首页 | 本学科首页   官方微博 | 高级检索  
相似文献
 共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
Abstract

Serum concentrations of progesterone (P) and estradiol (E2) were measured over a 7-month period in two captive juvenile female manatees Trichechus manatus. The animals, aged 5.17 and 6.58 years, had mean (±95% confidence interval) serum P concentrations of 0.45 ± 0.27 ng/mL and 0.67 ± 0.24 ng/mL, and mean serum E2 concentrations of 91.1 ± 71.9 pg/ mL and 121.6 ± 50.6 pg/mL, respectively. A mature male was sampled twice: serum P was 0.92 and 0.79 ng/ mL, and serum E2 was 117.6 and 207.8 pg/mL. A gravid female was sampled once during her first trimester: serum P was 3.42 ng/mL, and E2 was 27.7 pg/mL.  相似文献   

2.
研究利用3种不同的方法超数排卵处理沼泽型水牛,比较研究不同方法处理时水牛血清雌二醇(E2)、孕酮(P4)浓度变化规律。结果表明:进口FolltropinR○-V、国产FSH和PMSG超数排卵处理沼泽型水牛,血清E2浓度峰值分别出现在氯前列烯醇(PGc)处理后的48 h([142.45±94.66)pg/mL]、72 h([87.78±29.62)pg/mL]、48 h([126.38±92.33)pg/mL];血液中P4浓度最低值分别出现在PGc处理后的48 h([0.76±0.21)pg/mL]、24 h([1.18±0.12)pg/mL]和144 h([0.82±0.06)pg/mL]。  相似文献   

3.
In this study, the period of pregnancy of nine collared peccary females has been monitored through the analysis of serum progesterone and estradiol-17β profiles. Serum concentrations of progesterone increased by Day 4 after conception, reaching concentrations of 33.4±5.6ng/mL on Day 10. Between Days 10 and 130 progesterone values were maintained between 20 and 60ng/mL. In the collared peccary, embryonic estradiol synthesis is first observed in the systemic circulation by Day 15 of pregnancy. Between Days 0 and 50 of pregnancy, average estradiol-17β concentrations were between 0 and 30pg/mL. From Day 75 of pregnancy onwards, estradiol concentrations were constantly increasing, reaching maximum concentrations (131.4±40.8pg/mL) on the day of parturition. The combined study of serum progesterone and estradiol-17β concentrations as a potential method for early pregnancy diagnosis presented the best overall accuracy (73%) when the threshold was established at 20ng/mL serum progesterone and 20pg/mL serum estradiol. Nevertheless, the accuracy for diagnosing pregnancy of females at mid and late pregnancy was 78% and 95%, respectively. The analysis of the sexual hormones during pregnancy could be a useful tool as a potential pregnancy diagnosis and an efficient predictor of the day of parturition in the captive collared peccary.  相似文献   

4.
The present case report aimed to determine the responsiveness of the endometrium and the ovaries of an X0 mare after hormonal treatment. On transrectal palpation, the uterus was flaccid and smaller than normal, and the ovaries were small and smooth. The endometrium had normal histological architecture, with an atrophic glandular epithelium. A karyotype evaluation was performed, and 70 cells presented 63 chromosomes, lacking one sex chromosome. Circulating hormonal levels of total estrogens were 43.93 pg/mL; progesterone 0.01 ng/mL; testosterone 48 pg/mL; FSH 30.3 ng/mL; and LH 1.71 ng/mL. Immunohistochemistry tests showed the presence of estrogens and progesterone receptors in the endometrial samples of the X0 mare. 17β estradiol was administrated on three consecutive days and long-action progesterone on the fourth day. After hormonal stimulation, the mare showed changes in endometrial ultrasonography and histology. After treatment with estradiol, uterine edema was noted, and after progesterone, a reduction in edema was observed. At the request of the owner, no further treatment or follow-up occurred. This report showed that the endometrium is functional, but the ovaries did not change macroscopically under hormonal therapy.  相似文献   

