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1.
In China, the abuse of chemical nitrogen(N) fertilizer results in decreasing N use efficiency(NUE), wasting resources and causing serious environmental problems. Cereal-legume intercropping is widely used to enhance crop yield and improve resource use efficiency, especially in Southwest China. To optimize N utilization and increase grain yield, we conducted a two-year field experiment with single-factor randomized block designs of a maize-soybean intercropping system(IMS). Three N rates, NN(no nitrogen application), LN(lower N application: 270 kg N ha–1), and CN(conventional N application: 330 kg N ha–1), and three topdressing distances of LN(LND), e.g., 15 cm(LND1), 30 cm(LND2) and 45 cm(LND3) from maize rows were evaluated. At the beginning seed stage(R5), the leghemoglobin content and nitrogenase activity of LND3 were 1.86 mg plant–1 and 0.14 m L h–1 plant–1, and those of LND1 and LND2 were increased by 31.4 and 24.5%, 6.4 and 32.9% compared with LND3, respectively. The ureide content and N accumulation of soybean organs in LND1 and LND2 were higher than those of LND3. The N uptake, NUE and N agronomy efficiency(NAE) of IMS under CN were 308.3 kg ha–1, 28.5%, and 5.7 kg grain kg–1 N, respectively; however, those of LN were significantly increased by 12.4, 72.5, and 51.6% compared with CN, respectively. The total yield in LND1 and LND2 was increased by 12.3 and 8.3% compared with CN, respectively. Those results suggested that LN with distances of 15–30 cm from the topdressing strip to the maize row was optimal in maize-soybean intercropping. Lower N input with an optimized fertilization location for IMS increased N fixation and N use efficiency without decreasing grain yield.  相似文献   

2.
Excessive nitrogen(N) fertilization with a high basal N ratio in wheat can result in lower N use efficiency(NUE) and has led to environmental problems in the Yangtze River Basin, China. However, wheat requires less N fertilizer at seedling growth stage, and its basal N fertilizer utilization efficiency is relatively low; therefore, reducing the N application rate at the seedling stage and postponing the N fertilization period may be effective for reducing N application and increasing wheat yield and NUE. A 4-year field experiment was conducted with two cultivars under four N rates(240 kg N ha–1(N240), 180 kg N ha–1(N180), 150 kg N ha–1(N150), and 0 kg N ha–1(N0)) and three basal N application stages(seeding(L0), fourleaf stage(L4), and six-leaf stage(L6)) to investigate the effects of reducing the basal N application rate and postponing the basal N fertilization period on grain yield, NUE, and N balance in a soil-wheat system. There was no significant difference in grain yield between the N180 L4 and N240 L0(control) treatments, and the maximum N recovery efficiency and N agronomy efficiency were observed in the N180 L4 treatment. Grain yield and NUE were the highest in the L4 treatment. The leaf area index, flag leaf photosynthesis rate, flag leaf nitrate reductase and glutamine synthase activities, dry matter accumulation, and N uptake post-jointing under N180 L4 did not differ significantly from those under N240 L0. Reduced N application decreased the inorganic N content in the 0–60-cm soil layer, and the inorganic N content of the L6 treatment was higher than those of the L0 and L4 treatments at the same N level. Surplus N was low under the reduced N rates and delayed basal N application treatments. Therefore, postponing and reducing basal N fertilization could maintain a high yield and improve NUE by improving the photosynthetic production capacity, promoting N uptake and assimilation, and reducing surplus N in soil-wheat systems.  相似文献   

3.
Under the limited cultivated land area and the pursuit of sustainable agricultural development,it is essential for the safety of grain production to study agricultural management approaches on narrowing the winter wheat yield gap and improving nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) in China.In this study,DSSAT-CERES-Wheat Model is used to simulate winter wheat yield under different agricultural treatments,and we analyze yield gaps and NUE with different management scenarios at regional scales and evaluate the suitable approaches for reducing yield gap and increasing NUE.The results show that,the potential of narrowing yield gap ranges 300–900 kg ha~(–1) with soil nutrients increase,400–1 200 kg ha~(–1) with sowing date adjustment and 0–400 kg ha~(–1) with planting density increase as well as 700–2 200 kg ha~(–1) with adding nitrogen fertilizer.Contribution rates of management measures of soil nutrients,sowing date adjusting,planting density,and nitrogen fertilizers are 5–15%,5–15%,0–4%,and 10–20%,respectively.Difference in nitrogen partial productivity ranges 3–10 kg kg~(–1) for soil nutrients,1–10 kg kg~(–1) for sowing date adjusting,1–5 kg kg~(–1) for planting density increase,and–12–0 kg kg~(–1) for adding nitrogen fertilizers,respectively.It indicates that four treatments can narrow yield gap and improve the NUE in varying degrees,but increasing nitrogen fertilizer leads to the decrease of NUE.  相似文献   

