-13对油桐鹰尺蠖幼虫的致死剂量和致死时间,随着接种时间延长,相应的LC50和LC90值逐渐降低,剂量效应增强,接种第4,5,6,7天致死中浓度值(LC50)的对数值分别为7.79,6.97,6.33,5.64。随孢子悬浮液浓度增大,致死时间(LT50和LT90)减小,当浓度为1.0×10^7,1.0×10^8,1.0×10^9孢子/mL时,LT50值分别为4.96,3.79,2.89 d,时间效应增强。绿僵菌MaFZ-13对油桐鹰尺蠖幼虫致病力较强,具有较好应用开发潜力。  相似文献   

2.
利用病原菌防治害虫是森林可持续发展的重要途径。本研究采用2003年4月从山西省灵丘县下关林区油松林内采集的越冬油松毛虫DendrolimustabulaeformisTsaietLiu幼虫的僵虫尸,经实验室分离、培养和鉴定后得到的白僵菌Beauveriabassiana菌株,用2×108孢子/mL、2×107孢子/mL和2×106孢子/mL3种浓度的孢子液对靖远松叶蜂DiprionjingyuanensisXiaoetZhang幼虫分别进行室内和林间感染,试验结果显示:室内感染4龄幼虫校正致死率分别为83.37%、78.82%、62.05%,LT50分别为5.794d、6.237d、7.603d;感染5龄幼虫校正死亡率分别为68.23%、59.1%、45.79%,LT50分别为7.244d、8.414d、12.274d;林间感染幼虫校正死亡率分别为65.26%、54.21%、38.23%,LT50分别为16.788d、19.187d、30.2d。结果表明靖远松叶蜂幼虫校正死亡率与白僵菌孢子液浓度呈正相关,与LT50呈负相关,与龄期呈负相关。  相似文献   

3.
为筛选防治纵坑切梢小蠹Tomicus piniperda Linnaeus的高毒力生防真菌菌株,进行球孢白僵菌Beauveria bassiana菌株对纵坑切梢小蠹室内毒力生物测定试验。结果表明:5株供试菌株对纵坑切梢小蠹成虫和2龄幼虫均具有一定毒力;分离自甘薯小象甲的球孢白僵菌BbYM090515菌株的毒力最高,接种浓度为1.16×108孢子/mL的孢子悬浮液第10 d,成虫和2龄幼虫的校正死亡率分别为91.53%和96.43%,致死中浓度LC50分别为9.6943×103,6.6315×103孢子/mL,致死中时LT50分别为5.04,4.73 d;菌株BbYM090515具有良好的生防制剂开发潜力。  相似文献   

4.
绿僵菌Mf2菌株对松材线虫的毒力测定   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
为探索绿僵菌Metarhigium anisopliae Mf2菌株对松材线虫的毒杀效果,从4种常见培养基PDA,PPDA,SDAY,SMAY中选择一种最适于绿僵菌Mf2菌株营养生长及产孢的培养基,测定该菌株对松材线虫的毒杀活性。结果表明,Mf2菌株在PPDA培养基中生长速度最快,14 d后菌落直径大于其他3种培养基,为76.00 mm;培养14 d后PPDA培养基中菌株产孢量最高,为5.667×1010个孢子,显著高于其他培养基上的产孢量,约为处于第2位的PDA培养基上产孢量的2.5倍;绿僵菌Mf2菌株具有较高杀线虫活性,处理36 h后校正死亡率为98.52%。绿僵菌Mf2菌株对松材线虫毒力测定表明具有很高的毒性,有良好的应用前景。  相似文献   

5.
【目的】为筛选对松褐天牛毒力更高的微生物资源,开展生物防治通过培养性状、分生孢子形态及系统发育树鉴定4个绿僵菌菌株,比较测定各自对松褐天牛的毒力。【方法】对4株绿僵菌的培养性状和分生孢子形态特征进行描述,并对4株绿僵菌的EF-1α基因进行克隆和测序,构建系统进化发育树,综合鉴定4株绿僵菌的分类地位。测定了不同孢子浓度及接种方法(浸虫、浸枝和无纺布)对松褐天牛成虫的致病效果,构建4个菌株对松褐天牛的毒力方程。【结果】1)菌株WTKH和WP08鉴定为平沙绿僵菌;菌株LV2鉴定为金龟子绿僵菌;菌株qc1401鉴定为瘿绵蚜绿僵菌。2)平沙绿僵菌WP08菌株和金龟子绿僵菌LV2菌株对松褐天牛校正死亡率较高,瘿绵蚜绿僵菌qc1401菌株次之,平沙绿僵菌WTKH菌株最低。4个菌株对松褐天牛的致死速度依次为WP08LV2qc1401 WTKH,LT50分别为5. 52、10. 38、16. 93和20. 80天。3)以平沙绿僵菌WP08为供试菌株,在1. 0×108、1. 0×107、1. 0×106个·m L-1共3个浓度下,孢子浓度越高则松褐天牛校正死亡率越高、半数死亡时间越短,孢子浓度为1. 0×108、1. 0×107时,试验期内校正死亡率均达到100%;半数死亡时间LT50分别为11. 38、16. 44和24. 22天。4)以平沙绿僵菌WP08为供试菌株,3种接种方法 40天内松褐天牛死亡率均为100%,LT50浸虫法为5. 52天,浸枝法为11. 38天,无纺布法为17. 21天。【结论】4株绿僵菌均可侵染松褐天牛致其死亡,其中,平沙绿僵菌WP08的致死率和致死速度较快,为防治松褐天牛的优良菌株。  相似文献   

