共查询到19条相似文献，搜索用时 187 毫秒
1.
以产量差异显著的两个夏玉米品种德单5号和郑单958为材料,设不同灌溉和施肥水平,开展水氮互作对玉米产量、氮素利用和叶绿素荧光特性的影响研究。结果表明,在不同灌溉处理下,增施氮肥显著提高营养器官氮素转运量,降低氮素转运效率,N3(180 kg/hm2)、N4(225 kg/hm2)处理间无显著差异。增施氮肥也显著提高了各灌溉条件下两个品种吐丝期穗位叶Fv/Fm和Fv/Fo,当氮肥施用量增加至N3(180 kg/hm2)后增肥效果不显著。因此,大喇叭口期和吐丝散粉期分别灌溉37.5 mm配合180 kg/hm2的施氮量有利于提高叶绿素荧光参数Fv/Fm和Fv/Fo,促进夏玉米植株氮素转运,提高氮肥利用效率。此外,Fv/Fm和Fv/Fo均与植株氮... 相似文献
2.
为了探寻氮限制条件下作物光能截获特征的变化规律,为黄淮海平原一年两熟农作制中夏播作物配置策略调整提供理论支撑,本研究在河南省获嘉县采取裂区设计,主区为常规施氮和不施氮2种施氮水平,副区为玉米、大豆、花生3种不同夏播作物,分析限氮处理条件下3种作物的光能截获和干物质量相关性状的关系.在作物生育期中共选取5个时间点,测量叶面积指数(LAI)、叶夹角(LA)和作物冠层光合有效辐射(PAR),作物收获后调查其地上部干物质量和产量,并计算冠层光合有效辐射截获率(IPAR)、光能利用率(LUE)和收获指数(HI)等指标.结果 表明:3种夏播作物的LAI与IPAR均在营养生长期快速增加,而在生殖生长期呈略微下降或升高的趋势;且与常规施氮处理相比,不施氮处理下3种作物中大豆的LAI和IPAR的降幅最小,分别为9.52％和0.94％.玉米、大豆、花生在不施氮处理下的产量较常规施氮分别降低8.31％、2.74％和3.35％,其中大豆产量降幅最小.相关分析表明,3种作物产量与LAI和IPAR间均具有显著或极显著正相关关系;玉米产量与LA具有显著或极显著的正相关关系,而大豆的产量则与LA呈显著负相关,花生的产量与LA呈极显著负相关.经曲线拟合,3种作物的产量与LAI、LA和IPAR均呈线性回归关系.另外,IPAR与LAI间具有显著正相关关系,且符合对数回归关系,而与LA的相关性不显著.综上,当氮素受限时,与玉米和花生两种夏播作物相比,大豆有更大的LAI,保持较高的IPAR,地上千物质量和产量降幅最小,因此在低氮的农田土壤上种植大豆受氮限制的影响最小. 相似文献
3.
生物炭对郑单958生理生化指标及产量的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
采用大田试验,研究生物炭与氮肥配施对郑单958玉米子粒产量、不同生育时期SPAD值、叶面积指数(LAI)、光合特性及氮代谢相关酶活性的影响,明确生物炭对玉米生理生化指标与产量的效应。结果表明,不同炭氮施量处理中,正常施肥配施5 000 kg/hm~2生物炭处理表现出明显的优势,成熟期玉米叶片SPAD值和叶面积指数(LAI)分别比不施生物炭处理(对照)高46.22%和37.22%。正常施肥配施生物炭处理玉米的净光合速率(Pn)、胞间二氧化碳浓度(Ci)、气孔导度(Gs)和蒸腾速率(Tr)均高于CK,且高施炭量处理明显高于低施炭量处理,有效提高了玉米叶片硝酸还原酶(NR)和谷氨酸脱氢酶(GDH)的活性,延缓玉米衰老。添加生物炭处理郑单958产量最高可达12 076.35 kg/hm2,比对照增产10.23%,表现为穗长、穗粒数和百粒重的增加。 相似文献
4.
