首页 | 本学科首页   官方微博 | 高级检索  
相似文献
 共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
全球气候变化背景下,极端暴雨事件出现频率增加,研究小流域洪峰形成机理对暴雨洪水预测与防灾减灾具有重要意义。基于2019年9号台风"利奇马"在山东省潍坊市临朐县造成的特大暴雨事件,选取暴雨中心附近的17个小流域,综合应用野外调查、遥感解译等方法,研究了小流域洪峰强度和敏感性对植被和梯田的响应特征。结果表明:该暴雨事件中,小流域洪峰流量为2.36～56.50 m~3/s,洪峰模数为8.00～48.89 m~3/(s·km~2),洪水指数介于3.61～4.55。在相似降雨条件下,洪峰模数、洪水指数与坡耕地比例呈显著的正相关关系(p0.05),洪峰模数与林草地和梯田比例呈显著的负相关关系(p0.05),洪水指数与林草地和梯田比例呈一定的负相关关系。植被和梯田对洪峰影响的有效性随着次降雨量的增大,呈现先增加后降低的非线性特征;在极端暴雨条件下,调查流域对洪水的敏感性属于"Average"水平;增加林草地、梯田等土地类型的面积可提高小流域对极端暴雨的应对能力。  相似文献   

2.
The purpose of the study was to determine the role of land use, seasonality, and hydrometeorological conditions on the relationship between stream water potassium (K+) concentration and discharge during different types of floods—short- and long-duration rainfall floods as well as snowmelt floods on frozen and thawed soils. The research was conducted in small catchments (agricultural, woodland, mixed-use) in the Carpathian Foothills (Poland). In the woodland catchment, lower K+ concentrations were noted for each given specific runoff value for summer rainfall floods versus snowmelt floods (seasonal effect). In the agricultural and mixed-use catchments, the opposite was true due to their greater ability to flush K+ out of the soil in the summer. In the stream draining woodland catchment, higher K+ concentrations occurred during the rising limb than during the falling limb of the hydrograph (clockwise hysteresis) for all flood types, except for snowmelt floods with the ground not frozen. In the agricultural catchment, clockwise hystereses were produced for short- and long-duration rainfall floods caused by high-intensity, high-volume rainfall, while anticlockwise hystereses were produced for short- and long-duration rainfall floods caused by low-intensity, low-volume rainfall as well as during snowmelt floods with the soil frozen and not frozen. In the mixed-use catchment, the hysteresis direction was also affected by different lag times for water reaching stream channels from areas with different land use. K+ hystereses for the woodland catchment were more narrow than those for the agricultural and mixed-use catchments due to a smaller pool of K+ in the woodland catchment. In all streams, the widest hystereses were produced for rainfall floods preceded by a long period without rainfall.  相似文献   

3.
Numerous villages in the European loess belt are confronted with floods caused by runoff from agricultural land. Seventy-nine percent of the municipalities in central Belgium experienced at least one muddy flood during the last decade. Of these flooded municipalities, 22% have been affected more than 10 times during this period. Twenty municipalities have been selected for a detailed analysis. A database of 367 locations affected by muddy floods has been compiled, and the connectivity between cultivated areas and inhabited zones could be assessed for 100 flooded locations. Roads and drainage network facilitate runoff transfer between cultivated and inhabited areas in 64% of cases. Three types of areas producing muddy floods have been identified: hillslopes (1–30 ha) without thalweg where runoff is generally dominated by sheet flow; small catchments (10–300 ha) characterised by runoff concentration in the thalweg and medium catchments (100–300 ha) with multiple thalwegs dominated by concentrated runoff. About 90% of muddy floods are generated on hillslopes and in small catchments. A critical area–slope threshold for triggering muddy floods has been computed for hillslopes. A logistic regression shows that muddy floods are generated in small and medium catchments with 99% probability after 43 mm rainfall. Rainfall depths required to trigger muddy floods are lower in May and June (25 ±12 mm) than between July and September (46 ± 20 mm), because of different surface conditions (crusting, roughness and crop cover). Each year, muddy floods lead to a total societal cost of 16 × 106–172 × 106 € in central Belgium, depending on the extent and intensity of thunderstorms and monetary values damaged. Recent datasets suggest that the phenomenon is becoming more frequent in central Belgium, because of land consolidation, urban sprawl and expansion of row crops, sown in spring, at the expense of winter cereals. The huge costs induced by muddy floods justify the installation of erosion control measures. It is suggested to install a grassed buffer strip at the downslope edge of cultivated hillslopes to protect houses and roads. In small and medium catchments, it is preferred to install a grassed waterway and earthen dams in the thalweg.  相似文献   