6.
为了评价白僵菌和绿僵菌对红火蚁的致病力,寻找其生物防治菌株资源,采用浸液法测定了11株球孢白僵菌(Beauveria bassiana Balsamo)和9株金龟子绿僵菌(Metarhizium anisopliae Metschnikoff)菌株对红火蚁工蚁的致病力。结果表明:以浓度1×10^7个孢子·mL-1接菌红火蚁工蚁,10 d后,白僵菌和绿僵菌对其校正死亡率范围分别为(6.47±0.98)%67.14±0.22%和(35.13±1.25)%81.93±0.94%;白僵菌BSX-PC和绿僵菌MaWys-01菌株对红火蚁的致病力较强,致死速度较快,致死中时(LT50)分别为(5.64±0.52)d和(4.78±0.46)d。测定不同浓度对红火蚁的致病力,白僵菌BSX-PC和绿僵菌MaWys-01菌株以浓度1×10^8个孢子·mL^-1接菌后10 d,其校正死亡率分别为(79.59±0.5)%和(99.20±0.80)%,僵虫率为(63.24±0.51)%和(81.92±1.39)%,两菌株对红火蚁6 d的致死中浓度(LC50)分别为1.01×10^6和2.42×10^5个孢子·mL^-1。通过时间-剂量-死亡率模型分析,两个菌株致死效应最强的时间均是接菌后3~5 d。综合分析,白僵菌BSX-PC和绿僵菌MaWys-01菌株在红火蚁生物防治中有较大应用潜力。  相似文献   

7.
为探索球孢白僵菌Beauveria bassiana Bb 080717菌株对榕母管蓟马Gynaikothrips ficorum的毒力效果,进行了该菌对榕母管蓟马成虫和若虫的室内毒力测定.结果表明:接种后8d,该菌株4.5×108孢子/mL浓度对榕母管蓟马成虫的累计死亡率是86.77％,致死中浓度(LC50)是2.268 6×105孢子/mL,最短致死中时间是4.37 d;对若虫的累计死亡率是84.35％,致死中浓度(LC50)是2.468 4×105孢子/mL,致死中时间是4.53 d.说明球孢白僵菌Bb 080717菌株对榕母管蓟马具有很高的毒性,有良好的应用前景.  相似文献   

8.
采用2种方法复壮马尾松毛虫球孢白僵菌菌株BD-10-4,虫尸复壮法获得产孢量最高的菌株为BD-7-2,产孢量为(66.67±0.60)×108个/m L,是BD-10-4产孢量的近2倍;活虫复壮法获得产孢量最高的菌株是BD-8-5,产孢量为(54±2.11)×108个/m L,是BD-10-4的1.5倍。室内毒力测定结果表明,菌株BD-7-2的毒力最高,LT50值为3.94 d,其次是BD-8-5,LT50值为5.08 d,毒力最低的是菌株BD-10-4,LT50值为5.13 d。  相似文献   

9.
2016年8月在福建省林业科学研究院森林保护研究所实验室,利用绿僵菌FJMa2014-0501菌株对缀叶丛螟的致病力进行室内测定。结果表明,绿僵菌FJMa2014-0501不同浓度孢子悬浮液处理缀叶丛螟幼虫后,其累积死亡率均随着处理时间的延长而增加。以较高浓度的孢子悬浮液(1.0×10~9、1.0×10~8孢子·mL~(-1))处理6、7 d后,所有缀叶丛螟幼虫全部死亡,以1.0×10~7孢子·mL~(-1)的孢子悬浮液处理11 d后死亡率达100%;而以较低浓度的孢子悬浮液(1.0×10~6、1.0×10~5孢子·mL~(-1))处理14 d后,缀叶丛螟幼虫累积死亡率分别为91.2%、55.6%。用时间-剂量-死亡率模型(time-dose-mortality model,TDM)对不同浓度孢子悬浮液对缀叶丛螟幼虫的致病力数据进行模拟,所建模型均通过Hosmer-Lemeshow拟合异质性检验,表明模型拟合良好。由模型估计得出:绿僵菌FJMa2014-0501接种缀叶丛螟幼虫4、5、6、7 d后的半致死剂量对数值(LC50)分别为8.41、7.58、6.29、5.69;以1.0×10~7、1.0×10~8、1.0×10~9孢子·mL~(-1)的悬浮液接种缀叶丛螟幼虫后,致死中时(LT50)分别为5.42、4.48、3.28 d。说明绿僵菌FJMa2014-0501菌株对缀叶丛螟幼虫具有较强的致病力,是一株具有潜在应用价值的优良菌株。  相似文献   

10.
松褐天牛成虫高毒力病原真菌筛选及林间感染试验   总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9  
选用 7株虫生真菌对松褐天牛成虫进行了生物测定。结果表明不同菌株的毒力存在差别 ,其中以金龟子绿僵菌Ma83菌株的毒力最强 ,校正死亡率及感染率分别为 1 0 0 %和 79% ,致死中时LT50 为 5 2 4d ,致死中浓度LC50 为 1 3 8× 1 0 6孢子 /mL。松褐天牛虫体不同部位接触白僵菌Bb2 0 2 1无纺布菌条的感染试验表明 ,触角、口器、足和腹的感染率依次升高 ,致死中时依次下降 ,表明足与腹部是白僵菌感染天牛成虫的主要部位。林间感染试验表明 ,球孢白僵菌Bb2 0 2 1菌株有较高的致病力  相似文献   

11.

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.  相似文献   

12.

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.  相似文献   

13.

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.  相似文献   

14.

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.  相似文献   

15.
本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。  相似文献   

16.

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.  相似文献   

17.
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18.

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.  相似文献   

19.
In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.  相似文献   

20.
The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha−1 target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha−1. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha−1) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha−1) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha−1); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha−1) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha−1) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha−1). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m2, with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

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