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1.
为明确黄花蒿除草活性及活性物质的成分,本研究采用室内生测法测定了黄花蒿叶醇提物对4种杂草的活性;采用系统溶剂分离、硅胶柱层析分离及气质联用色谱法对提取物进行了分离和结构鉴定。结果表明：5.0 mg/mL的黄花蒿叶醇提物对供试杂草发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数均有一定的抑制作用,抑制作用从大到小的顺序为反枝苋,苘麻,狗尾草,稗,其中对反枝苋、苘麻和狗尾草发芽率的抑制作用较强,均达到85%以上。叶醇提物对杂草发芽势的抑制作用也很强,均达到73%以上。黄花蒿叶醇提物中共鉴定出17种化合物,主要包括青蒿酸、亚油酸和邻苯二甲酸二乙酯等。由此可见,黄花蒿叶醇提物含有大量的除草活性物质,可显著延缓杂草的发芽时间和减少杂草的发芽率。 相似文献
2.
ABSTRACT Three carboxylic acid amide (CAA) fungicides, mandipropamid (MPD), dimethomorph (DMM) and iprovalicarb (IPRO) were examined for their effects on various asexual developmental stages of Phytophthora infestans in vitro and in planta. Germination of cystospores and direct germination of sporangia were inhibited with nanomole concentrations of MPD (0.005 mug/ml) and micromole concentrations of DMM (0.05 mug/ml) or IPRO (0.5 mug/ml). A temporary exposure of 1 h to CAAs was not detrimental to germination and infectivity of sporangia or cystospores. CAAs applied to cystospores at 1 h after the onset of germination did not prevent the emergence of germ tubes, but inhibited their further growth and deformed their shape. None of the fungicides affected discharge of zoospores from sporangia or the encystment (cell wall formation/assembly) of the zoospores. Mycelium growth in solid or liquid media was inhibited with micromole concentrations. CAAs mixed with sporangia and drop inoculated onto detached leaves strongly suppressed infection. Curative application at 1 day postinoculation (dpi) required higher concentrations of CAAs than preventive application to inhibit infection and lost its effectiveness at 2 dpi. When sprayed on established late blight lesions 4 days after inoculation, CAAs reduced sporangial production in a dose-dependent manner. Trans-laminar protection of potato or tomato leaves, although achieved with higher doses, was more effective with MPD than with DMM or IPRO. Shade house studies demonstrated superior control of late blight epidemics by MPD compared with the other molecules. The data suggest that germ tube formation by cystospores or sporangia is the most sensitive stage in the life cycle of P. infestans to CAAs. Of the three CAAs, MPD had the highest intrinsic activity against spore germination. This property, together with its better trans-laminar activity, makes MPD more effective than DMM or IPRO in controlling epidemics caused by P. infestans. 相似文献
3.
ABSTRACT Experiments to identify the factors affecting survival of Bremia lactucae sporangia after deposition on lettuce leaves were conducted in growth chambers and outdoors under ambient conditions. Lettuce seedlings at the four-leaf stage were inoculated with B. lactucae sporangia under dry conditions. Sporangia deposited on lettuce seedlings were incubated at different temperature and relative humidity (RH) combinations, exposed to 100, 50, 25, and 0% sunlight in the second experiment, and exposed to different artificial lights in wavelength ranges of UVA (315 to 400 nm), UVB (280 to 315 nm), or fluorescent light in the third experiment. After exposure for 0 to 48 h in the first experiment and 0 to 12 h in the second and third experiments, seedlings in two pots were sampled for each treatment, and sporangia were washed from 15 leaves excised from the sampled seedlings. Germination of sporangia was determined in water after incubation in the dark at 15 degrees C for 24 h. The sampled seedlings with remaining leaves were first transferred to optimal conditions for infection (24 h), for the development of downy mildew, and then assessed for disease after 9 days. Sporangia survived much longer at 23 degrees C (>12 h) than at 31 degrees C (2 to 5 h), regardless of RH (33 to 76%). Germination percentage was significantly reduced after exposure to 50 and 100% sunlight. UVB significantly reduced sporangium viability, while fluorescent light and UVA had no effect relative to incubation in the dark. Infection of seedlings followed a pattern similar to germination of sporangia. Solar radiation is the dominant factor determining survival of B. lactucae sporangia, while temperature and RH have small, insignificant effects in coastal areas of California. This suggests that infections by sporangia that survived a day are probable only on cloudy days or on leaves that are highly shaded. 相似文献
4.
