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《林业科学》2021,57(3)
【目的】研究不同土壤供水水平对三倍体毛白杨分枝格局及适应性的影响,为毛白杨人工林冠层管理提供理论依据。【方法】以2年生三倍体毛白杨人工林为研究对象,采用完全随机区组设计,分析充分灌溉(FI)、控水灌溉(CI)和不灌溉(CK) 3种处理下9株样树的分枝格局。【结果】1)不同土壤供水水平对一级枝条平均枝长和分枝角度有显著影响(P0.05),FI处理下一级枝条平均枝长最长(3.31 m)、分枝角度最大(59.81°); 2)不同处理对RD_(2∶1)有显著影响(P0.05),随着土壤供水量增加枝径比呈增大趋势,CK、CI和FI的RD_(2∶1)分别为0.39、0.39和0.51; 3)不同处理间毛白杨的总体分枝率和逐步分枝率均差异不显著(P0.05),FI处理下当年生新生枝条较多,CK处理下较少。【结论】在不同土壤供水水平下,毛白杨平均枝长、分枝角度、枝径比具有较强的可塑性和变异性,土壤水分充足时,毛白杨分枝数增多,一级枝条生长较快,分枝角度加大,总体分枝率较低。 相似文献
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"秀场"海棠是我国北方重要园林绿化树种,为便于采取节水节肥栽培技术,进行精细化管理,本试验以3年生"秀场"海棠为试验材料,研究不同施肥、灌溉量处理下,对"秀场"海棠生长表现的影响。结果表明:(1)随施肥量增加,株高、地径、冠幅、当年生枝条长度显著增加,但对全株叶片数影响不显著,最佳施肥量为17.937 g/株的N、3.668 g/株的P_2O_5、6.534 g/株的K_2O。(2)灌溉量增大有利于"秀场"海棠株高、地径、冠幅、当年生枝条、全株叶片数的增长。结合植物生长表现和节水灌溉要求,最佳灌溉量为保持土壤湿度为田间持水量的70%。(3)不同水肥耦合处理对株高、当年生枝条的平均增长量无显著影响,但对地径和冠幅、全株叶片数的平均年生长量有显著影响,最佳水肥耦合处理为灌溉量维持田间持水量的70%,施肥量为11.958 g/株的N、2.445 g/株的P_2O_5、4.356g/株的K_2O。本试验研究结果为滴灌栽培经营管理3年生"秀场"海棠提供一定理论和实践依据。 相似文献
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《经济林研究》2017,(4)
在设施日光温室葡萄灌溉过程中,通过设立田间对比试验,研究了滴灌筒和滴灌带2种灌溉器在葡萄节水灌溉中的应用效果。结果表明:在相同灌溉量下,采用滴灌带灌溉后,水分水平下渗模式为直线形,土壤纵向含水量从地表到深层递减;而应用滴灌筒灌溉后,水分水平下渗模式为抛物线形,土壤纵向含水量从地表到深层递增,同时降低了灌溉后日光温室内空气相对湿度,提高了葡萄品质和产量。采用滴灌筒灌溉后,葡萄的单粒质量、可溶性固形物含量和产量分别为10.26 g、17.58%和33 957.3 kg·hm~(-2),较应用滴灌带灌溉分别提高了30.04%、15.35%和25.13%,可滴定酸含量为0.32%,较应用滴灌带灌溉降低了21.95%,且果实外观色泽由浅红变为深红。鉴于滴灌筒在葡萄水分配送和提质增产方面的优势,建议在葡萄等深根系果树上推广应用。 相似文献
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油茶良种枝梢生长特性研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
研究了无性系、杂交组合、半同胞3种不同类型的油茶良种枝梢生长特性,结果表明:油茶叶片分为1年生和2年生,前者占55%,后者占45%,且3种不同类型良种的叶片构成比例基本一致;1年生枝条长度比2年生枝条少2 cm;1年生枝条分枝角度约42°,2年生枝条分枝角度45°.油茶叶片数、枝条长度、分枝角度的变化规律3个类型的良种基本保持一致.平均每枝挂果数,无性系最多,杂交组合次之,半同胞最少.结果还发现油茶枝梢生长指标之间存在一定的相关性,同时对冠幅、单株产果量、鲜果含油率也产生影响. 相似文献
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不同灌溉方式对银杏水分生理的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
分析了在浇灌水量相同的条件下,3种不同浇灌方式（树灌器、漫灌和渗灌）对银杏叶水势、土壤含水量、光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度的影响.结果表明：渗灌处理的叶水势显著高于树灌器和漫灌处理;漫灌处理的土壤含水量高于其它2种处理,在浅层土壤中表现比较明显;在浇灌水后的第1天,渗灌处理的银杏叶片的光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度和水分利用效率显著高于其它处理;以叶水势为指标反映植物体内水分亏缺程度,发现3种灌溉方式达到相同的灌溉效果时,渗灌比树灌器和漫灌节水. 相似文献
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对黄瓜菜地进行了不同施肥处理,通过测定土壤养分,研究了化肥减量及增施有机肥对土壤养分的影响。结果表明:按当地化肥施用量的处理在成熟期土壤速效磷、铵态氮、速效钾含量均比其他处理高,但养分利用率较低;化肥施用量减少20%的处理次之;化肥施用量减少40%+20%有机肥的处理养分全量较高,并且速效养分不高,其养分流失量少,肥料利用率高;而化肥用量减60%+40%有机肥的处理养分全量及速效养分含量都较低,其肥料利用率比化肥施用量减少40%+20%有机肥的处理差。化肥施用量减少40%+20%有机肥能很好地提高土壤各种养分含量,且供肥平稳,能满足黄瓜生长需要,为最合理施肥处理。 相似文献
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毛葡萄苗木繁殖试验初报 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
采用毛葡萄种子繁殖和扦插繁殖能够成苗。常规扦插毛葡萄不易生根成苗,试验表明:用911生根粉浸泡处理,枝条生根率高于快蘸处理和不处理的枝条;1 a生枝条扦插成苗率明显高于2~3 a生枝条。 相似文献
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DRIS-based fertilization efficiency of young hybrid poplar plantations in the boreal region of Canada 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
In order to maximize early growth and establishment of planted hybrid poplars in the boreal region of Eastern Canada, growth response of four clones to fertilization was tested in two plantations. The first two fertilization treatments were based on Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS), a method based on nutrient ratios: DRIS I was based on previously established norms from a study that had been conducted in the same area, and DRIS II was based on DRIS norms developed from hybrid poplars in northern Ontario, Canada. Nutrient status and growth of trees under these 2 treatments were compared to unfertilized trees and to trees under standard (STD) fertilization treatment (40 N–20P–20 K). Leaf nutrient concentrations and DRIS indices showed that fertilization treatments, and especially DRIS I corrected N deficiencies but failed to correct P deficiencies. Fertilization increased volume relative growth rate by 7.51, 4.76 and 13.25 % on average at the agricultural site for DRIS I, DRIS II and STD treatments respectively, compared to no fertilizer application. At the forest site, fertilization treatments based on DRIS indices (DRIS I and DRIS II) increased growth rates (6.67 %) slightly more than the standard treatment (5.80 %). Overall, although DRIS-based fertilization treatments generally increased growth rates, they were often equal to or less efficient than the STD treatment, and may not be as practical as using a standard fertilization recipe. 相似文献