4.
Excessive or insufficient application of fertilizer has raised broader concerns regarding soil and environmental degradation. One-time application of slow release fertilizer (SF) has been widely used to reduce yield gap with potential maize yield and improve nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). A 2-year field experiment (2018–2019) was conducted to evaluate the effects of SF rates from 0 to 405 kg N ha–1 (named F0, SF225, SF270, SF315, SF360, and SF405) and 405 kg N ha–1 of common fertilizer (CF405) on the grain yield, biomass and N accumulation, enzymatic activities related with carbon–nitrogen metabolism, NUE and economic analysis. Results indicated that the highest grain yields, NUEs and economic returns were achieved at SF360 in both varieties. The enzymatic activities related with carbon–nitrogen metabolism, pre- and post-silking accumulation of biomass and N increased with increasing SF rate, and they were the highest at SF360 and SF405. The grain yield at SF360 had no significant difference with that at SF405. However, the N partial factor productivity, N agronomic efficiency and N recovery efficiency at SF360 were 9.8, 6.6 and 8.9% higher than that at SF405. The results also indicated that the average grain yields, NUE and economic benefit at SF405 were 5.2, 12.3 and 18.1% higher than that at CF405. In conclusion, decreasing N rate from 405 kg ha–1 (CF) to 360 kg ha–1 (SF) could effectively reduce the yield gap between realized and potential maize yields. The N decreased by 11.1%, but the yield, NUE and economic benefit increased by 3.2, 22.2 and 17.5%, which created a simple, efficient and business-friendly system for spring maize production in Jiangsu Province, China.  相似文献   

5.
This paper investigates the yield and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) of machine-transplanted rice cultivated using mechanized deep placement of N fertilizer in the rice–wheat rotation region of Chuanxi Plain, China. It provides theoretical support for N-saving and improves quality and production efficiency of machine-transplanted rice. Using a single-factor complete randomized block design in field experiments in 2018 and 2019, seven N-fertilization treatments were applied, with the fertilizer being surface broadcast and/or mechanically placed beside the seedlings at (5.5±0.5) cm soil depth when transplanting. The treatments were: N0, no N fertilizer; U1, 180 kg N ha–1 as urea, surface broadcast manually before transplanting; U2, 108 kg N ha–1 as urea, surface broadcast manually before transplanting, and 72 kg N ha–1 as urea surface broadcast manually on the 10th d after transplanting, which is not only the local common fertilization method, but also the reference treatment; UD, 180 kg N ha–1 as urea, mechanically deep-placed when transplanting; M1, 81.6 kg N ha–1 as urea and 38.4 kg N ha–1 as controlled-release urea (CRU), mechanically deep-placed when transplanting; M2, 102 kg N ha–1 as urea and 48 kg N ha–1 as CRU, mechanically deep-placed when transplanting; M3, 122.4 kg N ha–1 as urea and 57.6 kg N ha–1 as CRU, mechanically deep-placed when transplanting. The effects of the N fertilizer treatments on rice yield and NUE were consistent in the 2 yr. With a N application rate of 180 kg ha–1, compared with U2, the N recovery efficiency (NRE), N agronomic use efficiency (NAE) and yield under the UD treatment were 20.6, 3.5 and 1.1% higher in 2018, and 4.6, 1.7 and 1.2% higher in 2019, respectively. Compared with urea alone (U1, U2 or UD), the NRE, NAE and yield achieved by M3 (combined application of urea and controlled-release urea) were higher by 9.2–73.3%, 18.6–61.5% and 6.5–16.5% (2018), and 22.2–65.2%, 25.6–75.0% and 5.9–13.9% (2019), respectively. Compared with M3, the lower-N treatments M1 and M2 significantly increased NRE by 4.0–7.8% in 2018 and 3.1–4.3% in 2019, respectively. Compared with urea surface application (U1 or U2), the yield under the M2 treatment was higher by 4.3–12.9% in 2018 and 3.6–10.1% in 2019, respectively. Compared with U2, the NRE and NAE under the M2 treatment was higher by 36.9 and 36.3% in 2018, and 33.2 and 37.4% in 2019, mainly because of higher N uptake. There was no significant difference in the concentration of nitrate in the top 0–20 cm soil under U1, U2 and M2 treatments during the full heading and maturity stages. During the full heading stage, U2 produced the highest concentration of nitrite in 0–20 cm and 20–40 cm soil among the N fertilizer treatments. In conclusion, mechanized deep placement of mixed urea and controlled-release urea (M2) at transplanting is a highly-efficient cultivation technology that enables increased yield of machine-transplanted rice and improved NUE, while reducing the amount of N-fertilization applied.  相似文献   