During recent years, Peronospora tabacina has frequently been intercepted on leaves in lots of imported Greek oriental tobacco at ports of entry in China. The question arises whether such infected leaf debris can be a source of primary inoculum. The present study has examined the pre-export viability of P. tabacina on stored Greek oriental tobacco. Firstly, basic experiments were done: (1) to find a suitable medium (2% Bacto (Difco) agar) for in vitro germination of P. tabacina sporangia; (2) to determine the optimum (15–21 °C), maximum (30°C) and minimum (2°C) temperatures for sporangial germination; (3) to devise a suitable method of inoculation for an infectivity test. Secondly, viability tests were done on stored Greek oriental tobacco harvested in 1986 and 1987. In vitro germination tests and infectivity tests were conducted separately, according to microscopic grading of the apparent turgidity of sporangia and sporangiophores collected from lesions of infected tobacco leaves of different cultivars and crop years. The tests were maintained for a much prolonged incubation period as compared with the controls. Neither in vitro germination nor infectivity tests showed any sporangia to be viable. Further work is needed to determine what period of storage is rationally acceptable for both plant quarantine and commercial trade. 相似文献
5.
During March and April of 1993 and 1994, surveys on the incidence and severity of cashew powdery mildew ( Oidium anacardii ) were conducted in the Newala, Mtwara, Nachingwea and Tunduru areas of southern Tanzania to determine the variation in perennation between localities. Only immature cashew shoots, panicles and fruit can be infected by O. anacardii conidia. Cashew trees at sites in each district were assessed for shoot and panicle production and cashew powdery mildew. Survival of O. anacardii between seasons, in any area, was determined by the degree of production of shoots that were within the canopy and by the incidence of infection. Immature shoots produced from the main branches within the tree canopy were the main source of active powdery mildew in all districts; trees in the Newala district had the highest numbers of infected immature shoots in comparison with survey sites in the other areas. During the 1994 cashew-growing season (June–August), powdery mildew developed more rapidly and affected more shoots on the inside of the tree canopy than on the outside. Germination of conidia was reduced after aqueous suspension for 3 h. Germination on cashew leaves submerged under 2 mm of water was not affected. Appressorial and hyphal formation by germinating conidia on leaves decreased with increasing duration under water. Germination of conidia on glass slides at 100% r.h. was higher at 25 and 30°C than at 15°C and there was no germination at 35°C. 相似文献
6.
Moshe Reuveni Sadik Tuzun James S. Cole Malcolm R. Siegel William C. Nesmith Joseph Ku 《Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology》1987,30(3)
Dipping leaf strips of greenhouse or field-grown tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L., cv. Ky-14) plants into acetone for 1 s, prior to inoculation with sporangia of Peronospora tabacina Adam, increased their susceptibility to blue mold. Disease severity and sporangial production on leaf discs from acetone-treated leaves were markedly increased compared to those on discs from untreated leaves. Treatment with acetone also decreased variation in susceptibility of leaves from plants of various ages. Disease severity on discs obtained from attached leaves which were dipped in acetone for 1 s was three times greater up to 15 days after dipping than on discs from leaves that were not dipped. TLC and GLC analyses of the acetone extracts indicated that 95% or more of the major cuticular diterpenoids, α- and β-4,8,13-duvatriene-1,3-diols (DVT), were removed from the surface by dipping for 1 s. These compounds had not reappeared on the leaf surface 15 days after leaves were dipped in acetone for 1 s. Aqueous suspensions of the acetone-soluble constituents as well as authentic DVT, inhibited sporangial germination of P. tabacina (ED100 = 25 ppm) and the antifungal activity was accounted for by DVT. When DVT was removed from a leaf surface and added back to the same leaf strip, the resistance of the leaf tissue was restored. As tobacco plants aged, their susceptibility to blue mold decreased and the quantity of DVT on the leaf surface increased. The data support a role for DVT in the resistance of tobacco against blue mold. 相似文献
7.