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Audrey K. Owens Kurtis R. Moseley Timothy S. McCay Steven B. Castleberry John C. Kilgo W. Mark Ford 《Forest Ecology and Management》2008
Coarse woody debris (CWD) has been identified as a key microhabitat component for groups that are moisture and temperature sensitive such as amphibians and reptiles. However, few experimental manipulations have quantitatively assessed amphibian and reptile response to varying CWD volumes within forested environments. We assessed amphibian and reptile response to large-scale, CWD manipulation within managed loblolly pine stands in the southeastern Coastal Plain of the United States from 1998 to 2005. Our study consisted of two treatment phases: Phase I treatments included downed CWD removal (removal of all downed CWD), all CWD removal (removal of all downed and standing CWD), pre-treatment snag, and control; Phase II treatments included downed CWD addition (downed CWD volume increased 5-fold), snag addition (standing CWD volume increased 10-fold), all CWD removal (all CWD removed), and control. Amphibian and anuran capture rates were greater in control than all CWD removal plots during study Phase I. In Phase II, reptile diversity and richness were greater in downed CWD addition and all CWD removal than snag addition treatments. Capture rate of Rana sphenocephala was greater in all CWD removal treatment than downed CWD addition treatment. The dominant amphibian and snake species captured are adapted to burrowing in sandy soil or taking refuge under leaf litter. Amphibian and reptile species endemic to upland southeastern Coastal Plain pine forests may not have evolved to rely on CWD because the humid climate and short fire return interval have resulted in historically low volumes of CWD. 相似文献
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Photosynthetic O(2) evolution and chlorophyll a fluorescence were measured in 1-year-old needles of unfertilized and fertilized trees of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) during recovery of photosynthesis from winter inhibition in northern Sweden. Measurements were made under laboratory conditions at 20 degrees C. In general, the CO(2)-saturated rate of O(2) evolution was higher in needles of fertilized trees than in needles of unfertilized trees over a wide range of incident photon flux densities. Furthermore, the maximum photochemical efficiency of photosystem (PS) II, as indicated by the ratio of variable to maximum fluorescence (F(V)/F(M)) was higher in needles of fertilized trees than in needles of unfertilized trees. The largest differences in F(V)/F(M) between the two treatments occurred before the main recovery of photosynthesis from winter inhibition in late May. The rate of O(2) evolution was higher in needles of north-facing branches than in needles of south-facing branches in the middle of May. Simultaneous measurements of O(2) exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence indicated that differences in the rate of O(2) evolution between the two treatments were paralleled by differences in the rate of PS II electron transport determined by chlorophyll fluorescence. We suggest that, during recovery of photosynthesis from winter inhibition, the balance between carbon assimilation and PS II electron transport was maintained largely by adjustments in the nonphotochemical dissipation of excitation energy within PS II. 相似文献