5.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) at the end of progesterone (P4) treatment on follicular and luteal characteristics during transition period (TP) and reproductive breeding season (RP). A total of 13 crossbred mares were distributed in two experimental groups in the spring and summer (n = 26). The animals received intravaginal P4 (1.9 g) releasing device from D0 to D10. On removal of P4 device, the mares received 400 IU of eCG (eCG group) or saline solution (control group). Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG; 1.750 IU) was administered (DhCG) as soon as ovulatory follicle (OF) ≥35 mm was detected. Ovarian ultrasonography was performed from D0 until 15 days after ovulation. Blood samples were collected on D0, D5, D10, DhCG, 9 days after ovulation (CL9D), and 13 days after ovulation (CL13D). P4 and estradiol concentrations were assessed by chemiluminescence. Data were compared by Tukey test at P < .05. Ovulation rate was similar (P = .096) between seasons (RP = 100%; TP = 70%) but occurred earlier (P = .015) in RP (34.8 ± 10.1 hours) compared with TP (42.0 ± 10.4 hours). Interactions between season and treatment were observed for OF diameter (mm) (RP/control = 36.2 ± 1.8ab; RP/eCG = 32.9 ± 2.8 b; TP/control = 32.2 ± 1.2 b; TP/eCG = 37.2 ± 1.9a; P = .004) and for corpus luteum (CL) diameter (mm) on CL13D (RP/control = 25.4 ± 3.5a; RP/eCG = 22.5 ± 1.8ab; TP/control = 21.6 ± 4.9 b; TP/eCG = 27.4 ± 4.3a; P = .023), although no differences were observed for serum P4 on CL13D (RP/control = 6.0 ± 3.1 ng/mL; RP/eCG = 5.8 ± 0.9 ng/mL; TP/control = 3.6 ± 2.7 ng/mL; TP/eCG = 5.1 ± 2.3 ng/mL; P = .429) or for day of structural CL regression (RP/control = 12.8 ± 1.9; RP/eCG = 12.1 ± 1.1; TP/control = 11.0 ± 1.7; TP/eCG = 13.2 ± 2.0; P = .102). The application of eCG at the moment of P4 implant removal seemed to increase the capacity of luteal maintenance during spring TP. However, eCG treatment was worthless during the breeding season.  相似文献   

6.
Tests were performed to study the inhibitive capacity of protein-protease inhibitors, 17-beta estradiol, and progesterone in the blood serum of 21 heifers returning to oestrus which had been treated intramuscularly with 400 microgram LH/FSH-RH. Four selected heifers were examined as to the relationships between the concentrations of 17-beta estradiol, progesterone and the inhibitive capacity of the serum. Heifer no. 1 had low concentrations of 17-beta estradiol and higher concentrations of progesterone (average levels 7.8 and 657.4 pg ml-1 of serum). On the other hand, heifer no. 4 was found to have higher concentration of 17-beta estradiol and lower values of progesterone (average levels 28.3 and 325 pg ml-1 of serum). Having shown heat, the heifers were fertilized and remained in calf. Heifer no. 2 with a low concentration of progesterone (292 pg ml-1 of serum) and 17-beta estradiol (12.4 pg ml-1 of serum), as well as heifer no. 3 with a high concentration of both (830 pg ml-1 of serum and 22.7 pg ml-1 of serum, respectively) showed no heat and they were not mated. Heifers with significant differences in the concentrations of progesterone and 17-beta estradiol and with low values of protein-protease inhibitory capacities remained in-calf, whereas heifers with lower progesterone and 17-beta estradiol values, or adversely, with higher inhibition values, showed no heat. Synthetic LH/FSH-RH was found not to increase the amount of protein-protease inhibitors in heifer serum, as distinct from the cervical mucus of breeding cows treated with gestagens in heat synchronization.  相似文献   

7.
本实验采用放射免疫测定技术(RIA)分析了9头屡配不孕母牛和6头正常母牛于发情开始后8天内的血清雌二酵和孕酮含量的变化。测定结果表明:屡配不孕母牛发情开始时的血清雌二醇水平低于正常母牛(7.4±3.4pg/ml VS 14.2±6.3pg/ml p<0.025)。发情开后96小时内屡配不孕母牛的血清孕酮水平的变化范围为0.90～1.76ng/ml,正常母牛的变化范围为0.68～1.00ng/ml。发情开始后192小时,正常母牛的血清孕酮水平已经达到2.47±2.02ng/ml,而屡配不孕母牛的血清孕酮水平则为1.97±0.60ng/ml。实验结果指示:体内内分泌失调可能是导致母牛屡配不孕的重要原因之一。  相似文献   