6.
With increasing water shortage resources and extravagant nitrogen application, there is an urgent need to optimize irrigation regimes and nitrogen management for winter wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) in the North China Plain(NCP). A 4-year field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of three irrigation levels(W1, irrigation once at jointing stage; W2, irrigation once at jointing and once at heading stage; W3, irrigation once at jointing, once at heading, and once at filling stage; 60 mm each irrigation) and four N fertilizer rates(N0, 0; N1, 100 kg N ha~(-1); N2, 200 kg N ha~(-1); N3, 300 kg N ha~(-1)) on wheat yield, water use efficiency, fertilizer agronomic efficiency, and economic benefits. The results showed that wheat yield under W2 condition was similar to that under W3, and greater than that under W1 at the same nitrogen level. Yield with the N1 treatment was higher than that with the N0 treatment, but not significantly different from that obtained with the N2 and N3 treatments. The W2 N1 treatment resulted in the highest water use and fertilizer agronomic efficiencies. Compared with local traditional practice(W3 N3), the net income and output-input ratio of W2 N1 were greater by 12.3 and 19.5%, respectively. These findings suggest that two irrigation events of 60 mm each coupled with application of 100 kg N ha~(–1) is sufficient to provide a high wheat yield during drought growing seasons in the NCP.  相似文献   

7.
Application of nitrogen (N) fertilizer is one of the most important measures to increase grain yield and protein content in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production. However, misuse of N Tertilizer will not only affect gram yield and quality, but also cause the decline of economic benefits and related negative environmental effects. It is essential to study reasonable N application regimes for profitable yields, efficient N utilization and reduction in possible environmental pollution. The objective of this study was to determine the N uptake and translocation in wheat plants by using 15N isotope tracers in PVC cylinders (2.05 m long, ϕ 0.2 m, without bottom) in seven treatments: without N fertilizer application (N0); N application rate of 168 kg/hm2 (0.527 g/pot), with ratios of base fertilizer to topdressing of 1:1 (N1), 1:2 (N2) and 0:1 (N3); N application rate of 240 kg/hm2 (0.753 g/pot), with ratios of base fertilizer to topdressing of 1:1 (N4), 1:2 (N5) and 0:1 (N6). The 15N tracer experiment showed that the main basal N absorbed by plant from sowing to jointing stage accounted for 78.04%–89.67%; fertilizer N use efficiency (FNUE, N fertilizer accumulation in plant/N supplied) of topdressing was significantly higher than that of basal N; reducing basal N amount and increasing topdressing N amount could appropriately promote the plant’s absorption of more N fertilizer and enhance FNUE, of which treatment N2 had the highest values. Under the high-yield condition, when N fertilizer rate was increased from 168 to 240 kg/hm2, there were no significant differences in the amount of N accumulation in plants and in grains between treatments with the same ratio of base fertilizer to topdressing; by reducing basal N amount and increasing topdressing N amount accordingly, the translocation efficiency (TE, accumulation amount from vegetative organs to gram/N accumulation in vegetative organs during anthesis) increased, and the amount of N assimilation to grains after anthesis and its contribution proportion (the amount of N assimilation to grains after anthesis/N accumulation in grain) also increased. In other words, grain N accumulation amount increased with increasing amount of topdressing N at the same N fertilizer rate. There were no significant differences among treatments N2, N3, N5 and N6 in grain N accumulation. Appropriate N fertilizer rate with a reduction in basal N amount and an increase in topdressing N amount such as in N2, N5 and N6 increased grain yield and protein content. In conclusion, under conditions used in this experiment, as far as grain yield, protein content and FNUE are concerned, the recommended appropriate N fertilizer application regime is treatment N2, with a N fertilizer rate of 168 kg/hm2 and a ratio of base fertilizer to topdressing of 1:2. Translated from Journal of Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2006, 32(12): 1860–1866 [译自: 作物学报]  相似文献   

8.
冷浸田是我国西南地区主要的水稻田,通过合理的氮肥管理,以提高冷浸田水稻产量和氮肥利用率十分必要.本研究通过田间试验研究了不同的氮肥用量和氮肥运筹对稻谷产量及其构成、氮素利用效率的影响,以期为西南地区冷浸田合理的氮肥管理提供依据.试验设5个氮肥施用水平:0(N0),90(N90),120(N120),150(N150),180(N180) kg/hm~2, 3个氮肥运筹方式,即底肥:分蘖肥:穗粒肥氮肥施用比例分别为60∶40∶0(T1),40∶60∶0(T2)和40∶20∶40(T3),以及控释氮肥1次施用处理(T4).结果表明, N120,N150和N180处理水稻产量均显著高于N0和N90处理,其中以N150处理稻谷产量和氮肥利用率最高,分别为9 466.65 kg/hm~2和30.75%,氮肥的回收利用率比N120和N180处理高2.37,3.54个百分点,且N150处理水稻收获指数显著高于N120和N180处理. 3种氮肥运筹方式及控释氮肥处理间水稻产量、生物量及籽粒氮素吸收量差异均无统计学意义,但氮肥采用底肥∶分蘖肥∶穗粒肥=60∶40∶0处理,水稻收获指数、结实率、每穗粒数均高于其余氮肥运筹及控释氮肥处理.鉴于西南地区的冷浸田氮素水平和基础地力较高,施氮量宜为120～150 kg/hm~2;氮肥运筹以普通尿素按底肥∶分蘖肥∶穗肥=60∶40∶0施用较为适宜.  相似文献   

