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1.
Brommer H Rijkenhuizen AB Brama PA Barneveld A van Weeren PR 《Equine veterinary journal》2004,36(4):331-335
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: There are many noninvasive diagnostic methods used for evaluating chronic progressive joint disease, but each has severe limitations in the detection of early articular cartilage damage. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the accuracy of arthroscopy as a diagnostic method for the assessment of the severity of cartilage surface damage on the proximal articular margin of the equine first phalanx (P1). HYPOTHESIS: That arthroscopic assessment of the visible cartilage provides 1) a good indication of the integrity of the cartilage surface and 2) a good estimation of the status of the cartilage surface of the entire articular area of P1. METHODS: Arthroscopic examination of the dorsal pouch of the metacarpophalangeal joint was performed in the left front limbs of 74 slaughter horses (age 5 months to 23 years). The appearance of the visible cartilage of P1 was scored by 2 independent arthroscopists, using the SFA arthroscopic grading system. The joints were dissected after completion of the arthroscopic procedure. The cartilage degeneration index (CDIP1) was determined and used as a quantitative measure for the overall degree of cartilage surface deterioration on the articular area of P1. Further, CDI values were determined for the dorsal articular margin of P1 (CDIdam), i.e. the area that can be visualised with arthroscopy. The CDIdam values were classified into 3 groups (CDIdam<25%, minor lesions; 25%45%, severe lesions). Differences between the 2 arthroscopists were evaluated statistically in a nonparametric test and Pearson correlation coefficients (r) with matching P values were determined for the correlations between SFA and CDIdam and between CDIP1 and CDIdam. The level of significance was set at P<0.05. RESULTS: Differences between SFA scores of the 2 arthroscopists were not significant (P = 0.22). In the group of joints with minor cartilage changes, there was no correlation between SFA and CDIdam (r = 0.12; P = 0.71), but there was a significant correlation between CDIP1 and CDIdam (r = 0.95; P<0.01). In the group with moderate cartilage damage, there was an increase in correlation between SFA and CDIdam (r = 0.27; P = 0.09) and a decrease in the correlation between CDIP1 and CDIdam (r = 0.48; P<0.01). In the group with severe cartilage changes, there was a significant correlation between SFA and CDIdam (r = 058; P<0.01), but no significant correlation between CDIP1 and CDIdam (r = 0.43; P = 0.06). CONCLUSIONS: Arthroscopic assessment of cartilage lesions on the proximal articular surface of P1 in joints with minor cartilage damage leads to an underestimation of the actual damage because proteoglycan depletion and light cartilage fibrillation cannot be detected arthroscopically. In cases with mild cartilage damage, the status of the cartilage surface of the visible area of P1 is a good representation of the status of the entire articular surface. In cases with severe cartilage lesions, there is an overestimation of real damage. In such joints, the arthroscopic scoring system provides reliable information, but the visible area is not representative of the entire articular surface. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: From a practical viewpoint, it can be stated that the arthroscopic grading of visible lesions on the equine P1 gives the best impression of overall cartilage damage in joints with moderately severe cartilage lesions. It should be realised, however, that this is the result of an underestimation due to the shortcomings of the grading system, which is neutralised by an overestimation due to the fact that the severity of lesions on the visible area of P1 is not representative for the entire articular surface. 相似文献
2.
MARK B. HURTIG DVM PETER B. FRETZ VMD DiplomateACVS CECIL E. DOIGE dvm PhD JONATHAN NAYLOR BVSc PhD DiplomateACVS 《Veterinary surgery : VS》1985,14(2):93-98
The equine carpal joint was used to evaluate arthroscopic diagnosis of lesions created in joints obtained from horses euthanized for reasons other than lameness. Full-thickness articular defects were made in 13 sites within the antebrachiocarpal joint and middle carpal joint approximating those found in diseased carpal joints. Arthroscopic evaluation of the lesions included location, depth, and size of the defects. The joints were subsequently examined grossly. Results showed that, when compared to gross evaluation, arthroscopy is capable of accurately identifying subtle changes in articular cartilage and bone. A statistically significant increase in error rate was found for lesions at the medial aspect of the proximal radial carpal bone. Other sites with limited arthroscopic access were the proximal ulnar carpal bone, the proximal fourth carpal bone, and the distal intermediate carpal bone. The accuracy of arthroscopic identification of lesions improved significantly during the study as experience with the technique was gained. 相似文献
3.