8.
The plasma pharmacokinetics and mammary excretion of eprinomectin were determined in dairy yaks following topical administration at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg. The kinetics of plasma and milk concentrations were analyzed using a noncompartmental model. Plasma and milk concentrations of eprinomectin increased to reach maximal concentrations of 5.45 ± 2.84 and 2.29 ± 0.90 ng/mL at a Tmax of 1.79 ± 0.57 and 2.00 ± 0.82 days, respectively. The concentration of eprinomectin in plasma was remained >0.5 ng/mL for more than 30 days after administration. The mean residence times of eprinomectin in plasma and milk were 14.73 ± 6.22 and 9.37 ± 2.81 days, respectively. The AUC value in plasma (55.89 ± 18.16 ng day/mL) was threefold greater than that in milk (18.02 ± 6.48 ng day/mL). The AUC milk/plasma ratio was 0.33 ± 0.08. The systemic availability of eprinomectin in yaks was lower than that observed value in other domestic bovines. The low level of eprinomectin excretion in milk suggests that eprinomectin can be used in yaks with zero milk‐withdrawal time. The efficacy of eprinomectin against naturally acquired larvae of Hypoderma spp. was also determined in yaks. Topically administrated eprinomectin at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg was 100% efficacious against larvae of Hypoderma bovis, H. lineatum, and H. sinense.  相似文献   

9.
The Controlled Internal Drug Releasing (CIDR) device is an intravaginal pessary containing progesterone (P4) designed for synchronizing estrus in ruminants. To date, there has been little information available on the timing, duration, and quality of the follicular phase after CIDR removal and how those characteristics compare with natural periovulatory endocrine events. The present communication relates the results of methods we used to characterize the endocrine events that followed CIDR synchronization. Breeding-season ewes were given an injection (10 mg) of Lutalyse (PGF2α), and then studied during three consecutive estrous cycles, beginning in the luteal phase after the estrus induced by PGF2α. Cycle 1 estrus was synchronized with 1 CIDR (Type G) inserted for 8 d beginning 10 d after PGF2α. Cycles 2 and 3 were synchronized with two CIDRs for 8 d beginning 10 d after previous CIDR removal. Cycle 1 estrous behavior and serum gonadotropins showed a follicular phase (the interval from CIDR withdrawal to gonadotropin surge [surge] peak) of 38.2 ± 1.5 hr. Two CIDRs lengthened the interval to 46.2 ± 1.5 hr (P < 0.0001). At CIDR removal, circulating P4 concentrations were higher in ewes treated with two CIDRs (5.1 ± 0.3 and 6.4 ± 0.4 ng/mL in Cycles 2 and 3 vs. 2.7 ± 0.3 ng/mL in Cycle 1), whereas estradiol concentrations were higher in the 1 CIDR cycle (3.3 ± 0.5 pg/mL in Cycle 1 vs. 0.5 ± 0.1, and 0.7 ± 0.2 pg/mL in Cycles 2 and 3), suggesting that the lower levels of P4 achieved with one CIDR was not sufficient to arrest follicular development. There were no differences in any other endocrine variable. Both one and two CIDR synchronization concentrated surges within a 24-hr period in 92% of the ewes in Cycles 1 and 2. Cycle 3 ewes were euthanized at estimated luteal, early follicular, late follicular, LH surge, and secondary FSH rise timepoints. Endocrine data and ovaries showed that 88% of the ewes synchronized with two CIDRs were in the predicted stage of the estrous cycle. These data demonstrate that the CIDR device applied during the luteal phase effectively synchronizes estrus and results in a CIDR removal-to-surge interval of similar length to a natural follicular phase.  相似文献   

10.
Romifidine is an alpha‐2 adrenergic agonist used for sedation and analgesia in horses. As it is a prohibited substance, its purported use at low doses in performance horses necessitates further study. The primary goal of the study reported here was to describe the serum concentrations and pharmacokinetics of romifidine following low‐dose administration immediately prior to exercise, utilizing a highly sensitive liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry assay that is currently employed in many drug testing laboratories. An additional objective was to describe changes in heart rate and rhythm following intravenous administration of romifidine followed by exercise. Eight adult Quarter Horses received a single intravenous dose of 5 mg (0.01 mg/kg) romifidine followed by 1 h of exercise. Blood samples were collected and drug concentrations measured at time 0 and at various times up to 72 h. Mean ± SD systemic clearance, steady‐state volume of distribution and terminal elimination half‐life were 34.1 ± 6.06 mL/min/kg and 4.89 ± 1.31 L/kg and 3.09 ± 1.18 h, respectively. Romifidine serum concentrations fell below the LOQ (0.01 ng/mL) and the LOD (0.005 ng/mL) by 24 h postadministration. Heart rate and rhythm appeared unaffected when a low dose of romifidine was administered immediately prior to exercise.  相似文献   