葡萄叶提取物对葡萄霜霉病的防治作用及有效成分分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为探究葡萄叶提取物对葡萄霜霉病的防治作用,测定了葡萄叶提取物及其有效物质对葡萄生单轴霉Plasmopara viticola孢子囊和游动孢子的抑制作用以及对葡萄霜霉病的防治效果,观察了其对葡萄生单轴霉在叶片中扩展、产生孢子囊能力的影响,并对葡萄叶提取物组成成分进行了分析。结果表明,葡萄叶提取物对葡萄生单轴霉孢子囊的形成和萌发均有明显的抑制作用。当葡萄叶提取物浓度为10 mg/mL时,其对孢子囊形成的抑制率为82.4%,葡萄生单轴霉孢子囊和游动孢子的萌发率仅为7.6%和1.1%,均显著低于无菌水处理。荧光显微观察发现,葡萄叶提取物可以抑制葡萄生单轴霉在叶片内的扩展。当葡萄叶提取物浓度为10 mg/mL和50 mg/mL时,对葡萄霜霉病的室内防治效果分别为80.1%和100.0%;且浓度为10 mg/mL的葡萄叶提取物对葡萄霜霉病的田间预防效果为67.8%,与烯酰吗啉处理无显著差异。液质联用技术检测显示,葡萄叶提取物中含有白藜芦醇和紫檀芪,其对葡萄生单轴霉均有显著的抑制作用,且紫檀芪的抑制效果强于白藜芦醇。 相似文献
8.
烟草疫霉引起的烟草黑胫病,是烟草生产上的重要病害之一。为了明确链霉菌Sa-21防治烟草黑胫病的应用潜力,用盆栽试验测定了链霉菌Sa-21的生防效果,并用生长速率法等手段探讨了链霉菌Sa-21对烟草疫霉的抑菌作用。盆栽试验表明,链霉菌Sa-21菌株发酵液对苗期和成株期烟草黑胫病有较好的控制效果,最高防效可达98.39%。菌株Sa-21粗浸膏对烟草疫霉菌丝生长的抑菌中浓度为56.1 μg/mL,50 μg/mL的粗浸膏处理后可以降低50%的菌丝生物量。菌株Sa-21粗浸膏对烟草疫霉孢子囊的产生、游动孢子释放、休止孢萌发以及细胞膜透性均有抑制作用,100 μg/mL的粗浸膏基本能够完全抑制孢子囊的产生,并且对游动孢子释放的抑制率达50%以上;粗浸膏浓度为150 μg/mL时,对休止孢萌发的抑制率达94.35%;随着粗浸膏浓度增加,菌丝细胞膜的透性也会加大。研究结果表明,链霉菌Sa-21代谢物对烟草疫霉的生长繁殖产生抑制作用,并为链霉菌Sa-21生防菌剂的开发及其对烟草黑胫病的防治提供了理论依据。 相似文献
9.
霜霉属真菌(Peronospora(Corda)Schrdoter)较为重要的种有东北霜霉(Peronospora manshurica(Naoum.)Syd.),散展霜霉(Peronspora effusa(Grev.)Ces.),寄生霜霉(Peronospora parasitica(Pers.)Fr.),烟草霜霉(Peronospora hyoscyami de Bary f.sp.tabacina(Adam)Sklichy)等。本研究对寄生霜霉、散展霜霉和东北霜霉3个种的孢子囊通过物理处理、化学处理和自然死亡等多种致使孢子囊死亡的方法处理后,孢子囊的自体荧光现象和其萌发活性的关系进行了深入研究,并观察了干烟叶上烟草霜霉孢子囊的自体荧光现象和其萌发活性,得出了霜霉属真菌孢子囊的自体荧光现象和孢子囊的萌发活性呈反相关关系的规律性结论,说明检验孢子囊的自体荧光现象可以用于检验霜霉属真菌孢子囊的萌发活性。 相似文献
10.