在大田条件下,以小麦品种济麦22号和花生品种花育25号为材料,设置4种不同追施氮肥的方式,分别为:(A)拔节期施纯氮160kg/hm~2、(B)拔节期施纯氮80kg/hm~2+开花期施纯氮80kg/hm~2、(C)孕穗期施纯氮160kg/hm~2、(D)开花期施纯氮160kg/hm~2;施肥方法均为开沟追施。研究了小麦季4种不同追施氮肥方式对下茬花生各生育时期叶片叶绿素含量、光合速率、成熟期各器官氮素和干物质积累与分配及周年氮素利用效率的影响。结果表明:C处理的氮肥运筹方式提高了叶片叶绿素含量和光合速率;荚果中氮素和干物质积累量及其分配比例均较高;小麦籽粒产量最高、花生荚果产量较高;氮素内部利用效率和氮肥偏生产力均最高。本试验条件下,综合考虑周年作物产量和氮素利用效率,前茬小麦基施纯氮105kg/hm~2、孕穗期追施纯氮160kg/hm~2和花针期追施25kg/hm~2(C处理)是小麦套种花生种植模式下最佳的氮肥运筹方式。 相似文献
5.
为探究冀东地区强筋小麦适宜施氮量,以强筋小麦石优20号和中麦998为材料,通过大田试验设置0 kg·hm-2(N0)、180 kg·hm-2(N180)、210 kg·hm-2(N210)和240 kg·hm-2(N240) 4个施氮水平,分析了施氮量对强筋小麦光合、产量、蛋白质含量和加工品质的影响。结果表明,与N0处理相比,施氮后石优20号和中麦998的产量均在N240处理下增加显著,增幅分别为3.20%和13.95%。随施氮量的增加,小麦旗叶叶绿素含量和光合参数均呈先升后降趋势,且在花后15 d达到最大值。施氮对Fv/Fm影响较小,对ΦPSⅡ影响较明显。旗叶、籽粒内硝酸还原酶和谷氨酰胺合成酶均随施氮量的增加呈先升后降趋势。增施氮肥后籽粒蛋白组分中清蛋白、球蛋白比例下降,醇溶蛋白、谷蛋白比例上升,各组分... 相似文献
6.
为建立稻茬迟播小麦树脂包膜缓释氮肥高效施肥模式与技术,以冬小麦品种扬麦23为材料,以43%树脂包膜缓释氮肥（PCU,含氮43%）和尿素（U,含氮46%）为氮肥,设置“一次性基施”（A）与“一基一追”（B）2种施肥模式,共形成100%树脂包膜缓释氮肥基施（A1）、80%树脂包膜缓释氮肥+20%尿素基施（A2）、60%树脂包膜缓释氮肥+40%尿素基施（A3）、80%树脂包膜缓释氮肥基施+20%尿素返青期追施(B1)、80%树脂包膜缓释氮肥基施+20%尿素拔节期追施（B2）、60%树脂包膜缓释氮肥基施+40%尿素返青期追施（B3）、60%树脂包膜缓释氮肥基施+40%尿素拔节期追施（B4）等7个施肥处理,分析了缓释氮肥与尿素配施对迟播小麦产量及其构成、茎蘖动态、干物质积累、叶面积指数、SPAD值、氮素利用效率等指标的影响。结果表明,一次性基施模式处理（A1~A3）的小麦产量显著低于常规施肥（CK,基肥∶分蘖肥∶拔节肥∶孕穗肥=5∶1∶2∶2）;“一基一追”两次施肥模式处理（B1~B4）的产量显著高于CK,泰州与扬州两地分别平均增产 5.77%和5.64%,其中B4处理产量最高,分别为8 796.80和7 848.18 kg·hm-2,分别比CK高8.30%和 9.05%;与CK相比,“一基一追”两次施肥模式处理的生育中、后期叶面积指数和干物质积累量、乳熟期旗叶SPAD值、全生育期吸氮总量与氮素利用效率、净效益均不同程度地提高;不同施肥处理中,B4处理氮素各利用指标表现最优,其中氮素积累总量及经济净效益平均达到266.83 kg·hm-2和11 992.96元·hm-2。综上,“60%树脂包膜[JP3]缓释氮肥基施+40%尿素拔节期追施”是稻茬迟播小麦树脂包膜缓释氮肥高产高效施肥方式。 相似文献
7.