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Compared with conventional planting, direct seeding of Quercus spp. is a method that can reduce the costs of reforestation considerably. However, interference from natural vegetation and predation on acorns contribute to regeneration failures. Mechanical site preparation has the potential to reduce both these problems. To study the influence of sowing date and of different mechanical site preparation treatments on early seedling growth, an experiment was carried out in storm-felled areas, formerly Norway spruce forests, in southern Sweden from May 2006 to September 2008. Five treatments were applied and acorns were planted in May and July 2006. The treatments were: disc trenching, patch scarification, topsoil removal, mounding and an undisturbed control. A delay of less than two months in seeding resulted in the equivalent of one year's growth reduction with respect to oak seedling's height and biomass. This could be explained by delayed emergence of seedlings, and by the dry conditions during summer seeding. The seedlings only exhibited a weak positive biomass growth response following disc trenching, patch scarification and top soil removal. In the latter case this might be explained by increased soil compaction and extensive removal of the humus layer. Site preparation by mounding resulted in good vegetation control, an increased biomass growth response and deeper seedling roots. In this treatment, we found high relative light levels near seedlings, reduced soil moisture and dry bulk density of the soil and higher soil temperatures. One or more of these environmental factors could have influenced the growth response. Whether this increased early growth rate persists throughout young stand development is, however, uncertain. 相似文献
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Various types of crystalline celluloses I, II, IIII, IIIII, IVI and IVII that have been adjusted for their degree of polymerization were treated by semi-flow hot-compressed water (HCW) at 230–270 °C/10 MPa/15 min to study their hydrothermal decomposition. The treatments resulted in either partial or complete decomposition of the celluloses and the decomposed products were primarily recovered as hydrolyzed, dehydrated and fragmented ones as well as organic acids in the water-soluble (WS) portions. Their results of hydrothermal decomposition and its kinetics revealed that the celluloses decomposition is dependent on the types of crystalline celluloses as well as temperature of the HCW treatment. The outcome from the WS portions at 270 °C/10 MPa/15 min showed that the degree of difficulty for decomposition is lower in group II (cell II, cell IIIII, cell IVII) than group I (cell I, cell IIII, cell IVI), indicating that group II is less resistant to decomposition by HCW treatment. Therefore, the decomposition behaviors of the cellulose are due to the inherent differences in the crystalline structures. 相似文献
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To demonstrate the seed dormancy and germination characters of Robinia pseudoacacia L., an exotic tall tree species in Japan, we applied scarification, cold stratification, diurnal thermal regime, heat shock,
and/or winter weathering treatments to the seeds. These characters differed markedly among three seed sources (Trees K, B,
and I). Scarification revealed that most seeds from Tree K showed physical dormancy, whereas those from Tree B had no physical
dormancy. The seeds from Tree I showed weak physical dormancy so that the seeds eventually germinate without any treatments
as time goes by. The physical dormancy in Tree K was broken by a long, high heat shock treatment. The results imply that seeds