Francesca Beccati Heather J. Chalmers Sara Dante Eleonora Lotto Marco Pepe 《Veterinary radiology & ultrasound》2013,54(2):176-184
Osteochondrosis lesions commonly occur on the femoral trochlear ridges in horses and radiography and ultrasonography are routinely used to diagnose these lesions. However, poor correlation has been found between radiographic and arthroscopic findings of affected trochlear ridges. Interobserver agreement for ultrasonographic diagnoses and correlation between ultrasonographic and arthroscopic findings have not been previously described. Objectives of this study were to describe diagnostic sensitivity and interobserver agreement of radiography and ultrasonography for detecting and grading osteochondrosis lesions of the equine trochlear ridges, using arthroscopy as the reference standard. Twenty‐two horses were sampled. Two observers independently recorded radiographic and ultrasonographic findings without knowledge of arthroscopic findings. Imaging findings were compared between observers and with arthroscopic findings. Agreement between observers was moderate to excellent (κ 0.48–0.86) for detecting lesions using radiography and good to excellent (κ 0.74–0.87) for grading lesions using radiography. Agreement between observers was good to excellent (κ 0.78–0.94) for detecting lesions using ultrasonography and very good to excellent (κ 0.86–0.93) for grading lesions using ultrasonography. Diagnostic sensitivity was 84–88% for radiography and 100% for ultrasonography. Diagnostic specificity was 89–100% for radiography and 60–82% for ultrasonography. Agreement between radiography and arthroscopy was good (κ 0.64–0.78). Agreement between ultrasonography and arthroscopy was very good to excellent (κ 0.81–0.87). Findings from this study support ultrasound as a preferred method for predicting presence and severity of osteochondrosis lesions involving the femoral trochlear ridges in horses. 相似文献
4.
Andrea Bertuglia Giulia Mollo Michela Bullone Barbara Riccio 《Acta veterinaria Scandinavica》2014,56(1)
Background
Longitudinal tears in the lateral aspect of the deep digital flexor tendon are the most common causes of pain localised to the equine digital flexor tendon sheath. However conventional ultrasonographic techniques provide limited information about acute lesions. Ultrasonographic contrast agents are newly developed materials that have contributed to advancement in human diagnostic imaging. They are currently approved for intravenous use in human and animal models. In this study we described intrathecal use in the horse. This study was undertaken to evaluate the reliability of standard and angle contrast-enhanced ultrasonography to detect and characterize surgically-induced longitudinal lesions in the deep digital flexor tendons.In this pilot study surgically-induced lesions were created in the lateral aspect of the deep digital flexor tendon within the digital flexor tendon sheath in 10 isolated equine limbs to generate a replicable model for naturally occurring lesions. Another 10 specimens were sham operated. All the limbs were examined ultrasonographically before and shortly after the intrasynovial injection of an ultrasound contrast agent containing stabilised microbubbles. The images were blindly evaluated to detect the ability to identify surgically-created lesions. The deep digital flexor tendons were dissected and a series of slices were obtained. The depth of longitudinal defects identified with contrast-enhanced ultrasound scans was compared to the real extent of the lesions measured in the corresponding gross tendon sections.Results
Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography with both angle and standard approach provided a significant higher proportion of correct diagnoses compared to standard and angle contrast ultrasonography (p < 0.01). Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography reliably estimated the depth of surgically-induced longitudinal lesions in the deep digital flexor tendons.Conclusion
Contrast-enhanced ultrasound of the digital flexor tendon sheath could be an effective tool to detect intrasynovial longitudinal tears of the deep digital flexor tendon, although an in vivo study is required to confirm these results for naturally occurring lesions. 相似文献5.