4.
淮北平原农田暴雨径流过程的尺度效应   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0  
基于1997-2007年汛期11场暴雨径流观测数据,对比淮北平原不同集水面积(1 600 m2、6 hm2、和1.36 km2)尺度下的农田暴雨产流过程差异,并分析其主要影响因素,探索农田暴雨径流过程尺度效应。结果表明,相同次暴雨下小尺度单位面积上的洪峰流量明显高于大尺度和中尺度,而径流深小于后两者,引起该差异的主要因素可能在于小尺度下缺乏地下水出流条件且植被截留能力相对较强。中尺度和大尺度间的暴雨径流过程相似,但中尺度下的径流深和单位面积洪峰流量都大于大尺度,大尺度径流场对径流的滞蓄能力相对较强可能是其主要原因。  相似文献   

5.

Purpose  

The Ethiopian highlands are a fragile environment characterized by steep slopes, intense rainfall, a sparse vegetation cover, and the occurrence of flash floods. Although important efforts have been made to mitigate the ongoing soil erosion and land degradation problems, the sediment dynamics at medium-sized catchment scale (100–10,000 km2) are not fully understood. Therefore, this study aims to provide a better understanding of sediment export processes and the importance of flash flood events in semi-arid tropical catchments.  相似文献   

6.
The study aimed to determine the influence of catchment characteristics and flood type on the relationship between streamflow and a number of chemical characteristics of streamwater. These were specific electrical conductivity (SC), pH, the concentrations of main ions (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, HCO 3 ? , SO 4 2? , and Cl?), and nutrients (NH 4 + , NO 2 ? , NO 3 ? , and PO 4 3? ). These relationships were studied in three small catchments with different geological structure and land use. Several flood types were distinguished based on the factors that initiate flooding and specific conditions during events. Geological factors led to a lower SC and main ion concentrations at a given specific runoff in catchments built of resistant sandstone versus those built of less resistant sediments. A lower concentration of nutrients was detected in the semi-natural woodland catchment versus agricultural and mixed-use catchments, which are strongly impacted by human activity. The strongest correlation between streamflow and the chemical characteristics of water was found in the woodland catchment. Different types of floods were characterized by different ion concentrations. In the woodland catchment, higher SC and higher concentrations of most main ions were noted during storm-induced floods than during floods induced by prolonged rainfall. The opposite was true for the agricultural and mixed-use catchments. During snowmelt floods, SC, NO 3 ? , and most main ion concentrations were higher when the soil was unfrozen in the agricultural and mixed-use catchments versus when the soil was frozen. In the case of the remaining nutrients, lower concentrations of NH 4 + were detected during rain-induced floods than during snowmelt floods. The opposite was true of PO 4 3? .  相似文献   

7.
紫色土小流域土壤流失对不同土地利用类型的响应   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6       下载免费PDF全文
 小流域土壤流失特征不仅反映了流域的土地利用和管理状况,而且对其下游水体环境和水利设施安全具有深刻的影响。1999—2000年间以紫色土区3个具有不同集水面积、物理特征和土地利用类型的典型小流域为研究对象,探讨不同雨型下土壤流失对不同土地利用类型的响应特征。中大型降雨和间歇型降雨侵蚀下,以林地为主要土地利用类型的流域输沙模数最小,平均为866kg·hm-2,谷地农田利用类型最高,平均为5 550kg·hm-2。次降雨侵蚀力和次降雨峰值径流流量,分别是紫色土区非林地和林地利用为主小流域输沙模数变异的主要影响因子。  相似文献   