氮肥运筹模式对双季稻植株干物质积累和产量的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
氮肥运筹是影响水稻生长发育、物质生产及其产量的重要栽培措施。为探明双季稻区不同氮肥运筹模式对水稻植株干物质积累及产量的影响,设计5种施氮模式:早稻和晚稻均不施氮肥(N_0,CK),早稻施N120 kg/hm^2+晚稻施N210 kg/hm^2(N120+210)、早稻施N150 kg/hm^2+晚稻施N180 kg/hm^2(N150+180)、早稻施N180 kg/hm^2+晚稻施N150 kg/hm^2(N180+150)、早稻施N210 kg/hm^2+晚稻施N120 kg/hm^2(N_(210 + 120)),比较研究5种氮肥运筹模式下早稻和晚稻植株干物质积累及产量的变化。结果表明:(1)N150+180处理植株分蘖数下降幅度平缓,其分蘖数多、成穗率较高;(2)早稻各主要生育时期各处理植株LAI大小顺序为N180+150> N150+180> N_(210 + 120)> N120+210> CK,晚稻各主要生育时期各处理植株LAI大小顺序为N150+180> N120+210> N180+150> N_(210 + 120)> CK;(3)分蘖期至成熟期,早稻和晚稻植株的根系干重分别以N_(210 + 120)、N120+210处理最高,茎、叶干重分别以N_(210 + 120)和N150+180处理最高,穗干重均以N150+180和N180+150处理最高,且均显著高于CK;(4)各处理水稻的穗总粒数和千粒重均无显著性差异;(5)早稻和晚稻产量均以N150+180处理最高,分别比对照增加1849. 5和1879. 5 kg/hm^2。因此,早稻施用纯氮150 kg/hm^2和晚稻施用纯氮180 kg/hm^2的施肥模式,有利于增加水稻植株干物质积累,改善产量构成因素,从而获得较高的水稻产量。 相似文献
8.
氮磷配施对济麦22花后光合特性及产量的影响 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
为给小麦高产高效栽培技术提供依据,在大田超高产条件下研究了氮磷配施对超高产小麦济麦22花后光合特性及产量的影响.利用LI-6400便携式光合测定仪,采用开放式气路测定了超高产麦田旗叶的净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)及蒸腾速率(Tr)等相关指标.结果表明,氮磷配施对超高产小麦花后的光合特性及产量有显著的调节作用,花后各处理小麦旗叶的Pn、Gs、Tr、叶面积指数(LAI)、叶绿素含量(SPAD值)等指标呈下降趋势,但与CK处理比较,施肥处理前期下降缓慢,差异达显著水平,N1P2、N2P2及N2P3处理与对照差异极显著.随着施氮和施磷量的增加,旗叶的Pn、Gs及Tr增强, SPAD值升高, LAI增大.但过高的施肥量(P2O5 225 kg/ha)导致小麦生育后期旗叶衰老加快,光合生理指标衰退迅速,穗粒数和千粒重下降显著,最终导致小麦减产.经统计分析得出,氮肥和磷肥间对Pn、LAI及SPAD值有极显著的互作效应.本试验条件下,超高产麦田的适宜施肥量为N 300 kg/ha和P2O5 150 kg/ha. 相似文献
9.
以紧凑型品种SC205、GR4和伞型品种SC12、SC15为试验材料，设计9、36、63、90片留叶数和不摘叶等5个处理，研究不同品种和不同留叶数处理的叶绿素荧光和鲜薯产量差异，以期明确不同生育时期和留叶数的功能叶叶绿素荧光差异以及叶片数对产量的影响。结果表明：随着留叶数的增加，鲜薯产量增加，薯数、茎叶鲜重和收获指数呈先增后降的趋势。9、36、63、90片留叶数和不摘叶处理的平均单株产量分别为0.94、2.22、2.65、2.91、3.35 kg。紧凑型品种的最大荧光产量(Fm)和最大量子产量(Fv/Fm)大于伞型品种，紧凑型Fm、Fv/Fm分别为0.885、0.739，伞型分别为0.838、0.707。最小荧光产量(F0)小于伞型品种，2种株型品种分别为0.219、0.231。随着摘叶时期的递进，F0、Fm、Fv/Fm、ETR和Y(Ⅱ)下降。随着... 相似文献
10.