Background
It has not yet been shown that ossification of ungular cartilages (OUC) is a pathological condition. Beside heredity, factors such as sex, age, repeated concussion, local trauma, hoof and body size have been suggested as contributing factors for OUC development. By comparing radiographs of front hooves from cold-blooded trotters with different age we wanted to evaluate when development of OUC in cold-blooded trotters occurs and if and when it stabilizes in relation to age and workload. Diagnosis and grading of OUC were based on radiological field examinations of 649 Swedish and Norwegian cold-blooded trotters’ front hooves. A hundred and forty-seven of the horses were re-examined 3-13 years (mean age 9, median 8 years) after the first occasion. All radiographs were evaluated blind, using two different grading systems for OUC. Work load, in form of number of races completed, and body size score were collected from official data. Four statistical ordinal regression models were used, compared and evaluated.Results
We identified a breakpoint at 2.8 ± 0.38 years of age when ossification ends and proposed a simpler grading system with more consistent results. There was no significant correlation between body size and grade of OUC. Comparison of different statistical methods for evaluation of ordinal data revealed a piecewise linear regression model as most suitable.Conclusions
Individuals with OUC developed this condition during the stage of life when their hooves develop in size. Results from this study can assist equine practitioners when examining and for understanding this condition in their clinical work and is also beneficial for the Scandinavian equine industry when devising breeding programs. 相似文献6.
Background
Joint lesions occur widespread in the Danish sow population and they are the most frequent cause for euthanasia. Clinically, it is generally impossible to differentiate between various types of non-inflammatory joint lesions. Consequently, it is often necessary to perform a post mortem examination in order to diagnose these lesions. A study was performed in order to examine the relation of abnormal gait and posture in sows with specific joint lesions, and thereby obtaining a clinical diagnostic tool, to be used by farmers and veterinarians for the evaluation of sows with joint problems.Methods
The gait, posture and lesions in elbow- and knee joints of 60 randomly selected sows from one herd were scored clinically and pathologically. Associations between the scorings were estimated.Results
The variables ''fore- and hind legs turned out'' and ''stiff in front and rear'' were associated with lesions in the elbow joint, and the variables ''hind legs turned out'' and ''stiff in rear'' were associated with lesions in the knee joint.Conclusion
It was shown that specified gait and posture variables reflected certain joint lesions. However, further studies are needed to strengthen and optimize the diagnostic tool. 相似文献7.
Scott GS Crawford WH Colahan PT 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》2004,224(11):1821-1826
OBJECTIVE: To determine arthroscopic findings in lame horses with subtle radiographic lesions of the medial femoral condyle. DESIGN: Retrospective study. ANIMALS: 15 horses examined because of lameness that had subtle radiographic evidence of osteochondral lesions involving the medial femoral condyle in at least 1 joint. PROCEDURE: Medical records were reviewed, and results of physical examination, radiography, and arthroscopy were recorded. Follow-up information was obtained through reexamination of the horses or telephone conversations with the referring veterinarians, owners, or trainers. RESULTS: Lameness severity ranged from grade 1 to 3 on a scale from 0 to 5. Radiography and arthroscopy were performed on 28 stifle joints. The 4 unaffected joints in 4 horses with unilateral hind limb lameness that underwent bilateral arthroscopy had no radiographic lesions, but 2 of the 4 had arthroscopic lesions. Of the remaining 24 joints, 20 had radiographic evidence of flattening of the apex of the medial femoral condyle and 4 had minimal subchondral lucency. Lesions were identified arthroscopically in 18 of the 20 joints with flattening of the condyle and in all 4 joints with subchondral lucency. Treatment consisted of abrasion arthroplasty or microfracture. Seven of the 9 horses with focal cartilage lesions and 2 of the 6 horses with generalized cartilage lesions were reportedly sound without any evidence of joint effusion at the time of final follow-up. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest that horses with hind limb lameness and subtle radiographic lesions of the medial femoral condyle are likely to have arthroscopically apparent cartilage lesions and subchondral bone defects. 相似文献
8.
9.