from Tree K respond to fire in natural conditions. Seeds from Tree I responded to a wide range of thermal regimes, except
for long, high heat shock. In contrast, most seeds from Tree B absorbed water during cold stratification and some germinated.
However, many seeds from Tree B died in the soil during the winter, presumably because of microbial and fungal infections.
Seeds from Trees I and B acquired physical dormancy by weathering during the winter, implying that seedpods that remain in
the crown function as an aerial seed bank. R. pseudoacacia may be able to produce various levels in dormancy with respect to the winter condition. 相似文献
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Water relations and growth of loblolly pine seedlings planted under a shelterwood and in a clear-cut
We investigated the influence of shelterwood conditions on water relations and growth of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seedlings on two harsh sites in eastern Texas. Site I was harvested to provide four overstory density treatments (0, 2.3, 4.6 and 9.2 m(2) of residual basal area per ha). To quantify the effects of overstory competition, trenched and nontrenched subplots, each containing 25 one-year-old seedlings, were established within each overstory treatment plot, and predawn and midday water potentials (Psi(w)), seedling growth and survival were measured during the growing season. Leaf area and seedling biomass partitioning were measured at the end of the growing season. Site II was harvested to provide two overstory density treatments (0 and 6.9 m(2) ha(-1)) and planted with one-year-old loblolly pine seedlings. Seedling Psi(w), stomatal conductance (g(wv)), transpiration flux density (E), leaf area, height and survival were determined. On Site I, seedling Psi(w) increased with increasing overstory basal area, whereas trenching only substantially affected Psi(w) of seedlings in the 9.2 m(2) ha(-1) overstory treatment. Growth was not affected by overstory treatment or trenching. On Site II, Psi(w) and g(wv) were highest during the morning hours and lowest in the afternoon, whereas E peaked in the afternoon. Vapor pressure deficits and photosynthetic photon flux density were major factors in determining g(wv) differences between treatments. On individual days, the presence of an overstory increased Psi(w) and reduced both g(wv) and E. On Site II, leaf area was affected by overstory treatment throughout most of the study. We conclude that the presence of an overstory can have ameliorative effects on harsh sites at the western fringe of the loblolly pine natural range. 相似文献
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Manipulation of the canopy cover and site preparation are the most important silvicultural measures to enhance the conditions
for natural regeneration of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.). During the early regeneration phase however, seedling mortality may be high, so it is important to study how
different combinations of stand-level treatments and site preparation methods affect seedling establishment. We studied emergence,
1st winter and 2nd summer mortality for naturally regenerated spruce seedlings in a field experiment that combined four harvest
treatments (shelterwoods of high (SH), medium (SM) and low (SL) residual basal area, and a 50 × 50 m clear-cut (CC)) and two
site preparation methods (patch scarification and inverting). The CC had significantly fewer seedlings the 1st fall than the
SL and SH (p = 0.0377), and in all harvest treatments, fewer seedlings emerged in inverted than in patch scarified spots (p = 0.0351). Mortality was also lower with patch scarification than inverting (1st winter: p = 0.0565, 2nd summer: p = 0.0377), but was not affected by harvest treatment (1st winter: p = 0.9211, 2nd summer: p = 0.1896). On average, mortality from 1st to 2nd fall reached 38% and 27% after inverting and patch scarification, respectively.