两熟种植模式一直是华北平原的主要种植模式,冬季作物以小麦为主,夏季则以玉米、大豆、棉花和薯类等作物为主。为研究不同夏播前茬作物对后茬小麦产量和品质的影响,选用玉米（T1）、大豆（T2）、花生（T3）和甘薯（T4）四种夏播作物,在播种前和收获后检测田间土壤养分变化,以及后茬小麦的籽粒产量和品质。结果表明,大豆收获后,15～30 cm土层土壤碱解氮和速效磷含量分别提高129.75%和43.93%,远高于其他前茬处理;花生收获后,15～30 cm土层土壤碱解氮和速效磷含量与播前相比基本保持平衡;四种前茬处理下土壤速效钾和有机质含量均显著增加。玉米前茬和花生前茬处理下,小麦产量和籽粒中氮、磷、钾的积累量显著高于大豆前茬和甘薯前茬处理,小麦产量比甘薯前茬处理分别提高38.15%和31.13%。花生前茬能够有效提高后茬小麦籽粒干基蛋白、湿面筋含量和籽粒容重,大豆前茬能够提高后茬小麦籽粒的干基淀粉含量,甘薯前茬能够提高后茬小麦的出粉率。总的来看,选择花生做前茬,在保持后茬小麦产量较高的同时,能够提高小麦籽粒的品质性状。 相似文献
11.
氮肥对半干旱区膜下滴灌玉米叶片叶绿素荧光特性及产量的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
针对吉林省西部半干旱区的生态特点,研究氮素营养水平对膜下滴灌条件玉米净光合速率、叶绿素荧光参数、光合酶活性和产量的影响。结果表明,适宜的氮肥施用量可显著提高叶片光合性能,随着氮肥施用量的逐渐增加,叶片气体交换参数也逐渐升高;当氮肥超过300 kg/hm2时,各项指标开始下降。在荧光诱导动力学参数中,最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)对种植模式的改变比较敏感,膜下滴灌下各处理平均Fv/Fm均显著高于同期普通生产田对照,随着施氮量的增加Fv/Fm增加;高氮处理穗位叶Fv/Fm无显著差异。施用氮肥均增加了玉米穗位叶PEP和Ru BP羧化酶活性。在膜下滴灌模式下,玉米达到最高产量时的氮肥施用量为200 kg/hm2,与300 kg/hm2时的产量无显著差异;非膜下滴灌玉米获得最高产量时的施氮量为300 kg/hm2。 相似文献
12.
《Plant Production Science》2013,16(2):196-201
AbstractCrop production in a rainfed area is constrained by inappropriate management of soil and water by the resource-poor farmers. The present study addresses this issue through integration of practices for soil water conservation (SWC) and soil fertility enhancement as well. Extensive experimentation on wheat-maize was undertaken for two years (2004?2006) on the fields of eight farmers representing two soil types; Rajar (Typic Ustorthent; USDA soil taxonomy) and Guliana (Udic Haplustalf; USDA soil taxonomy) in the Gujar Khan Tehsil of Rawalpindi District, Pakistan. Four treatments consisting of: no SWC +farmer’s rate of fertilizer application (FP), no SWC+improved fertilizer application (IF), SWC practices i.e., deep plowing, bund improvement, plowing across contour+FP (SWC+FP) and SWC+IF. Wheat and maize grain yields in SWC and IF were statistically higher than in the treatments with no SWC and FP, respectively. Compared with the control without any treatment, increase in water use efficiency of both maize and wheat crop was higher in SWC+IF followed by IF alone. On the average, Guliana soil series showed better response to all treatments than Rajar soil. The integrated application of SWC and IF practices increased crop yields in the rainfed area. 相似文献
13.