9.
研究了有机肥与无机肥不同配施处理对小麦产量及氮肥利用效率的影响。结果表明,习惯施肥处理(CK)小麦长势最佳,产量达7 451.96 kg/hm~2,比不施肥处理(T0)高121.89%,但氮肥回收利用率(NRE)偏低(30.70%)。氮磷钾肥均减量20%,梯度配施3 750、7 500、11 250、15 000 kg/hm~2有机肥,小麦产量分别为:6 416.72、6 578.70、6 780.71、6 770.88 kg/hm~2;NRE分别为24.30%、36.87%、44.42%、13.40%,小麦产量和NRE均随有机肥施入量呈先增加后降低趋势。不施氮肥,磷钾肥分别减量20%梯度配施有机肥,小麦产量在4 079.37～4 940.60 kg/hm~2之间,显著低于CK、氮磷钾肥减量20%有机肥配施组(P0.05),NRE值(4.37%～72.71%)变幅较大且无规律。合理配施化肥与有机肥,可以维持小麦产量,降低化肥施用量,提高氮肥利用率。  相似文献   

10.
施肥水平对不同氮效率水稻氮素利用特征及产量的影响   总被引：18，自引：1，他引：17  
【目的】研究不同施肥水平下不同氮效率杂交水稻产量差异与氮素吸收和利用的关系,以期为水稻品种改良和高产高效栽培技术提供依据。【方法】以氮高效品种(德香4103)和氮低效品种(宜香3724)为材料,通过设置低肥(75 kg N·hm~(-2),37.5 kg P_2O_5·hm~(-2),75 kg K_2O·hm~(-2),记为N_1P_1K_1)、中肥(150 kg N·hm~(-2),75 kg P_2O_5·hm~(-2),150 kg K_2O·hm~(-2),记为N_2P_2K_2)、高肥(225 kg N·hm~(-2),112.5 kg P_2O_5·hm~(-2),225 kg K_2O·hm~(-2),记为N_3P_3K_3)3种施肥水平,并在各施肥水平下均增设一不施氮处理,研究其对不同氮效率水稻产量和氮素利用效率的影响及其结实期氮素吸收、转运和分配特性。【结果】品种与施肥水平对杂交稻主要生育时期及各生育阶段氮素的累积、转运、分配,以及氮素利用特征和产量均存在显著影响;品种对氮肥回收利用率、千粒重,以及总颖花数的影响均不同程度的高于施肥水平的调控效应;施肥水平对主要生育时期及各生育阶段氮素的累积,结实期叶片和茎鞘氮的运转,以及产量调控作用显著。N_2P_2K_2相对于N_1P_1K_1处理能促进不同氮效率水稻主要生育时期及各生育阶段氮素的累积,提高氮收获指数,促进结实期叶片和茎鞘中氮素的运转,进而显著提高稻谷产量及氮肥利用效率,且N_2P_2K_2均显著高于同品种下其他的肥料施用处理,为本试验最佳的氮磷钾肥施用模式;N_3P_3K_3处理易造成结实期叶片及茎鞘中氮滞留量增加,氮转运贡献率显著降低,导致产量及氮肥利用效率显著降低。氮高效品种具有总颖花数、结实率高的特征,其主要生育时期氮素累积量,氮素干物质生产效率,氮素稻谷生产效率及氮素收获指数等均显著高于氮低效品种,但千粒重并不是氮高效品种所独有的特征;此外,氮高效品种结实期更有利于叶片与茎鞘氮素的运转及穗部氮素的累积,尤其氮高效品种具有较高的茎鞘氮素转运率,其与氮肥生理利用率、回收利用率及农艺利用率均存在显著正相关性(r=0.699*—0.743*),是导致不同氮效率品种氮肥利用效率、产量差异的重要因子,可作为氮效率及品种鉴选的评价指标,也可以以进一步提高抽穗至成熟期氮高效水稻品种茎鞘氮素运转率,作为实现水稻高产与氮高效利用协调统一的另一重要途径。【结论】本试验条件下,氮高效品种具备的结实期茎鞘高氮素转运、高总颖花数及结实率是优于氮低效品种而形成产量差异的主要因素,N_2P_2K2_为氮高效品种配套的最优氮磷钾肥施用模式。提高抽穗期至成熟期氮累积量,促进叶片与茎鞘氮运转量,尤其应提高茎鞘氮素运转率,可实现高产与氮高效利用的同步提高。  相似文献   