11.
Point-of-care (POC) systems for the joint measurement of Troponin and D-dimers have not been studied in horses. The aim of this study was to perform the validation of a POC system (AQT90 FLEX) for the measurement of cardiac troponin I (cTnI) and D-dimers in the serum of horses with gastrointestinal diseases. The main objective was to evaluate whether or not this system can distinguish healthy animals from diseased animals. A sample of 33 horses was included in the study: control group (n = 10) and horses with gastrointestinal disorders (n = 21), which were classified according to their outcome in survivors (subgroup A = 9) and nonsurvivors (subgroup B = 12). Considering the diagnosis of the process, ill horses were classified into three groups: inflammatory (I = 7), obstructive (O = 9), and strangulating diseases (S = 5). The clinical usefulness of AQT90 FLEX was validated by the study of linearity, coefficient of variation, and detection limits. Later, concentrations of D-dimers and cTnI were measured. A significant increase in both parameters was detected in ill animals (cTnI: control: 0.014 ± 0.01 μg/mL, survivors: 0.27 ± 0.37 μg/mL, nonsurvivors: 0.60 ± 1.21 μg/mL; D-dimers: control: 104.90 ± 30.82 ng/mL, survivors: 1,217.22 ± 1,213.28 ng/mL, nonsurvivors: 1,613.67 ± 1,426.75 ng/mL), although there were no statistically significant differences in concentrations according to diagnosis and outcome. In conclusion, AQT90 FLEX POC analyzer can be used in horses with gastrointestinal diseases to measure cTnI and D-dimer concentrations. It is a quick, practical, and minimally invasive tool that helps in determining the severity of illness.  相似文献   

12.
The oestrus cycle in the domestic bitch, a monoestrous species, differs considerably from that of other veterinary domestic animals species. In the bitch the combined use of eCG and hCG is effective to induce oestrus predictably and safely (Stornelli et al., Theriogenology, 78, 2012 and 1056). Although several studies were done to describe the hormonal changes during the canine oestrus cycle, to our knowledge none was done to describe the hormonal changes during induced follicular growth after the administration of eCG. The aim of this work was to study prolactin (PRL), insulin‐like growth factor (IGF1) and androstenedione (ANDR) serum concentrations during follicular growth induced by a single dose of eCG administered to late anoestrous bitches. PRL and ANDR concentrations were lower before than after eCG TRT (before eCG vs pro‐oestrus, oestrus and dioestrus; 4.3 ± 1.8 ng/ml vs 6.5 ± 1.6 ng/ml, p < 0.05; 0.08 ± 0.2 ng/ml vs 0.42 ± 0.16 ng/ml, p < 0.05). Conversely, IGF1 concentrations were similar before and after eCG TRT (286.0 ng/ml ±32.2, p > 0.53). Additionally, PRL concentrations were similar before oestrus compared to during oestrus and dioestrus (6.9 ± 1.7 ng/ml, p > 0.19). Furthermore, IGF1 concentrations were higher before and during oestrus compared to first day of dioestrus (286.1 ± 29.8vs 200.4 ± 29.2 ng/ml, p < 0.01). On the contrary, ANDR concentrations were lower before and during oestrus compared to first day of diestrum (0.35 ± 0.17 ng/ml and 0.38 ± 0.15 vs 0.68 ± 0.17 ng/ml, p < 0.05). These results show that treatment with a single injection of 50 IU/kg of eCG in late anoestrous bitches successfully induced changes in follicular growth which were paralleled with changes in PRL, IGF1 and ANDR serum concentration similar to those occurring during a normally occurring oestrous cycle. In addition, our results suggest that IGF1 in the bitch could play an important role in ovarian folliculogenesis.  相似文献   