8.
[目的]评估赣江上游洪灾风险,为区域减灾及社会经济发展提供参考。[方法]从气候和地形等自然条件出发,结合实测资料分析暴雨洪水时空特征;采用层次分析法确定致灾因子危险性、孕灾环境敏感性、承灾体的易损性和防洪救灾能力4个因子的14个指标的权重,借助GIS平台进行风险因子分析和综合风险评估。[结果]暴雨洪水多集中在3—7月,春夏季暴雨频次占全年的80.4%,洪水频次占95.9%,空间上主要分布在东北大部;致灾因子危险性风险等级东北部高,西部较低;孕灾环境敏感性风险呈带状,总体上中间高四周低;承灾体易损性风险中西,中北部高,四周低;防洪救灾能力西高东低,南高北低,从西南向东北递减;综合风险为中北部、中东部高风险,东南部、西部低风险;各风险等级面积比例存在差异,高风险和较高风险面积占比达37.3%。[结论]研究区暴雨洪水特征兼具丘陵与平原型特征,暴雨和洪水存在较明显的正相关关系;洪灾风险评估结果与赣江上游区实际基本符合,验证了指标体系及评估模型合理性。  相似文献   

9.
During a palaeoflood study of the Llobregat River (NE Spain), analysis of 137Cs was carried out on slackwater flood deposits to obtain an improved flood chronology for the most recent flood sediments. At the Monistrol study reach, 137Cs was measured in flood deposits preserved in valley side rock alcoves, with a range of 137Cs concentrations of 2.80–10.06 mBq/g measured. The 137Cs was associated with sediment mobilised from the upstream catchment by erosion and transported to the alcoves during floods. The onset of measured caesium activity in the sedimentary profiles permitted the deposits to be divided between those from floods that occurred before the mid-1950s and those from events after this period. Combining the information derived from the slackwater flood stratigraphy, the minimum discharge estimates associated with the flood deposits, 137Cs analysis and the instrumental peak discharge series, it was possible to identify the particular flood events responsible for the majority of the slackwater flood units. At Vilomara, however, 137Cs activity was measured in palaeoflood deposits dated to the Late Bronze Age and located at an elevation not reached by the floodwaters of the largest modern events. The data from this site indicated that the 137Cs was not associated with sediments transported by floods but was rainfall-derived, the rainwater reaching the deposits through fissures in the rock. To ensure the successful application of caesium dating to slackwater flood deposits preserved within rock alcoves, or caves, some general guidelines are proposed. The technique is best applied: (1) when there is a sedimentary profile of greater than 1 m depth; (2) when the profile is sampled away from zones affected by direct percolation or springwater entering the alcove; and (3) where there are various levels of contrasting textures within the profile.  相似文献   

10.
Soil erosion is a severe problem on China's Loess Plateau due to its fine‐grained soils and the increasing frequency of extreme rainfall events. Accordingly, this study used a 100‐year frequency rainstorm dataset to analyse sediment deposition and sources in a 27‐km2 catchment with a dam field area of 0·14 km2 based on the hypothesis that sediments were intercepted by the dam (before collapse) during the rainstorm event and deposited in the dam field. This study applied composite fingerprinting, which revealed the sediment source contributions and estimated sediment deposition. Sediment deposition (626·4 kg m−2) decreased linearly or exponentially with increasing distance from the dam. Composite fingerprints based on the optimal parameters revealed relative sediment contributions of 44·1% ± 25·5%, 37·7% ± 35·0%, 9·0% ± 11·4% and 9·2% ± 11·5% by bare ground, croplands, grassland and forests, respectively. The 5‐year cumulative sediment deposition from normal rainfall was 2·3 × 104 t less than the extreme rainstorm. Bare grounds and croplands were the dominant sediment sources following both the extreme rainstorm and normal erosive rainfall events but varied at different areas of the check‐dam. Erosion patterns and start times depended on land use type, thereby affecting sediment profiles in the dam field. Furthermore, severe erosion from bare ground that were all gully slopes and gully walls occurred throughout the rainfall, whereas grasslands and forest erosion occurred earlier and croplands later. Finally, extreme rainfall promoted mass wasting on slopes, gully slopes and gully walls, which are important in determining extreme rainstorm erosion pattern variation. This study aimed to reveal erosion pattern variation under extreme rainstorm events. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