11.
Nitrogen （N） application before transplanting, where N fertilizers are applied in seedling-bed and carried to the paddy field with seedlings, is a novel method proposed in this article aiming for improving nitrogen utilization efficiency （NUE） in rice. The effect of this method on mineral N distribution in the rhizosphere soil was investigated in a field experiment with a japonica variety, Ningjing 2, in seasons of 2004 and 2005. There were four levels of N applied 16 h before transplanting： zero N （NO）, 207 kg ha^-1 （NL）, 310.5 kg ha^-1 （NM）, and 414 kg ha^-1 （NH）. The result indicated that N fertilizer before transplantation had positive effect of increasing mineral N content in the rhizosphere soil of rice. Generally, N content in the rhizosphere soil of rice tended to increase with the amount of N fertilizer before transplanting, with the NH treatment having the largest effect. Additionally, N fertilizer before transplanting had significant influence on rice NUE and grain yield. Compared with other treatments, the NM treatment showed the largest influence, with basal-tillering NUE, total NUE, and grain yield being 15%, 12%, and 529.5 kg ha^-1 higher than those of NO treatment. This result indicated that N fertilizer before transplantation had positive effect on mineral N distribution in the rhizosphere soil of rice, thus improving NUE and grain yield.  相似文献   

12.
Intercropping is an important agronomic practice. However, assessment of intercropping systems using field experiments is often limited by time and cost. In this study, the suitability of using the DeNitrification DeComposition(DNDC) model to simulate intercropping of maize(Zea mays L.) and soybean(Glycine max L.) and its aftereffect on the succeeding wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) crop was tested in the North China Plain. First, the model was calibrated and corroborated to simulate crop yield and nitrogen(N) uptake based on a field experiment with a typical double cropping system. With a wheat crop in winter, the experiment included five treatments in summer: maize monoculture, soybean monoculture, intercropping of maize and soybean with no N topdressing to maize(N0), intercropping of maize and soybean with 75 kg N ha~(–1) topdressing to maize(N75), and intercropping of maize and soybean with 180 kg N ha~(–1) topdressing to maize(N180). All treatments had 45 kg N ha~(–1) as basal fertilizer. After calibration and corroboration, DNDC was used to simulate long-term(1955 to 2012) treatment effects on yield. Results showed that DNDC could stringently capture the yield and N uptake of the intercropping system under all N management scenarios, though it tended to underestimate wheat yield and N uptake under N0 and N75. Long-term simulation results showed that N75 led to the highest maize and soybean yields per unit planting area among all treatments, increasing maize yield by 59% and soybean yield by 24%, resulting in a land utilization rate 42% higher than monoculture. The results suggest a high potential to promote soybean production by intercropping soybean with maize in the North China Plain, which will help to meet the large national demand for soybean.  相似文献   

13.
Controlled-release urea (CRU) has better characteristics than conventional urea for synchronizing nitrogen (N) release with plant uptake. Understanding the effects of CRU on crop yield and N use efficiency (NUE) has long been the key to evaluate the performance of CRU. A long-term experiment over five consecutive years was conducted in Changsha, Hunan Province, China, to investigate the effects of polyethylene-coated urea with a 90-d release period on the yield and NUE of double rice (early and late crops are grown in the same year), the amount of residual soil mineral N and the soil–plant N balance, as well as on the economic benefits. Four N fertilizer treatments including CK (no N fertilizer), U (conventional urea), CRU1 (polyethylene-coated urea with equal N application rate to U) and CRU2 (20% reduction in N application rate of CRU1) were established. The results indicated that CRU1 application increased the yield and NUE of double rice by 11.0 and 13.5%, respectively, compared with U. Higher yield and NUE of late rice were found than in early rice in CRU treatments. Compared with conventional U, the yield and NUE of early rice in the CRU1 treatment were increased by 6.0 and 10.2%, respectively, and those of late rice were increased by 15.4 and 13.8%, respectively. There was no significant difference between CRU1 and CRU2 in double rice yield. Furthermore, CRU treatments (including CRU1 and CRU2) had higher apparent residual Nmin rate (ARNR) and apparent N recovery rate (ANRR), but lower apparent N loss (NS) than the conventional U treatment. Concentrations of NH4+-N and NO3–-N were greater in the surface soil (0–20 cm) and lower in the deeper soil layer (40–60 cm) with CRU treatments than in the U treatment after harvest. Moreover, CRU application produced a greater economic benefit than conventional U application. In general, CRU outperformed U fertilizer in terms of rice yield, NUE, soil–plant N balance, economic benefit, and CRU2 provided greater comprehensive benefits than CRU1. It is suggested that CRU application is beneficial for solving N management challenges in the production of rice.  相似文献   