Background
Lawsonia intracellularis is the causative agent of proliferative enteropathy, an endemic disease in pigs and an emerging concern in horses. Enterocyte hyperplasia is a common lesion in every case but there are differences regarding clinical and pathological presentations among affected species. We hypothesize that host susceptibility to L. intracellularis infection depends on the species of origin of the bacterial isolate. The objective of this study was to evaluate the susceptibilities of pigs and horses to L. intracellularis infection using either a porcine or an equine isolate.Materials and methods
Twelve foals and eighteen pigs were equally divided into three groups and infected with either a porcine or an equine isolate (109L. Intracellularis/challenged animal), and a saline solution (negative control group). The animals were monitored regarding clinical signs, average of daily weight gain, fecal shedding of the bacteria by PCR and humoral serological response.Results
Foals infected with the equine isolate developed moderate to severe clinical signs and maintained a lower average of weight gain compared to control foals. Fecal quantitative PCR in equine isolate-infected foals revealed higher amounts of bacterial DNA associated with longer duration of shedding compared with porcine isolate-infected foals. All four foals infected with the equine isolate demonstrated higher IgG titers in the serum compared with porcine isolate-infected foals. In the pig trial, diarrhea and seroconversion were only observed in animals infected with the porcine isolate. Pathological changes typical of proliferative enteropathy were observed in the necropsied foal infected with equine isolate and in the two necropsied pigs infected with the porcine isolate.Conclusions
Evident clinical signs, longer periods of bacterial shedding and stronger serologic immune responses were observed in animals infected with species-specific isolates. These results show that host susceptibility is driven by the origin of the isolated L. intracellularis strain. 相似文献10.
Takashi Yamanaka Manabu Nemoto Hiroshi Bannai Koji Tsujimura Takashi Kondo Tomio Matsumura Masanori Muranaka Takanori Ueno Yuta Kinoshita Hidekazu Niwa Kazuya IPJ Hidari Takashi Suzuki 《Acta veterinaria Scandinavica》2012,54(1):25
Background
Since equine influenza A virus (H3N8) was transmitted to dogs in the United States in 2004, the causative virus, which is called canine influenza A virus (CIV), has become widespread in dogs. To date, it has remained unclear whether or not CIV-infected dogs could transmit CIV to horses. To address this, we tested whether or not close contact between horses and dogs experimentally infected with CIV would result in its interspecies transmission.Methods
Three pairs of animals consisting of a dog inoculated with CIV (108.3 egg infectious dose50/dog) and a healthy horse were kept together in individual stalls for 15 consecutive days. During the study, all the dogs and horses were clinically observed. Virus titres in nasal swab extracts and serological responses were also evaluated. In addition, all the animals were subjected to a gross pathological examination after euthanasia.Results
All three dogs inoculated with CIV exhibited clinical signs including, pyrexia, cough, nasal discharge, virus shedding and seroconversion. Gross pathology revealed lung consolidations in all the dogs, and Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus was isolated from the lesions. Meanwhile, none of the paired horses showed any clinical signs, virus shedding or seroconversion. Moreover, gross pathology revealed no lesions in the respiratory tracts including the lungs of the horses.Conclusions
These findings may indicate that a single dog infected with CIV is not sufficient to constitute a source of CIV infection in horses. 相似文献11.
Kaisa Aaltonen Tytti Niemel? Satu Sankari Riitta-Mari Tulamo 《Acta veterinaria Scandinavica》2015,57(1)
Background
The purpose of this study was to develop and validate an analytical method to determine the presence of hyaluronic acid derived disaccharides in equine synovial fluid.Findings
A high-performance liquid chromatography method for the determination of hyaluronic acid derived unsaturated disaccharides in equine synovial fluid was developed and validated. The method is based on the measurement of unsaturated disaccharides released by digestion of linear hyaluronic acid molecules. The method showed linearity (r2 = 0.996) over the full working concentration range 0.89-30 mg/l. Relative standard deviation of intra- and inter-day precision ranged from of 4.3-6.7% and 7.1-7.8% respectively. The detection limit was 0.3 mg/l corresponding to 20 mg/l in synovial fluid. Accuracy of the assay was 97-103%. This method was evaluated by determining the concentration of unsaturated disaccharides from hyaluronic acid in synovial fluid of horses with lameness in the metacarpo-/metatarsophalangeal joint localized with positive response to intra-articular anesthesia.Conclusions
The described method is valid for determination of hyaluronic acid derived disaccharides in equine synovial fluid. This method was applied to a larger research project dealing with a new form of intra-articular therapy in horses with arthritic diseases. 相似文献12.