《Field Crops Research》2001,71(3):173-181
While early-maturing crops benefit from intercropping, late-maturing crops usually suffer growth penalties during the intercropping phase. It is possible, however, that recovery or compensation of the late-maturing crops occurs after the harvest of the early-maturing crops. Three field experiments were conducted at Baiyun in 1997 and at Jingtan in 1997 and 1998 to test the hypothesis in wheat/maize and wheat/soybean intercropping. The biomass and nutrient accumulation in intercropped soybean were significantly smaller than in sole soybean before wheat harvest but thereafter increased sharply at Jingtan site in 1997. The rates of dry matter accumulation in the intercropped maize (10.0–20.1 g/m2 per day) were significantly lower than those in the sole maize (17.1–34.8 g/m2 per day) during the early stage from 7 May to 3 August, while mostly intercropped with wheat. After 3 August, however, the rates of intercropped maize, increasing to 58.9–69.9 g/m2 per day, was significantly greater than in sole maize (22.7–51.8 g/m2 per day) at Baiyun site in 1997 and nutrient acquisition showed the same trends as growth. At Jingtan site in 1998, the disadvantage of the border row of intercropped maize resulted from interspecific competition diminished after wheat harvest and disappeared at maize maturity. It was concluded that there was indeed recovery of growth after wheat harvesting in wheat/maize and wheat/soybean intercropping. However, the recovery was limited under N0P0 treatment. The interspecific competition, facilitation and recovery are together contributed to yield advantage of intercropping. 相似文献
14.
《Plant Production Science》2013,16(3):388-397
AbstractIntercropping and relay intercropping systems, which significantly improve land use efficiency, are used worldwide to increase crops yield. The wheat-maize-soybean relay intercropping system has been widely employed by famers in Southwestern China for years, but the detailed mechanisms through which the nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency reach the high level in this system remain unclear. In the present study, two separate pot experiments were performed by 15 N isotope dilution (ID) labeling and direct 15N foliar feeding (FF) assays, and a solid barrier was employed to prevent the roots intergrowth and N movement among crops in the first experiment, using no barrier as the control. The results showed that, under the no-barrier condition, the grain yields, 15N uptake and 15N recovery efficiency of wheat and maize were significantly increased, but those measures in soybean were decreased compared to the solid barrier condition. Furthermore, bi-directional N transfer was detected during the co-growing stage of crops, the amount (Ntransfer) and percentage (%NT) of 15N transferred varied significantly with the fertilizer-N rate, and the maximum reached at 150 – 300 kg N ha–1 level. The Ntransfer from maize to wheat was 16.1% – 163.0% higher than that from wheat to maize; the Ntransfer from soybean to maize was 1.7 – 6.0 times higher than those from maize to soybean, while the %NT from soybean to maize were 6.7 – 22.2 times higher than those from maize to soybean. Conclusively, this study revealed that the interaction of the roots among crops significantly increased the uptake efficiency and recovery efficiency, and further, the positive N competition and bi-directional N transfer of each crops were the main contributors to improve the N use efficiency in the wheat-maize-soybean relay intercropping system. 相似文献
15.
为探究不同缓释掺混肥配比对稻茬小麦生产的影响，在沿淮下游地区，以淮麦52和淮麦920为材料，通过随机区组试验，以缓释掺混肥（SRF，N∶P2O5∶K2O＝26∶12∶12）和丰卉尿素（U，46%N）为供试肥料,设置U四次分施（M1）、SRF一次基施（M2）、60%SRF基施+40%U拔节期追施（M3）、60%SRF基施+40%SRF返青期追施（M4）、M3模式减氮15%（M5）和M4模式减氮15%（M6）6种施肥模式，分析了不同处理下小麦产量、氮素积累及利用、干物质转运和品质等的差异。结果表明，缓释掺混肥一次基施（M2）和减氮15%条件下两次分施（M5和M6）较常规肥料处理（M1）均能实现稳产。缓释掺混肥两次分施（M4）可有效促进稻茬小麦花后光合物质生产和氮素向籽粒运转，增加籽粒氮素积累量，提高氮肥利用率，氮肥农学效率、氮肥表观利用率、氮素生理效率和氮收获指数分别较M1处理增加16.49%、11.09%、4.86%和4.72%，较M2处理增加21.31%、15.19%、5.32%和18.60%；M4处理较M1处理增产9.01%和6.78%，较M2处理增产11.43%和12.10%，实现产量提升的同时显著改善小麦籽粒蛋白品质。综上，60%缓释掺混肥基施和40%缓释掺混肥返青期追施有助于实现小麦的高产优质高效生产，适宜在沿淮下游稻茬麦区推广应用。 相似文献
16.