14.
氮肥运筹对旱地胡麻水分利用特征及产量的调控效应   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
为探索西北旱区适宜胡麻高产高效生产的氮肥运筹方式,采用大田试验,研究60kg·hm~(-2)(J1)、120kg·hm~(-2)(J2)和kg·hm~(-2) 180(J3) 3个不同施氮水平,氮全部基施(N1)、氮肥2/3基肥+1/3追肥(现蕾初期)(N2)、氮肥1/2基肥+1/2追肥(现蕾初期)(N3)、氮肥1/3基肥+2/3追肥(现蕾初期)(N4)和氮肥1/3基肥+1/3追肥(分茎期)+1/3追肥(现蕾初期)(N5)5个施肥时期对胡麻水分利用特征及其产量形成的影响。结果表明:施氮120kg·hm~(-2)显著增加胡麻盛花期至青果期0～20 cm土层的土壤含水量,且氮全部基施(N1)、2/3基肥+1/3现蕾期追肥显著提高盛花期至青果期0～40cm土层土壤含水量;J2处理下胡麻籽产量较J3和J1处理显著提高5.38%和8.32%,不同施氮水平下各处理间N2处理产量均达到最大值,J2N2处理较其余处理产量高出1.22%～25.27%;不同施氮水平处理下对胡麻贮水量、耗水量、水分利用效率影响均达极显著水平,J2施氮水平显著增加苗期土壤贮水量,J3施氮水平显著增加现蕾期、成熟期土壤贮水量,在不同施氮水平下随着施氮量增加耗水量呈降低趋势,J1处理耗水量较J2、J3处理显著高3.59%、10.34%,水分利用效率呈增加趋势,J3较J2、J1处理显著高7.47%、18.79%,不同施肥时期处理下J2N2、J2N4处理显著提高胡麻现蕾期土壤贮水量,不同处理间水分利用效率J2N2处理较其余处理显著高出15.09%～32.43%。由此表明,施氮120kg·hm~(-2),氮肥2/3基肥和1/3追肥(现蕾初期)可有效提高胡麻现蕾期浅层土壤含水量及贮水量,且显著提高籽粒产量和水分利用效率,为定西区最佳氮运筹方式。  相似文献   

15.
Application of nitrogen (N) fertilizer is one of the most important measures that increases grain yield and improves grain quality in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production. Presently, there is a large number of investigations (experiments) in the field on different nitrogen fertilizer application regimes. However, there still exists a serious problem of low nitrogen use efficiency, especially in winter wheat high yield conditions: unsuitable nitrogen fertilizer, which often leads to lower yield and large accumulation of nitrate in the soil, bringing a potential risk to the environment. In order to explore the optimal regime of nitrogen fertilizer application suitable for environment and economy, a field experiment on the different rate and ratio of base and topdressing of nitrogen fertilizer at the different growth periods of winter wheat was conducted. The field experiment was undertaken from the fall of 2003 to the summer of 2004 in the village of Zhongcun in Longkou city, in the Shandong Province of China. The field experiment with three repeats for each treatment was designed in a split-plot. The major plot was applied with urea at a nitrogen fertilizer rate of three levels, namely, 0 kg·hm−2 (CK), 168 kg·hm−2 (A), and 240 kg·hm−2 (B). In the sub-plot, the ratios of base and topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at the different development periods of wheat were 1/2:1/2 (A1 and B1), 1/3:2/3 (A2 and B2) and 0:1 (A3 and B3). Treatment B1 was under a regime used now in the local region. It was found that the amount of N accumulation in plants had no significant difference between treatments applied with nitrogen fertilizer. The grain yield and grain protein content were all elevated remarkably by applying nitrogen fertilizer compared with those of treatment CK. There was no significant difference in the grain yield and grain protein content between A2 and B2 and B3. However, when compared with those of B2 and B3, in A2 there was an increase in nitrogen use efficiency and residual soil NO3 −-N and N losses were reduced. Under the condition of the same rate of nitrogen fertilizer, increasing topdressing nitrogen rate clearly elevated the grain yield, grain protein content and nitrogen use efficiency. The results indicated that the residual soil NO3 −-N in A1 and B1 accumulated higher than that of CK in 80–160 cm soil layers at the jointing stage, but that of A2 had no significant difference compared with that of CK in 0–200 cm soil layers. At the maturity stage, more residual soil NO3 −-N was detected in B2, B3 and A3 than that in CK in 120–180 cm soil layers, which could not be absorbed by the roots of wheat, but led to be eluviated easily. The amount of soil NO3 −-N accumulation in treatment A2 had no significant difference compared with that of treatment CK in the 100–200 cm soil layer. In conclusion, A2, whose nitrogen fertilizer rate was 168 kg·hm−2 and the ratio of base and topdressing was 1/3:2/3, had a higher grain yield and grain protein content, and heightened N use efficiency and minimized the risk of NO3 −-N leaching. This should be one of the most appropriate nitrogen fertilizer application regimes in wheat production in local regions in China. __________ Translated from Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2006, 26(11): 3661–3669 [译自: 生态学报]  相似文献   