Background
Ossification of the ungular cartilages (OUC) in the foot of horses has been studied for more than 100 years. There is a high heritability of this condition but its clinical relevance has remained questionable. Nevertheless, modern equine orthopedic literature ranks OUC as one of top 10 causes of lameness in cold-blooded trotters and stallions of these breeds are excluded from breeding if they have more than mild levels of side bones. Cold-blooded trotters have been used for racing for many decades and official sports data have been available since 1923. A decreased performance is often the only obvious clinical sign noticed by trainers and owners motivating them to seek professional help from veterinarians and farriers. By comparing various performance parameters in Swedish-Norwegian cold-blooded trotters without and with different grades of OUC, we aimed to determine the clinical relevance of ossified hoof cartilages in a population of high-performance horses.Front hooves from 649 Swedish-Norwegian cold-blooded trotters were evaluated radiologically regarding OUC. Breeding index and official sports data originating from strict protocols kept by groups of officials in trotting associations was used for comparison of performance of these horses that together had competed in more than 23,000 races between 1973 and 2009. Generalized linear mixed models were used for the statistical analyses. The response variable was modeled using ordinal logistic models with a multinomial distribution and a cumulative logit link function. The horse was used as a random factor.Results
Significant effects of gender on performance were demonstrated, but no correlations were found between different positions nor grades of ossified ungular cartilage and number of starts, running pace, race winnings, number of races completed in a regular gait.Conclusions
Ossification of the ungular cartilages does not cause decreased performance in cold-blooded trotters and is therefore most likely not a cause of clinical or subclinical lameness in this breed. Results from this study can assist equine professionals in evaluating and interpreting the clinical relevance of radiological findings on ossified hoof cartilage among heavy and high-performing horses. 相似文献13.
Garcia-Seco E Wilson DA Cook JL Kuroki K Kreeger JM Keegan KG 《Veterinary surgery : VS》2005,34(6):571-578
OBJECTIVE: To determine normal cartilage stiffness values in different weight-bearing and non-weight-bearing areas of 3 different equine joints, and to evaluate the relationship between cartilage stiffness and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and collagen content. STUDY DESIGN: Compressive stiffness of the articular cartilage was measured in 8 horse cadaver femoropatellar (FP), tarsocrural (TC), and metatarsophalangeal (MT) joints. Gross evaluation, collagen content, GAG content, and histologic appearance were assessed for each measurement location. ANIMALS: Eight equine cadavers (4 intact females, 4 castrated males; 7 Quarter Horse or Quarter Horse type, 1 Arabian; aged 4-12 years, weighing 400-550 kg). METHODS: The articular surfaces of 8 equine cadaver FP, TC, and MT joints were grossly evaluated for signs of articular cartilage pathology. Stiffness at preselected sites (FP joint-6 sites; TC joint-3 sites; MT joint-4 sites) was determined using an arthroscopic indentation instrument. Biochemical composition (collagen, GAG content) and histologic evaluation (modified Mankin score) were assessed for each measurement site. RESULTS: All cartilage from all sites evaluated was determined to be normal based on macroscopic and histologic assessments. No significant correlation between Mankin scores and cartilage stiffness values was observed. Site differences in cartilage stiffness were measured in all 3 joints (P<.001). GAG or collagen content had a significant positive correlation with stiffness values in 6 of 13 sites (P<.05, r>0.622, r2>0.387). CONCLUSION: Relative cartilage stiffness values measured in healthy equine joints are site dependent and can be measured using an indentation device intended for arthroscopic application. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: An indentation instrument provided an objective means of determining relative compressive stiffness of articular cartilage. Further research needs to be performed to confirm the site and joint differences observed in this study in clinically normal horses and to determine if the tester can be used clinically to predict articular cartilage pathology. 相似文献
14.
The radiographic and arthroscopic findings in 150 carpal joints in 114 lame horses were compared. Chip, slab, or sagittal fractures were identified in 130 (87%) joints. In 101 (78%) of these there was good agreement between radiographic and arthroscopic findings on the number and position of fractures. In 23 (18%) joints, chip fractures additional to those seen radiographically were found arthroscopically. In one joint a large chip fracture from the craniolateral aspect of the distal radius was identified only by arthroscopy, while in 6 joints fractures were identified only by radiography. Observed causes of lameness, other than intra-articular fractures, included degenerative joint disease, synovitis, ruptured intra-carpal ligaments, and haemarthrosis. Correlation between the radiographic and arthroscopic assessment of degenerative joint disease was poor. It was concluded that both radiography and arthroscopy should be used to obtain the most accurate assessment of the equine carpus. 相似文献
15.