13.
The objective of this study was to investigate the pharmacokinetics and tissue disposition of meloxicam after repeated oral administration in calves. Thirteen male British × Continental beef calves aged 4 to 6 months and weighing 297–392 kg received 0.5 mg/kg meloxicam per os once daily for 4 days. Plasma meloxicam concentrations were determined in 8 calves over 6 days after first treatment. Calves were randomly assigned to be euthanized at 5, 10, 15 (n = 3/timepoint), and 19 days (n = 4) after final administration. Meloxicam concentrations were determined in plasma (LOQ= 0.025 μg/mL) and muscle, liver, kidney, and fat samples (LOQ = 2 ng/g) after extraction using validated LC–MS–MS methods. The mean (± SD) Cmax, Cmin, and Caverage plasma meloxicam concentrations were 4.52 ± 0.87 μg/mL, 2.95 ± 0.77 μg/mL, and 3.84 ± 0.81 μg/mL, respectively. Mean (± SD) tissue meloxicam concentrations were highest in liver (226.67 ± 118.16 ng/g) and kidney samples (52.73 ± 39.01 ng/g) at 5 days after final treatment. Meloxicam concentrations were below the LOQ in all tissues at 15 days after treatment. These findings suggest that tissue from meloxicam‐treated calves will have low residue concentrations by 21 days after repeated oral administration.  相似文献   

14.
Endocrine diagnoses of granulosa cell tumors (GCTs) in the mare are frequently based upon determination of serum concentrations of inhibin, testosterone, and progesterone (GCT panel). In the present study, we examined results from 2,253 samples submitted for determination of GCT panel. In an additional subset of samples (n = 75), diagnosis of GCT was confirmed based upon surgery or necropsy. The objective of the current study was to examine the agreement between serum inhibin and testosterone concentrations in mares with serum progesterone concentrations less than or ≥1 ng/mL. Across all samples, elevations in serum inhibin or testosterone were noted in 15.2% or 17.3% of samples, respectively. For samples with progesterone <1 ng/mL, more (P = .001) samples had elevated inhibin than elevated testosterone, whereas for samples with progesterone ≥1 ng/mL, more (P < .0001) samples had elevated testosterone than elevated inhibin. For samples with progesterone <1 ng/mL, the agreement between elevated inhibin and testosterone was greater than that for samples with progesterone ≥1 ng/mL. In a subset of 53 samples with progesterone ≥1 ng/mL, 28 samples had endocrine evidence of a granulosa cell tumors based upon elevations of serum anti-Müllerian hormone, and 4 of these samples had endocrine evidence of pregnancy based upon estrone sulfate concentrations. For samples from mares with confirmed GCTs, 85% and 55% had elevated inhibin or testosterone, respectively. Based upon endocrine diagnosis, GCTs occur in mares with elevated progesterone and/or estrone sulfate, albeit at a low rate.  相似文献   

15.
  相似文献   

16.
Lobomycosis is a chronic fungal disease caused by the etiologic agent, Lacazia loboi, in the skin and subcutaneous tissues in humans and dolphins in tropical and transitional tropical climates. An Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops aduncus) stranded in Kagoshima, Japan, had severe skin lesions characterized by granulomatous reactions and hyperkeratosis that were similar to those of the lobomycosis, but no fungal organism was observed in the skin lesion. In this paper, we report a stranded Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin with lobomycosis-like lesions based on pathological examinations in Japan.  相似文献   

17.
Progesterone production is essential for growth and development of the conceptus during pregnancy. Abnormal development of the corpus luteum (CL) after conception can result in early embryonic loss or fetal abortion. Routine monitoring of bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) pregnancy after artificial insemination or natural conception with ultrasonography and serum progesterone determination has allowed for the establishment of expected fetal growth rates and hormone concentrations. Using these monitoring techniques, we revealed four pregnant dolphins (12-24 yr old) with abnormally low progesterone production indicative of luteal insufficiency. Once diagnosed, animals were placed on altrenogest (0.044-0.088 mg/kg once daily) alone or with oral progesterone (50-200 mg twice daily). Doses of hormone were increased or decreased in each animal based on how fetal skull biparietal and thoracic growth rates compared with published normal values. Hormones were withdrawn starting from day 358 of gestation in animals 1 and 2, with labor occurring 6 and 7 days after withdrawal and at 376 and 373 days of gestation, respectively. Both deliveries were dystocic, with each calf requiring manual extraction and fetotomy for calf 1. The fetuses in animals 3 and 4 died at 348 and 390 days of gestation, respectively. Induction of labor was attempted in both animals, after fetal death, by using a combination of rapid progesterone withdrawal and steroid and prostaglandin F2alpha administration. The calf of animal 4 had to be removed with manual cervical dilation and fetotomy All adult females survived the procedures. These data provide the first in vivo evidence that the CL is the primary source of progesterone throughout pregnancy in the bottlenose dolphin. Until further characterization of hormones required during pregnancy and at parturition has been accomplished, the exogenous progestagen supplementation protocol described here cannot be recommended for treatment of progesterone insufficiency in bottlenose dolphins.  相似文献   