知母提取物对马铃薯晚疫病菌的抑制作用及防病效果 总被引：13，自引：0，他引：13
本研究测试了知母提取物对马铃薯晚疫病菌菌丝生长、游动孢子释放、休止孢萌发和孢子囊直接萌发的抑制作用。结果表明,知母的水提取物对菌丝生长、游动孢子释放和休止孢萌发的抑制中浓度分别为1.91mg/mL、1.23mg/mL和1.04mg/mL;对孢子囊直接萌发也具一定的抑制作用,在10.00mg/mL浓度下,抑制率达72.89%。离体叶片测试发现,浓度高于0.5%的知母提取物对马铃薯晚疫病具有显著的防治效果。盆栽植株测试结果表明,1%的知母提取物对马铃薯晚疫病的保护效果达70%以上,防效优于离体叶片试验结果,且持效期可达5d。2%和1%的知母提取物对马铃薯晚疫病的治疗效果不明显。 相似文献
11.
为明确樟树枝叶提取物对葡萄霜霉病的防治效果,采用混合液滴显微镜观察法研究了樟树枝叶提取物及其活性成分对病原菌孢子囊萌发的抑制作用,利用高效液相色谱法鉴定了枝叶乙酸乙酯萃取物的化学成分,测定了其活性成分对葡萄霜霉病的室内和田间防治效果。结果表明,浓度为0.1 g/mL以上的樟树枝叶提取物对孢子囊萌发均有很好的抑制效果,抑制率达100.0%;樟树枝叶提取物经不同极性有机溶剂萃取后,分别获得正己烷、乙酸乙酯、正丁醇和水相分离物,浓度为1.0%时各分离物对孢子囊萌发的抑制率分别为58.4%、92.4%、32.5%和58.7%,乙酸乙酯相富集了主要抑菌活性成分,经液相色谱分析并与色谱库数据比对,确定其活性成分中含有芦丁和槲皮素;浓度为1.0%的芦丁和槲皮素对孢子囊具有抑制作用;田间试验显示,浓度为0.3 g/mL以上的枝叶提取物对葡萄霜霉病预防效果显著,治疗效果在60.0%以上。研究表明,樟树枝叶提取物可以有效控制葡萄霜霉病,提取物的活性成分芦丁和槲皮素可以作为植物源药剂。 相似文献
12.
ABSTRACT Strawberry leaves (cv. Tristar) inoculated with Colletotrichum acuta-tum conidia were incubated at 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35 degrees C under continuous wetness, and at 25 degrees C under six intermittent wetness regimes. The number of conidia and appressoria was quantified on excised leaf disks. In order to assess pathogen survival, inoculated leaves were frozen and incubated to induce acervular development. Germination, secondary3 conidiation, and appressorial development were significantly (P /= 0.95) related to appressorial populations prior to this treatment and was greatest following periods of continuous wetness. Production of secondary conidia and appressoria of C. acutatum on symptomless strawberry leaves under a range of environmental conditions suggests that these processes also occur under field conditions and contribute to inoculum availability during the growing season. 相似文献
13.
烟草霜霉病检疫病理学特性的研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
烟草霜霉病孢囊非凡的繁殖能力和独特的对世界不同地理气候区域的高度适应性,是病害广泛传播和迅速发展的关键因素。虽然关于烟草霜霉病的病原学、生物学和病理学方面已经作了广泛的研究,但涉及病原孢囊在检疫病理学方面的某些特性,则迄今工作甚少。本文在系列研究的基础上证明:(1)孢囊萌发活性与接种后的产孢日数密切相关。在可见产孢的第1~2d内,1h后孢囊即开始萌发,4h后萌发率高达83%以上,而在产孢第4~6d后萌发率降为36.1%及29.6%。(2)孢囊的最低萌发温度为2℃,最适温度为14~21℃,最高温度为35℃。(3)高温对孢囊活性的影响,因受热时间而异,短时间30℃或35℃高温后又转入适温对孢囊萌发有抑制作用,但仍有侵染活性。当30℃超过12h或35℃超过8h,则孢囊侵染活性丧失。(4)当叶面饱和湿度期达4h时,可以发生侵染,叶面饱和湿度期越长侵染率越高。(5)在适宜温湿条件下,每悬滴含5~6个孢囊,侵染率可达30%以上,如含单个孢囊,侵染率可达12%。运用以上数据将有利于提高烟草霜霉病风险分析的有效性。 相似文献
14.