11.
The Ca l?Isard catchment (1.32 km2), a sub-basin of the Vallcebre experimental catchments, yields large amounts of sediments (about 580 Mg km− 2 year− 1) that are produced in relatively small but very active eroded areas (badlands). Several lines of evidence suggest that there is a delay between sediment production, caused by intense summer rainstorms, and sediment transport, occasioned by the main floods produced by large precipitation events following wet antecedent conditions. First, a calibration–validation exercise was carried out with sediment yield data obtained using containers provided with slot divisors in a badlands micro-catchment (1240 m2). Then, the model was applied to the main badlands areas in the Ca l?Isard sub-catchment for a 4-year period and the simulated sediment yields were compared with the records at the gauging station. The test was performed with the Generalized Likelihood Uncertainty Estimation (GLUE) approach for assessing the uncertainty associated with model predictions, which assumes that many parameter sets can give acceptable simulations. The results demonstrated the capacity of KINEROS2 to simulate badland erosion, although it showed limited robustness. A clear temporal mismatch between erosion and sediment transport and the relevance of sediment stores in the catchment were confirmed, while the total weights of sediment were generally under-predicted. The limited suitability of the area used for calibration or the role of sediment sources not simulated in the approach may account for this shortcoming.  相似文献   

12.
[目的]实地调查极端降雨事件下的土壤侵蚀特征,探寻水土流失治理中存在的问题,为人类应对极端天气灾害提供科学依据。[方法]以受2019年8月9号台风"利奇马"暴雨影响较大的山东省临朐县为调查区域,采用资料分析与野外调查相结合的方法,分析曾家沟、耿家沟典型小流域的坡面侵蚀、道路侵蚀及弥河上游各级河道的冲淤情况。[结果]"利奇马"台风过境期间,暴雨中心的雨量站降雨量达到50 a一遇标准;林草地、撂荒地基本无细沟侵蚀发生,坡耕地细沟侵蚀模数为4 560～19 500 t/km~2,梯田田面上细沟集中于承接上方汇水的位置;受植被保护或石坎梯田的田坎完好,而其他类型田坎滑塌严重。调查样地滑塌侵蚀模数301～36 321 t/km~2,田坎滑塌最为严重;河岸尤其是弯顶处冲刷严重,河道回流区、两河交汇处、拦河坝以及桥梁上游等淤积量较大。[结论]小流域的水土保持措施可减少暴雨造成的土壤侵蚀量。建议针对不同部位和利用类型的土地设计修建适宜的蓄排水和保土措施,并加强对农民的水土保持型农艺培训,提升极端暴雨下的水土流失防灾减灾能力。  相似文献   

13.
The Sny Magill Unit of Effigy Mounds National Monument, Iowa, contains the largest cluster of prehistoric effigy mounds on public land in North America. The mounds are situated atop a low terrace of the Upper Mississippi River, where they are slowly being buried by overbank deposition during floods. The terrace surface includes forest soils with argillic (Bt) or cambic (Bw) horizons developed in up to 1 m of loamy overbank deposits on top of Pleistocene sand and gravel. Radiocarbon evidence suggests that overbank deposits have accumulated since the end of the mound-building period (about 700 years BP), yielding a vertical accretion rate of about 0.6 mm yr− 1. On the basis of 137Cs analysis, accretion rates over the past 40–50 years average 1.25–2.07 mm yr− 1, with some evidence for a decreasing rate since 1964. If these accretion rates are projected forward, several of the effigy mounds could be buried by flood deposits within 150–300 years. This 137Cs-derived estimate agrees closely with an estimate of burial times based on flood frequency and observed flood deposit thickness during recent floods. However, the floodplain and backwater environments of the Upper Mississippi River are aggrading much more rapidly than the Sny Magill terrace surface, suggesting that burial of the entire terrace could occur within 80–400 years and the entire mound group could be buried within 150–850 years. The projected accretion rates and time to burial are subject to large uncertainties because of environmental change in the watershed, including recent trends toward increasing flood stages and decreasing suspended sediment loads.  相似文献   