《Journal of Crop Improvement》2013,27(1-2):291-331
SUMMARY The vulnerability and adaptation of major agricultural crops to different soils in Austria and Bulgaria under a changing climate and elevated air CO2 were investigated. Several incremental and transient GCM climate change scenarios were created and applied. Warming will decrease the crop-growing duration of the selected crops in the regions of interest. All GCM scenarios, including the climate change effect only, projected reductions in grain yield of winter wheat and spring barley, caused by a shorter crop-growing period. However, when the direct effect of an increased CO2 level was assumed, most GCM climate change scenarios projected an increase in wheat and barley yield and especially in soybean yield. An increased level of CO2 alone had no significant impact on the simulated maize yield reductions under climate change. 相似文献
17.
基于始于2012年的不同耕作方式长期定位试验，分析冬小麦播前深翻(DT)、旋耕(ST)和免耕(NT)3种耕作方式对后茬免耕直播夏玉米生长(干物质积累与分配)、生理指标(叶面积指数和SPAD值)、子粒灌浆速率的影响，探析麦茬耕作方式对后茬夏玉米生长发育和产量建成的影响。结果表明，ST处理成熟期干物质积累量显著高于DT和NT处理(P<0.05)，穗部干物质的分配比例分别较NT与DT处理显著增加了7.94%～13.79%、10.34%～17.48%。ST处理叶面积和持绿性优于DT和NT处理。ST处理的子粒灌浆速率较DT与NT处理提高12.71%～18.96%、5.25%～8.71%，最终获得最大产量。因此，冬小麦-夏玉米1年两熟种植模式下，麦茬旋耕更利于免耕直播夏玉米的生长和产量建成。 相似文献
18.
Long-term (over 15 years) winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)–maize (Zea mays L.) crop rotation experiments were conducted to investigate phosphorus (P) fertilizer utilization efficiency, including the physiological efficiency, recovery efficiency and the mass (the input–output) balance, at five sites across different soil types and climate zones in China. The five treatments used were control, N, NP, NK and NPK, representing various combinations of N, P and K fertilizer applications. Phosphorus fertilization increased average crop yield over 15 years and the increases were greater with wheat (206%) than maize (85%) across all five sites. The wheat yield also significantly increased over time for the NPK treatments at two sites (Xinjiang and Shanxi), but decreased at one site (Hunan). The P content in wheat was less than 3.00 g kg−1 (and 2.10 g kg−1 for maize) for the N and NK treatments with higher values for the Control, NP and NPK treatments. To produce 1 t of grain, crops require 4.2 kg P for wheat and 3.1 kg P for maize. The P physiological use efficiency was 214 kg grain kg−1 P for wheat and 240 kg grain kg−1 P for maize with over 62% of the P from P fertilizer. Applying P fertilizer at 60–80 kg P ha−1 year−1 could maintain 3–4 t ha−1 yields for wheat and 5–6 t ha−1 yields for maize for the five study sites across China. The P recovery efficiency and fertilizer use efficiency averaged 47% and 29%, respectively. For every 100 kg P ha−1 year−1 P surplus (amount of fertilizer applied in excess of crop removal), Olsen-P in soil was increased by 3.4 mg P kg−1. Our study suggests that in order to achieve higher crop yields, the long-term P input–output balance, soil P supplying capacity and yield targets should be considered when making P fertilizer recommendations and developing strategies for intensively managed wheat–maize cropping systems. 相似文献
19.
间作条件下玉米与马铃薯的养分利用特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
采用田间小区试验,通过2行玉米间作2行马铃薯、4行玉米间作4行马铃薯及相应单作试验,在玉米拔节期和大喇叭口期比较植株氮磷钾浓度和养分吸收量,研究玉米间作马铃薯中养分吸收和肥料利用效率的变化。结果表明,玉米大喇叭口期,间作玉米植株氮钾浓度显著低于单作(F_氮=6.608,P_氮=0.015;F_钾=5.148,P_钾=0.028),且根、茎、叶中氮磷钾浓度都低于单作处理,部分差异达到了显著水平,根对氮和磷的利用贡献大一些,茎对钾的利用贡献大。间作玉米的养分吸收量没有优势,但间作玉米单株产量极显著高于单作,产量与玉米大喇叭口期植株氮钾浓度极显著和显著负相关,表明提高玉米氮钾利用效率可促进增产。 相似文献