The aim of this study was to understand whether competition for fatty acids in plant seed exudates by compost-derived seed-colonizing microbial communities could explain the suppression of plant infections initiated by sporangia of Pythium ultimum. The germination behavior of P. ultimum sporangia in response to cucumber seeds was measured to determine the impact of seed-colonizing microbes on pathogen suppression. Seed-colonizing microbial communities from municipal biosolids compost utilized cucumber seed exudates and linoleic acid in vitro, reducing the respective stimulatory activity of these elicitors to P. ultimum sporangial germination. However, when sporangia were observed directly in the spermosphere of seeds sown in the compost medium, levels of germination and sporangial emptying did not differ from the responses in sand. The percentage of aborted germ tubes was greater after incubating sporangia in compost medium for 12-h than the level of germ tube abortion when sporangia were incubated in sand. Abortion did not occur if previously germinated sporangia were supplemented with cucumber seed exudate. Furthermore, removal of cucumber seed exudate after various stages of germ tube emergence resulted in an increase in aborted germ tubes over time. Adding increasing levels of glucose directly to the compost medium alleviated germ tube abortion in the spermosphere and also eliminated disease suppression. These data fail to support a role for linoleic acid competition in Pythium seedling disease suppression but provide evidence for general carbon competition mediated by seed-colonizing microbial communities as a mechanism for the suppression of Pythium seed infections in municipal biosolids compost. 相似文献
15.
Germination of Setaria chevalieri caryopses 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Germination studies were made on Setaria chevalieri caryopses (seeds). The seeds imbibed readily upon moist incubation. An after-ripening period which followed a cyclic patlern was necessary for maximum germination. Freshly harvested seed germinated in the presence of light, but only very sporadically in the dark. The germination of dark incubated seed was improved if the seeds were subsequently exposed to light. This photodormancy became less pronounced with dry storage. Treatment with red light increased germination. but was reversed by far-red light suggesting that a phytochrome system operates in the seeds. Sodium azide treatments did not stimulate germination in the dark but were effective in the presence of light. 相似文献
16.
辣椒疫霉(Phytophthora capsici Leonian)不同发育阶段对嘧菌酯的敏感性研究 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
细胞色素bc1位点抑制剂包含作用于线粒体内膜外壁CoQ氧化位点抑制剂(QoIs)和作用于线粒体内膜内壁CoQ的还原位点抑制剂(QiIs)。从未使用过QoIs和QiIs的江苏省南京市和安徽省和县随机采集分离获得48个辣椒疫霉单游动孢子囊菌株,并测定了它们不同发育阶段对嘧菌酯的敏感性。结果表明,辣椒疫霉菌丝生长对嘧菌酯的敏感性最低,EC50值范围在1.225~86.100 μg/mL,平均值为(21.041±14.397)μg/mL,其活性低于甲霜灵47.7倍;游动孢子囊形成和萌发对嘧菌酯的敏感性较高,EC50值范围分别在0.006~0.996 μg/mL和0.053~0.334 μg/mL,平均值分别为(0.161±0.126)μg/mL和(0.155±0.023)μg/mL,其活性高于甲霜灵516.8倍;游动孢子萌发对嘧菌酯的敏感性最高,EC50值范围在(0.018~0.111)μg/mL,平均值为(0.057±0.011)μg/mL,活性是甲霜灵的142.4倍。离体生物测定结果表明,水杨肟酸对嘧菌酯抑制菌丝生长的增效作用最强,对游动孢子囊形成的增效作用次之,而对游动孢子囊和游动孢子萌发过程的增效作用则不明显。 相似文献
17.