14.
《CATENA》2005,59(1):79-92
This paper studies the hydrological response to rainstorm events of a small experimental catchment in the Central Spanish Pyrenees. The Arnás catchment was cultivated until 40 years ago, and then abandoned and affected by plant recolonisation, especially shrubs. A rainfall of a few millimeters is enough to produce a sudden increase in discharge, due most probably to the steep gradients and the small size of the catchment and the extensive areas with low vegetation density and thin soils. The intensity of the response shows a very high variability, depending on the intensity of precipitation and soil humidity conditions before the flood. This paper identifies two types of floods according to the relationships between precipitation and discharge, and confirms that antecedent soil moisture explains much of the response. The shape of the hydrograph, very similar to the hyetograph, suggests that the Arnás catchment is dominated by overland flow processes. However, more intense rainstorms do not generate higher peak flows, thus demonstrating the existence of different runoff-generating areas.  相似文献   

15.
River regulation results in the disconnection and increased fragmentation of habitats in the river corridor. In this study, we investigated the within-population genetic variability and among-population genetic differentiation of 21 populations of Origanum vulgare along the River Meuse, using dominant AFLP markers, in order to asses the restoration potential of this species in the context of current river restoration efforts. The average observed within-population genetic diversity was high and suggests that river regulation and associated fragmentation of the populations have not strongly affected genetic diversity. The genetic differentiation between populations was high (ΦST = 0.24) and can be explained by founder effects, rather than by genetic drift in isolated populations. We also detected a pronounced hierarchic spatio-temporal structure in genetic variation. This structure can be related to the irregular patterns in the flow regime of the River Meuse. Large floods are the major vector of genetic structure, but geographic upstream proximity, probably mediated by small floods, also has an important effect on genetic structure. Three distinct groups of populations were observed, two of which could be related to the extreme flood events of the mid-nineties of last century. Assignment tests revealed occasional long-distance seed dispersal with extreme flood events and local colonisation with more regular floods. Our study species optimally took benefit of the opportunities offered by the river restoration programme, with a strong colonisation after floods, and illustrates the need for maintaining river dynamics to conserve and restore genetic diversity.  相似文献   

16.
为了明确极端暴雨下不同尺度流域的产流产沙特征,为应对极端暴雨事件提供技术支撑。基于2019年9号台风“利奇马”导致的暴雨洪水事件,采用暴雨中心的辛庄控制站和弥河干流黄山水文站的水文数据,分析了本次暴雨中两个不同尺度流域的径流、泥沙总量及过程特征。结果表明:2019年8月10—17日,辛庄观测站次洪水径流总量为123万m3,实测洪峰为40.96 m3/s,洪水泥沙总量为4600 t,产沙模数为1285 t/km2。黄山水文站实测洪峰流量为2210 m3/s,是自1988年建站以来的最大流量,重现期为33.3年一遇。黄山水文站输沙量为36.23万t,输沙模数为966 t/km2。本次暴雨洪水的输沙量是多年平均输沙量(19.50万t)的1.65倍,与2018年夏季汛期洪水泥沙过程的水沙关系曲线相关性较好。综上,基于水沙关系的黄山水文站流域场次洪水输沙量预测方法是准确的,说明在极端暴雨事件中采用历史洪水泥沙关系预测输沙量是可行的。  相似文献   

17.
汉江上游近50a来降水变化与暴雨洪水发生规律   总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5  
使用EOF分解、滑动平均和线性回归趋势分析,对汉江上游流域1960—2009年逐月及全年降水量变化进行时空分析。结果表明,汉江上游在近50a来,年降水量在总体上呈现出减少的趋势。各月份降水量变化以4月和9月降水量减幅最大,而6月和8月降水量则有所增加。1980—1988年是汉江上游流域气候转型期。由于大气环流形势发生变化,春季和秋季西南季风环流减弱,夏季东南季风环流增强。西南季风在6—7月中旬和9月通常会在汉江上游造成暴雨洪水,该阶段降水量的减少,可能会导致洪水发生几率减小。东南季风在7月下旬和8月会在汉江上游造成暴雨洪水,此期间季风的增强,可能会使该阶段暴雨洪水的发生几率增大。这些结果对于指导汉江上游水资源水能源开发和防洪减灾具有重要的意义。  相似文献   