Background
Little is known about foot lesions in dairy cattle in Ireland, managed under a pasture based system with housing during the winter and grazing for the rest of the year. Ten Irish dairy herds, with a lameness prevalence ranging from 9 to 17 % were locomotion scored routinely during the 2013 grazing season. Lame cows were foot trimmed and foot lesions recorded.Findings
11.8 % and 89.6 % of cows had lesions recorded on front and hind feet respectively. No lesions were found in 6.9 % of cows. Sole haemorrhage and white line disease were the most prevalent lesions, and overall 76.8 % of lesions affecting the claw horn were diagnosed on the lateral hind claw.Conclusions
Treatment success, as measured by improved LS post treatment, was not significantly affected by the LS prior to foot trimming, the presence of lesions or the type of lesion identified. Exposure to both risk factors for lameness at housing and pasture may have resulted in the development of a combination of foot lesions typically associated with zero-grazing or all-year-round grazing management systems. 相似文献16.
V. Bernier Gosselin M. Babkine M.J. Gains S. Nichols J. Arsenault D. Francoz 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2014,28(5):1594-1601
Background
Otitis media is a common disease in calves that can be subclinical, making antemortem on‐farm diagnosis challenging.Objectives
To evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of ultrasonography of tympanic bullae for the diagnosis of clinical and subclinical otitis media and to evaluate the reproducibility of the technique.Animals
Forty calves 19–50 days of age were selected from a veal calf farm.Methods
Prospective study. Ultrasonography was first performed on the farm by ultrasonographer A (US A). Ultrasonography was repeated by ultrasonographer A (US A'') and another ultrasonographer (US B) at the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vétérinaire. Images were later reread by both examiners and a diagnosis was recorded. The calves were euthanized and submitted for necropsy, and histopathologic diagnosis was used as the gold standard.Results
Forty‐five bullae were affected by otitis media and 35 bullae were normal. Sensitivity and specificity of the ultrasound technique ranged from 32 to 63% and 84 to 100%, respectively, depending on the examiner and classification of suspicious ultrasonography results. Kappa analysis to evaluate interobserver agreement between A'' and B yielded a к value of 0.53. Agreement within the same examiner (A versus A'') yielded a к value of 0.48, and real‐time ultrasound versus rereading of recorded images for A'' and B yielded к values of 0.58 and 0.75, respectively.Conclusions
Sensitivity and specificity of the ultrasound imaging technique are, respectively, low and high for diagnosis of clinical and subclinical otitis media in calves, with moderate reproducibility. 相似文献17.
Vemuri Rama Devi Fran?ois Poumarat Dominique Le Grand Renate Rosengarten Kathrin Hermeyer Marion Hewicker-Trautwein 《Acta veterinaria Scandinavica》2014,56(1):45
Background
The pathogenesis of caseonecrotic lesions developing in lungs and joints of calves infected with Mycoplasma bovis is not clear and attempts to prevent M. bovis-induced disease by vaccines have been largely unsuccessful. In this investigation, joint samples from 4 calves, i.e. 2 vaccinated and 2 non-vaccinated, of a vaccination experiment with intraarticular challenge were examined. The aim was to characterize the histopathological findings, the phenotypes of inflammatory cells, the expression of class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC class II) molecules, and the expression of markers for nitritative stress, i.e. inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and nitrotyrosine (NT), in synovial membrane samples from these calves. Furthermore, the samples were examined for M. bovis antigens including variable surface protein (Vsp) antigens and M. bovis organisms by cultivation techniques.Results
The inoculated joints of all 4 calves had caseonecrotic and inflammatory lesions. Necrotic foci were demarcated by phagocytic cells, i.e. macrophages and neutrophilic granulocytes, and by T and B lymphocytes. The presence of M. bovis antigens in necrotic tissue lesions was associated with expression of iNOS and NT by macrophages. Only single macrophages demarcating the necrotic foci were positive for MHC class II. Microbiological results revealed that M. bovis had spread to approximately 27% of the non-inoculated joints. Differences in extent or severity between the lesions in samples from vaccinated and non-vaccinated animals were not seen.Conclusions
The results suggest that nitritative injury, as in pneumonic lung tissue of M. bovis-infected calves, is involved in the development of caseonecrotic joint lesions. Only single macrophages were positive for MHC class II indicating down-regulation of antigen-presenting mechanisms possibly caused by local production of iNOS and NO by infiltrating macrophages. 相似文献18.