Two bioassay methods are described which use detached tobacco leaves to measure the sensitivity of Peronospora tabacina to systemic fungicides. Tobacco leaves (13–15 cm2), treated with fungicides before or after detachment from the plant, were inoculated with sporangia in water drops and, after incubation in beakers and Petri plates, the disease severity and/or production of sporangia was determined 4–7 days after treatment with the fungicides. Of 15 systemic fungicides applied to detached leaves, eight N-phenylamides at 0.066?1.0 μg ml?1 controlled blue mould; metalaxyl was the most effective fungicide. Isolates of P. tabacina, collected in the field from tobacco plants grown in soil treated with metalaxyl, were not resistant to the fungicide applied to detached leaves prior to inoculation. The fungicide, applied to leaves before detachment, was used to measure the efficacy of five systemic N-phenylamide fungicides sprayed on the basal and unsprayed distal portions of the leaves. Blue mould was controlled on the basal portion of the leaf by all the fungicides at 0.66?1.0 μg ml?1, but it required the application of 3–30 times more chemical on the basal portion to achieve comparable blue mould control on the distal part of the leaf. 相似文献
18.
ABSTRACT Two strains of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), Bacillus pumilus SE34 and Pseudomonas fluorescens 89B61, elicited systemic protection against late blight on tomato and reduced disease severity by a level equivalent to systemic acquired resistance induced by Phytophthora infestans or induced local resistance by chemical inducer beta-amino butyric acid (BABA) in greenhouse assays. Germination of sporangia and zoospores of P. infestans on leaf surfaces of tomato plants treated with the two PGPR strains, pathogen, and chemical BABA was significantly reduced compared with the noninduced control. Induced protection elicited by PGPR, pathogen, and BABA were examined to determine the signal transduction pathways in three tomato lines: salicylic acid (SA)-hydroxylase transgenic tomato (nahG), ethylene insensitive mutants (Nr/Nr), and jasmonic acid insensitive mutants (def1). Results suggest that induced protection elicited by both bacilli and pseudomonad PGPR strains was SA-independent but ethylene- and jasmonic acid-dependent, whereas systemic acquired resistance elicited by the pathogen and induced local resistance by BABA were SA-dependent. The lack of colonization of tomato leaves by strain 89B61 suggests that the observed induced systemic resistance (ISR) was due to systemic protection by strain 89B61 and not attributable to a direct interaction between pathogen and biological control agent. Although strain SE34 was detected on tomato leaves, ISR mainly accounted for the systemic protection with this strain. 相似文献
19.
Characteristics of glyphosate inhibition of growth in soybean and tobacco callus cultures 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
T. T. LEE 《Weed Research》1980,20(6):365-369
Callus cultures or tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. While Gold and N. glauca-langsdorffii, a tumour-forming amphidiploid hybrid) and soybean Glycine max L., cv. Chippewa) were used lo study the effect of glyphosate [N-(phosphonnmethyl) glycine) un growth and interactions with growth hormones. Glyphosate inhibited growth both in the dark and light but showed a greater toxicity in the dark. This was contrary to its effect on chlorophyll degradation which was accelerated by light. The inhibition of growth was not reversed by simultaneous addition of aromatic amino acids to the medium. Thus the results suggest a multiple glyphosate action. The tobacco callus tissue was more sensitive to glyphosate than the soybean callus tissue, confirming a difference in tolerance between plant species. Despite the inhibitory effect of glyphosate. the treated tissue revived after being transferred to a glyphosate-free medium. The glyphosate-induced growth inhibition in soybean and tumour-forming tobacco callus cultures also was reversible by high levels of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), which itself was inhibitory Theglyphosate-IAA interaction in the tissues which were sensitive to IAA suggests that the inhibition of growth by glyphosate was related to auxin levels in these tissues. 相似文献
20.
Summary. Aqueous extracts of the ground seeds of thirteen weed species were assayed for their ability to inhibit the germination on filler paper of eight crop species. All of the extracts delayed germination of at least some of the crop species. Germination of some crop species was delayed when the crop seeds were surrounded by weed seeds on filter paper, The seeds of Abutilon theophrasti were inhibitory to tomato ( Lycopersicum esculentum ) germinated in sterile and non-sterile soil in the laboratory. The inhibition of germination was apparent under conditions which excluded light, water and minerals as factors in the competition. Chemical studies indicated that the inhibition by Abutilon seeds was due to free amino acids emanating from the seeds.
Inhibition chimique de la germination de plantes cultivées par des semences de mauvaises herbes et nature de l'inhibition par Abutilon theophrasti 相似文献
Inhibition chimique de la germination de plantes cultivées par des semences de mauvaises herbes et nature de l'inhibition par Abutilon theophrasti 相似文献