First winter mortality accounted for approximately two thirds of the accumulated mortality, regardless of the harvest treatment
and site preparation method. 相似文献
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《Southern Forests》2013,75(3-4):163-171
The Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantation area in north-east Uruguay was 108 000 ha in 2008. Recent industrial capacity developments have resulted in major structural changes. Silvicultural system selection depends on site productivity, costs, timber prices and public policies. This study aimed to assess economic returns for two silvicultural systems in north-east Uruguay, in scenarios with and without a plantation subsidy: System I, with a short, 12-year rotation, primarily for small logs; and System II, with a longer, 24-year rotation. For System I, the underbark volume was 198 m3 ha?1 (mean annual increment16.5 m3 ha?1 y?1) and land expectation value (LEV) at a 9.7% discount rate was US$561 ha?1 and US$442 ha?1, with and without subsidy, respectively. System II resulted in 318 m3 ha?1 underbark volume (13.2 m3 ha?1 y?1) and the LEV was US$860 ha?1 and US$771 ha?1, with and without subsidy, respectively. System I was more profitable than extensive cattle husbandry only when the distance to mill was equal to or less than 60 km and wood millyard prices were equal to or higher than US$27.8 m?3 and US$28.8 m?3 with and without subsidy, respectively. Values for System II, in which the main product was a mix of sawlog diameters, were positive and higher than those for System I, both with and without subsidy. If a company invested in forest plantations without due provision for early silvicultural treatments, such as pruning and precommercial thinning, a high risk of financial loss would ensue. Long-rotation sawtimber regimes similar to System II would be more profitable and offer a lower risk of financial losses. The results suggest subsidy withdrawal in Uruguay should not lead to changes in silvicultural systems; in fact, it rendered regimes designed for low-value wood, such as System I, even less advisable. 相似文献
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At the seedling stage, a small amount of N is required to boost growth of leguminous plants. A pot experiment was conducted to observe the effect of N fertilizer on various growth parameters and nodulation behavior of Pongamia pinnata under nursery conditions. After the establishment of seedlings, four nitrogen treatments, 0, 40, 80 and 100 kg·ha?1 N were applied in two equal splits. Monthly observations were taken for the morphological parameters viz. plant height, collar diameter, leaf number, root length, root shoot ratio, nodule number and weight per plant. Maximum plant height was recorded after application of N at 40 kg·ha?1. Seasonally, the difference in collar diameter in rainy season was significantly higher than in winter or summer. However, more leaves were produced per plant at N-40 and N-100 treatments in winter and rainy seasons. Higher root length was recorded in rainy season than in winter or summer. Root biomass was higher than for stems or leaves. Seasonal effects of N-80 and N-40 treatments on leaf dry weight were significantly higher than for N-100 or N-0. Stem dry weight was higher at N-40 than at other treatments in winter and summer seasons. Root:shoot ratio was higher throughout winter to early summer. Nodule biomass was 2–3 times higher in rainy season compared to winter or summer. Maximum nodule number and biomass per plant were highest at N-40, followed by N-0, N-80 and N-100 treatments. New nodule formation started from June to the end of September. Maximum biomass per plant was recorded at N-40, followed by N-80, N-100 and N-0. Nitrogen treatment effect and seasonal behaviour interaction were not significant. Significantly higher numbers of nodules per plant were recorded in rainy season followed by summer and winter for all treatments. Higher nitrogen doses suppressed growth while lower doses promoted growth in Pongamia pinnata. Therefore, the lower nitrogen dose i.e., N-40 Kg·ha?1 applied in two equal splits was suitable at the initial nursery stage for the increase in nodulation and biomass production. 相似文献