16.
渭北旱地麦田配施有机肥减量施氮的作用效果   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  
为了探讨陕西渭北旱地冬小麦有机无机配施的减氮效应及机理,于2011年10月至2014年6月在陕西省渭南市白水县进行了连续三年的田间小区定位试验,探究不同氮肥用量(0、75、150、225、300 kg N·hm~(-2))与有机肥(猪粪30 t·hm~(-2))配施对冬小麦产量、氮肥利用率(NUE)、土壤硝态氮残留及土壤养分的影响,明确当地最适宜的有机无机配施比例。结果表明:有机无机配施处理的产量、地上部吸氮量和NUE较单施化肥处理分别提高6.9%、29.3%和34.3%,且以有机肥与150 kg N·hm~(-2)氮肥配施处理效果最佳;有机无机配施显著改善0~20 cm土壤养分状况,土壤有机质、全氮、速效磷和速效钾含量分别较单施化肥处理提高6.1%、8.2%、90.4%和94.8%,但当施氮量大于150 kg N·hm~(-2)时,配施有机肥显著增加0~200 cm硝态氮残留量(43.7~188.8 kg·hm~(-2)),加大硝态氮淋溶风险;有机肥分别与75、150 kg N·hm~(-2)氮肥配施相比单独施用150、225 kg N·hm~(-2)氮肥处理在产量上无显著差异,却显著提高了NUE(27.4%和45.3%),并降低60 cm土层以下硝态氮含量。综合上述研究结果,在渭北旱地冬小麦生产中,在有机肥(猪粪)30 t·hm~(-2)的基础上配施75~150 kg N·hm~(-2)的氮肥(有机氮∶无机氮=1∶0.46~0.91),可以保证小麦高产优质,并降低氮素淋溶风险。  相似文献   

17.
不同施肥方式对两系杂交稻产量和氮肥利用率的影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
该试验旨在探明尿素撒施和表层集中施肥对两系杂超级交稻产量和氮肥利用率的影响,以两系超级杂交稻Y两优1号和两优0293为供试材料,以总氮肥施肥量为180kg/hm2,分别设置为不同施用比例和不同的追肥方式,测定分蘖动态、SPAD值、叶面积指数和干物质积累的变化。结果表明:T3和T4氮肥运筹模式能显著提产量和氮肥农学利用率,合理的氮肥后移有利于产量和氮肥利用率的提高,而一次性基肥施肥方法(T2)和一次性追肥方法(T5、T6)均不能协调好源和库之间的关系。尿素追肥撒施和表层集中施肥的方法对产量和氮肥的农学利用率影响不显著。  相似文献   

18.
氮高效利用基因型大麦氮素转移及氮形态组分特征   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
【目的】揭示氮高效利用基因型大麦生育后期氮素分配转运的生理机制,为大麦高效氮肥管理和高产栽培提供理论依据。【方法】采用土培盆栽试验,利用前期筛选出的氮高效利用基因型大麦（DH61、DH121+）和低效利用基因型大麦（DH80）为试验材料,分析其在不施氮、低氮（125 mgN·kg-1土）、正常氮（250 mgN·kg-1土）和高氮（375 mgN·kg-1土）4个氮素处理下籽粒产量、生物量及生育后期地上部营养体氮素转移特性和植株氮形态组分构成特征。【结果】（1）随施氮量的减少,不同氮效率基因型大麦籽粒产量和地上部生物量均减少。同一施氮处理,高效基因型大麦籽粒产量和地上部生物量高于低效基因型。不施氮处理下,高效型大麦DH61和DH121+籽粒产量分别是低效型DH80的1.96、2.03倍;低氮处理下分别是低效型DH80的2.10、2.37倍。扬花期和灌浆期,不施氮和低氮处理下两类基因型大麦植株氮浓度无明显差异,氮高效基因型大麦干物质形成能力较强。（2）高效基因型大麦植株能够积累较多的氮素,扬花前高效基因型氮素积累量占大麦生育期氮积累量的比例高于低效基因型。低氮（125 mgN·kg-1土）、正常氮（250 mgN·kg-1土）、高氮处理（375 mgN·kg-1土）下,高效基因花前氮素积累量是低效基因型的1.31、1.38、1.49倍,充足的氮素积累为后期灌浆结实奠定了物质基础。（3）随着氮素用量的增加,氮素转运量呈单峰曲线变化,氮素转移率和氮素转运量对籽粒的贡献率则逐渐下降,过高的氮肥施用不利于氮素向籽粒的转运。高效基因型DH61和DH121+籽粒氮素来源更多依赖于前期地上部营养体的氮素转移,不施氮和低氮氮素转运量对籽粒的贡献率分别为35.06%、40.06%和76.37%、81.72%。而低效基因型DH80籽粒的氮素来源则以后期根系氮素的吸收和转移为主,氮素吸收量对籽粒的贡献率为68.20%和34.84%。（4）相同氮素处理下,扬花至灌浆期大麦茎秆和叶片中营养性氮含量增加,功能性氮含量变化平稳,而结构性氮含量则降低;籽粒营养性氮含量逐渐增加,结构性氮含量缓慢下降。且较低效基因型,高效基因型大麦茎秆和叶片结构性氮含量的降低幅度大,氮素转运能力强。低氮处理下,高效基因型扬花期至灌浆期茎秆和叶片结构性氮含量分别降低49.57%、62.58%;灌浆至成熟期分别降低64.47%、28.11%。【结论】氮高效利用基因型大麦籽粒氮含量受花后茎秆和叶片中结构性氮的分解转化决定,营养器官中结构性氮的再利用有利于氮素利用效率的提高。  相似文献   