18.
Soil erosion is a major environmental problem in China. Planning for soil erosion control requires accurate soil erosion rate and spatial distribution information. The aim of this article is to present the methods and results of the national soil erosion survey of China completed in 2011. A multi-stage, unequal probability, systematic area sampling method was employed. A total of 32,948 sample units, which were either 0.2–3 km2 small catchments or 1 km2 grids, were investigated on site. Soil erosion rates were calculated with the Chinese Soil Loss Equation in 10 m by 10 m grids for each sample unit, along with the area of soil loss exceeding the soil loss tolerance and the proportion of area in excess of soil loss tolerance relative to the total land area of the sample units. Maps were created by using a spatial interpolation method at national, river basin, and provincial scales. Results showed that the calculated average soil erosion rate was 5 t ha−1 yr−1 in China, and was 18.2 t ha−1 yr−1 for sloped, cultivated cropland. Intensive soil erosion occurred on cropland, overgrazing grassland, and sparsely forested land. The proportions of soil loss tolerance exceedance areas of sample units were interpolated through the country in 250 m grids. The national average ratio was 13.5%, which represents the area of land in China that requires the implementation of soil conservation practices. These survey results and the maps provide the basic information for national conservation planning and policymaking.  相似文献   

19.
Purpose

Analysis of sediment transport is an effective approach for identifying sediment sources and for catchment management. However, a long-term analysis of sediment variability at multiple time scales is less available, especially in mountainous catchments. This study aims to determine sediment sources and to identify sediment transport dynamics, as well as the influencing factors, through analyzing long-term sediment fluxes at different time scales.

Materials and methods

In this paper, 32 years of sediment flux in an instrumented mountainous catchment in eastern Zhenjiang Province, China, was investigated at multiple time scales (i.e., monthly, seasonal, annual, and event). Sediment yields (SYs) during three time periods (i.e., 1964–1977, 1978–1989, and 2010–2015) were first classified by the Mann-Kendall and cumulative anomaly tests, and then sediment fluxes for each period were investigated and compared at multiple time scales.

Results and discussion

Annual SYs ranged from 29 to 308 t year?1 during the recording period and were significantly influenced by several high magnitude flood events. The mean annual SYs decreased from 153.82 t year?1 in 1964–1977, to 97.79 t year?1 in 1978–1989, and to 91.08 t year?1 in 2010–2015 due to improved soil conservation measures and increased reservoirs. At the seasonal scale, over 92% of the sediment was transported in spring and summer over the recording period. Heterogeneous sediment sources, partial areal distribution of rainfalls, and other factors led to complex suspended sediment concentration versus water discharge hysteresis loop patterns at the event and monthly scales.

Conclusions

The improved soil conservation measures and increased reservoirs over the recent decades decreased sediment availability, and the number and the magnitude of flood events from 1964 onward. However, the flood sediment fluxes in a few months were still high due to extreme precipitation events in recent years. The work can provide guidance for addressing sediment problems in this and/or other similar catchments.

  相似文献   

20.
场次暴雨条件下濂水流域水沙关系探究   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  
为探究场次暴雨条件下流域的水沙关系,该研究以赣南濂水流域为对象,基于1965—2020年的水文气象数据和土地利用数据,运用聚类分析、判别分析和Spearman相关分析等,在场次暴雨条件下,分析不同洪水类型、不同时段下的水沙特征及水沙关系,并对水沙滞回关系进行探究。结果表明：流域120场暴雨洪水划分为3种类型,发生频率由高到低依次为：Ⅲ型（短历时、小径流、低洪峰）、Ⅰ型（长历时、中径流、中洪峰）、Ⅱ型（中历时、大径流、高洪峰）。整个研究期划分的5个时段中,1996-2005年、2006-2020年的输沙特征值增幅较大,且单位径流的输沙能力大幅上升。不同洪水类型下的各水沙环路曲线比例差异较大;在不同时段下,逆时针型、“8”字型曲线分别在1996-2005年、2006-2020年的比例最高分别为4.30%、55.6%,这与流域内果园大面积开发导致的沙源位置及数量的改变有着密切关系。研究成果可为流域的水沙管理及调控提供科学依据。  相似文献   

设为首页 | 免责声明 | 关于勤云 | 加入收藏

Copyright©北京勤云科技发展有限公司  京ICP备09084417号