18.
Radioimmunology was used to determine leptin and ghrelin levels in sow colostrum and milk in relation to those in sow and neonatal pig blood plasma and to the body weight of piglets during the first week of lactation. The highest concentration of leptin was found in colostrum on the second day of lactation (69.3 ± 6.3 ng/mL). Leptin concentrations in sow plasma were significantly lower than in colostrum/milk (2.19 ± 0.9 ng/mL, P = 0.7692) and were stable in the first 7 days of lactation. Total and active ghrelin concentrations in colostrum/milk were stable in the measured time points (6734 ± 261 pg/mL, P = 0.3397; 831 ± 242 pg/mL, P = 0.3988, respectively). Total ghrelin concentrations in sow plasma were lower than in colostrum/milk. These results indicate that pigs follow a unique species‐specific pattern of leptin and ghrelin synthesis, release and existence, and that the mammary gland is an important source of leptin and ghrelin contained in colostrum/milk.  相似文献   

19.
This study was designed to evaluate the dominant follicles development and the estradiol‐17β concentrations in non‐ovulating and ovulating post‐partum buffaloes. Sixteen Bulgarian Murrah buffaloes were submitted to transrectal ultrasonographic examination from the 1st post‐partum day until day 50, 3 days apart. The follicular diameter of the different categories of follicles and the ovulations was recorded. The animals were allocated into two groups: I (n = 6) non‐ovulating and II (n = 10) ovulating buffaloes. Serum estradiol‐17β concentrations on the days for dominant follicle registration were measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. The results were statistically processed by analysis of variance, non‐parametric and correlation analysis. The mean intervals between calving and first dominant follicle detection differed significantly (p < .05) among the groups (19.5 ± 6.2 vs. 13.8 ± 5.1 days), while the mean intervals between registered dominant follicles from two successive waves were comparable. The mean follicular diameters for the same category follicles in both groups were similar. Different estradiol‐17β concentrations (p < .05) for the first dominant follicle between non‐ovulating (23.5 ± 7.0 pg/ml) and ovulating (33.3 ± 8.4 pg/ml) buffaloes were determined. The cumulative percentages of buffaloes with firstly detected dominant follicle and ovulating animals correlated positively (r ≥ .84; p < .05) to post‐partum days. In conclusion, non‐ovulating and ovulating post‐partum Bulgarian Murrah buffaloes showed differences in the development of the first dominant follicle and estradiol‐17β concentrations during the time of dominant follicles detection.  相似文献   

20.
Meloxicam is a nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug commonly used in avian species. In this study, the pharmacokinetic parameters for meloxicam were determined following single intravenous (i.v.), intramuscular (i.m.) and oral (p.o.) administrations of the drug (1 mg/kg·b.w.) in adult African grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus; n = 6). Serial plasma samples were collected and meloxicam concentrations were determined using a validated high‐performance liquid chromatography assay. A noncompartmental pharmacokinetic analysis was performed. No undesirable side effects were observed during the study. After i.v. administration, the volume of distribution, clearance and elimination half‐life were 90.6 ± 4.1 mL/kg, 2.18 ± 0.25 mL/h/kg and 31.4 ± 4.6 h, respectively. The peak mean ± SD plasma concentration was 8.32 ± 0.95 μg/mL at 30 min after i.m. administration. Oral administration resulted in a slower absorption (tmax = 13.2 ± 3.5 h; Cmax = 4.69 ± 0.75 μg/mL) and a lower bioavailability (38.1 ± 3.6%) than for i.m. (78.4 ± 5.5%) route. At 24 h, concentrations were 5.90 ± 0.28 μg/mL for i.v., 4.59 ± 0.36 μg/mL for i.m. and 3.21 ± 0.34 μg/mL for p.o. administrations and were higher than those published for Hispaniolan Amazon parrots at 12 h with predicted analgesic effects.  相似文献   

设为首页 | 免责声明 | 关于勤云 | 加入收藏

Copyright©北京勤云科技发展有限公司  京ICP备09084417号