19.
《农业科学学报》2019,18(10):2242-2254
This study was conducted with two soybean cultivars, Liaodou 13(L13, phosphorus(P)-efficient) and Tiefeng 3(T3, P-inefficient), to investigate the effects of biochar on soybean yield and photosynthetic physiological parameters, at four biochar application rates(0, 1, 5, and 10%, w/w), and two fertilization treatments(0 and 150 kg ha~(–1)). Grain yield, plant biomass, P accumulation, leaf net photosynthetic rate(P_n), chlorophyll index(Chl), nitrogen balance index(NBI), sucrose phosphate synthase(SPS), and sucrose synthase(SS) activities, soluble sugar, sucrose and starch contents, and leaf area duration(LAD) were measured. Biochar had positive effects on P_n, Chl, NBI, SPS, and SS activities, and leaf soluble sugar, sucrose, and starch contents of both genotypes, these effects increased with biochar application rate. L13 benefited more efficiently from biochar than T3 did, as the grain yield of L13 significantly increased by 31.0 and 51.0%, at 5 and 10% biochar, respectively, while that of T3 increased by 40.4 at 10% biochar application rate, as compared with controls. The combined application of biochar and fertilizer boosted the positive effects described, but no difference was found for grain yield in L13 among biochar application rates, while grain yield of T3 continually increased with biochar rate, among which, 1% biochar combined with 150 kg ha~(–1) fertilizer resulted in T3 yield increment of more than 23%, compared with the application of 150 kg ha~(–1) fertilizer alone. Altogether, our results indicated that the application of biochar enhanced carbon assimilation in soybean, resulting in increased biomass accumulation and yield. Differences in genotypic responses to biochar highlight the need to consider specific cultivars and biochar rate, when evaluating the potential responses of crops to biochar.  相似文献   

20.
尿素硝铵溶液对黑土区春玉米产量和氮素吸收利用的影响   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  
【目的】尿素硝铵溶液（urea ammonium nitrate solution,UAN）是集硝态氮、铵态氮和酰胺态氮于一身的液体氮肥品种,兼有3种氮源优势。本研究目的在于明确黑土区春玉米施用UAN的肥效和氮素利用效率,为进一步科学应用及推广提供依据。【方法】2015和2016年在吉林省黑土区设置大田试验,施肥处理包括：不施氮（N0）、尿素一次性基施200 kg N·hm-2（U200）、UAN一次性基施200 kg N·hm-2（UAN200）、尿素基施80 kg N·hm-2+追施120 kg N·hm-2（U80-120）、UAN基施80 kg N·hm-2+追施120 kg N·hm-2（UAN80-120）、尿素基施64 kg N·hm-2+追施96 kg N·hm-2（U64-96）、UAN基施64 kg N·hm-2+追施96 kg N·hm-2（UAN64-96）,追肥时期为拔节-大喇叭口期,施肥深度均为12 cm。测定指标包括籽粒产量、产量性状、植株吸氮量、土壤无机氮含量,并计算土壤-作物系统的氮素平衡、氮素的表观利用、残留和损失状况。【结果】2015和2016年施氮处理的玉米产量、植株吸氮量相比不施氮处理显著提高,均以UAN200处理最高（10.3、11.9 t·hm-2和187.4、288.2 kg·hm-2）,而U64-96处理最低（9.14、10.2 t·hm-2和159.1、243.8 kg·hm-2）。相同施氮量、施用方式条件下,UAN处理的玉米产量均等于或高于尿素处理。2015年UAN在200 kg N·hm-2一次性、分次施用和160 kg N·hm-2分次施用条件下相比尿素分别增加6.1%、2.0%和5.3%,2016年分别增加0.1%、7.8%和7.4%,其中UAN80-120处理显著增产。UAN增产的主要原因是减少果穗秃尖长度而增加单穗粒数。UAN处理的植株氮素吸收量在相同施氮量、施用方式条件下均高于尿素处理,而收获后土壤无机氮残留量和氮素表观盈余量相对较低,因而获得较高的氮素利用率。与UAN200处理相比,UAN64-96处理在减氮40 kg N·hm-2条件下两年玉米产量分别达到9.6和11.0 t·hm-2,其中2015年干旱条件下与UAN200处理无显著差异。而且,UAN64-96处理的土壤氮素表观残留率最低,2015和2016年分别为2.4%和4.4%,而氮素表观利用率最高,分别达到42.6%和52.0%。【结论】相同用量和施用方式下,黑土区玉米施用UAN可获得与尿素相同甚至更高的产量和氮素吸收量,同时土壤氮素残留和盈余较少,氮素利用率明显较高,环境效应较好。从施氮量、产量和氮素利用及损失等方面综合考虑,黑土区春玉米推荐施用160 kg N·hm-2的UAN,以基肥40%和拔节-大喇叭口期追肥60%分次施用。  相似文献   

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