Background
The number of abandoned or otherwise neglected donkeys has significantly increased in Ireland in the recent past. The real or perceived capacity of the donkey to act as a reservoir of equine infectious disease, and thus pose an increased risk of disease transmission to horses and ponies, may be a factor in this increased abandonment and neglect. The authors here report on a field study exploring the infectious disease transmission threat the donkey poses to the general equine industry in Ireland through an examination of biosecurity standards and the views of horse and donkey exhibitors at nine mixed equestrian events in 2014. Quantitative information was gathered via the organising committee (if any) and through an examination of facilities and procedures. Qualitative information was gathered using a semi-structured questionnaire to ascertain the view of exhibitors regarding the keeping of donkeys and any infectious disease transmission risks posed.Results
At eight of nine events visited there were no entrance controls, no veterinary examinations, no enforcement of legislation regarding equine identification and equine premises registration and no isolation facilities on site for equids. Contact between donkeys and other equids was largely uncontrolled. Exhibitors had travelled from abroad to one event. Exhibitors generally opined that they did not perceive the donkey to represent any additional infectious disease transmission threat above that posed by other equids; there was however a general sense that donkeys were less well regarded for other reasons including nuisance and uselessness.Conclusions
When biosecurity controls are not in place (or enforced) to actually check passports, verify identification and equine premises registration, mixed equestrian events may unwittingly act as the mechanism of spread of endemic and potentially more seriously exotic equine infectious disease. Donkeys were not generally considered by equine exhibitors at mixed events in Ireland to represent a heightened reservoir of disease or to pose an increased risk of transmission of contagious disease suggesting that other factors should be considered more important when studying the incidence of abandonment and neglect. 相似文献19.
Shuyu Wu Eirini Chouliara Lars Bog? Jensen Anders Dalsgaard 《Acta veterinaria Scandinavica》2008,50(1):38
Background
Screening and enumeration of antimicrobial resistant Escherichia coli directly from samples is needed to identify emerging resistant clones and obtain quantitative data for risk assessment. Aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of 3M™ Petrifilm™ Select E. coli Count Plate (SEC plate) supplemented with antimicrobials to discriminate antimicrobial-resistant and non-resistant E. coli.Method
A range of E. coli isolates were tested by agar dilution method comparing the Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) for eight antimicrobials obtained by Mueller-Hinton II agar, MacConkey agar and SEC plates. Kappa statistics was used to assess the levels of agreement when classifying strains as resistant, intermediate or susceptible.Results
SEC plate showed that 74% of all strains agreed within ± 1 log2 dilution when comparing MICs with Mueller-Hinton II media. High agreement levels were found for gentamicin, ampicillin, chloramphenicol and cefotaxime, resulting in a kappa value of 0.9 and 100% agreement within ± 1 log2 dilution. Significant variances were observed for oxytetracycline and sulphamethoxazole. Further tests showed that the observed discrepancy in classification of susceptibility to oxytetracycline by the two media could be overcome when a plate-dependent breakpoint of 64 mg/L was used for SEC plates. For sulphamethoxazole, SEC plates provided unacceptably high MICs.Conclusion
SEC plates showed good agreement with Mueller-Hinton II agar in MIC studies and can be used to screen and discriminate resistant E. coli for ampicillin, cephalothin, streptomycin, chloramphenicol, cefotaxime and gentamicin using CLSI standardized breakpoints, but not for sulphamethoxazole. SEC plates can also be used to discriminate oxytetracycline-resistant E. coli if a plate-dependent breakpoint value of 64 mg/L is used. 相似文献20.
Aziz Tnibar Hans Schougaard Linus Camitz Jonas Rasmussen Marc Koene Werner Jahn Bo Markussen 《Acta veterinaria Scandinavica》2015,57(1)