共查询到17条相似文献，搜索用时 62 毫秒
1.
封闭型牛舍风机喷淋降温和饲粮添加铬改善肉牛生长性能 总被引：1，自引：3，他引：1
为了探索南方夏季缓解肉牛热应激的方法和措施,研究了安装接力送风机加喷淋降温和饲粮添加铬对封闭型房舍式小群饲养肉牛生产性能和牛舍热环境的影响。试验采用双因素设计,选取28头平均体质量379.3kg的西杂肉牛,随机分成4组,试验1组牛舍安装风机加喷淋,并在饲粮中添加烟酸铬;试验2组安装风机加喷淋,饲粮中不添加烟酸铬;试验3组不安装风机加喷淋,但饲粮中添加烟酸铬;试验4组(对照组)不安装风机加喷淋,不添加烟酸铬。铬的添加量为800μg/kg,进行为期30 d生长试验。分别测定了牛舍的环境指标、肉牛生理指标和肉牛增质量,并对经济效益进行了分析。结果如下:1安装接力送风机加喷淋系统牛舍14:00平均室温可降低1.84℃(P0.01),风速增加8.27倍(P0.01);2安装风机加喷淋降温降低肉牛呼吸频率4.93次/min(P0.01),饲粮添加铬降低直肠温度0.23℃(P0.01),安装风机加喷淋降温和饲粮添加铬对肉牛呼吸频率和直肠温度无交互作用。31组肉牛平均日增质量比2组、3组和对照组分别提高了12.37%(P0.05)、19.59%(P0.05)和34.02%(P0.05)。2组比对照组平均日增质量提高了24.71%(P0.05)。1组比对照组增加毛利4.44元/(头·d)。表明南方夏季肉牛舍安装风机加喷淋和饲粮中添加铬均缓解了肉牛热应激,提高了平均日增质量和经济效益,二者结合使用效果较好。 相似文献
2.
南方开放式肉牛舍夏季喷雾降温效果 总被引：6，自引：5，他引：1
为缓解南方肉牛夏季养殖过程中的热应激,该试验采用喷雾联合悬挂式风机的降温措施对不同品种肉牛的降温效果进行了研究。试验以西门塔尔杂交牛和锦江黄牛为试验品种,测定了环境、直肠温度、呼吸频率和日增质量等评价指标。结果表明:喷雾运行阶段,处理舍空气温度平均可降低2.1℃(P<0.01),相对湿度增加5.8%(P<0.01),降低3.2℃的体感温度(P<0.01);对西门塔尔杂交牛,喷雾结合风机的降温方式可降低其12:00-18:00的平均直肠温度0.3℃和呼吸频率11次/min(P<0.01),有效解除热积聚状况,但对其日增质量无显著提高;对锦江黄牛,喷雾可以降低其呼吸频率14次/min(P<0.01),有效缓解其热应激,日增质量提高0.19kg/d(P<0.05),提高率为27.5%。 相似文献
3.
为了解肉牛舍安装接力送风和饲粮中添加烟酸铬对肉牛生长性能、肉牛生理和牛舍环境的影响,研究了南方夏季安装接力送风机和饲粮添加铬对拴系敞篷饲养肉牛舍热环境及对肉牛日增质量的影响。试验采用双因素设计,选取36头平均体质量为392.8 kg的西杂肉牛,随机分成4个处理,处理1组牛舍安装风机,并在饲粮中添加烟酸铬;处理2安装风机,饲粮中不添加烟酸铬;处理3组不安装风机,但饲粮中添加烟酸铬;处理4(对照组)不安装风机,不添加烟酸铬。铬的添加量为800μg/kg,进行为期30 d生长试验。试验分别测定了牛舍的环境指标、肉牛生理指标和肉牛日增质量,并对经济效益进行了分析。结果如下:1安装接力送风机牛舍14:00平均室温可降低1.9℃(P0.01),风速增加5.6倍(P0.01),降低温湿指数(temperature and humidity index,THI)5.65%(P0.01);2饲粮添加铬降低热应激肉牛呼吸频率2.37次/min(P0.01),降低直肠温度0.18℃(P0.01),安装风机降低呼吸频率6.97次/min(P0.01),安装风机和饲粮添加铬对肉牛呼吸频率和直肠温度无交互作用。3处理1组肉牛平均日增质量比处理2、处理3和对照组分别提高了44.16%(P0.05)、35.37%(P0.05)和79.03%(P0.05)。处理2组和处理3组比对照组平均日增质量提高了24.19%(P0.05)和32.26%(P0.05)。处理1组比对照组增加毛利8.72元/(头·d)。表明南方夏季肉牛舍安装风机和饲粮中添加铬800μg/kg均缓解了肉牛湿热应激,提高了平均日增质量和经济效益,二者结合使用效果较好。 相似文献
4.
喷雾与纵向负压通风相结合的封闭牛舍降温效果 总被引：4，自引：4，他引：0
喷雾与纵向负压通风相结合的降温方式在猪舍、禽舍应用广泛,但在肉牛舍应用较少,该试验对喷雾与纵向负压通风相结合在封闭肉牛舍的运行模式进行了探究,并与喷雾结合扰流风机在开放肉牛舍的降温效果进行比较。该试验选用栓系饲养平均体质量273.4 kg的锦江黄牛杂交牛作为试验牛。处理舍安装低压两级雾化喷雾,配合卷帘和风机进行纵向负压通风降温;对照舍安装高压喷雾,结合扰流风机进行降温。两舍喷雾降温系统运行30 d,对环境条件、肉牛生理指标进行测定。结果表明低压两级喷雾在封闭牛舍纵向负压通风条件下喷雾与停止最佳时间均为5～10 min;经两舍喷雾系统降温后,处理舍的日平均温度为（30.4±0.1）℃,比对照舍和舍外分别降低了2.2、6.2℃（P＜0.01）,而相对湿度为89.7%±0.9%,较对照舍和舍外分别升高了11.3%、35.2%（P＜0.01）;处理舍试验牛的直肠温度为（38.28±0.03）℃,比对照舍低0.26℃（P＜0.01）;躺卧比为0.87±0.02,比对照舍高12%（P＜0.01）;日平均呼吸频率为（43±1）次/min,与对照舍没有显著差异（P＞0.05）;平均日增质量为（1.38±0.23）kg/d,比对照舍高0.19 kg/d（P＞0.05）;处理舍售牛可获利1042.39元/(月·头),比对照舍高72.67元/(月·头)。可见封闭牛舍喷雾与纵向负压通风相结合降温效果显著,可改善牛舍环境,有效缓解肉牛热应激,提高生产性能。 相似文献
5.
冷风机-风管对南方开放式牛舍的降温效果 总被引：3，自引：7，他引：3
为改善南方夏季开放式肉牛舍环境条件,该文设计湿帘冷风机-纤维风管系统,采用风管定点送风、孔口射流高速出风的模式,将冷风均匀送至肉牛活动区域进行局部降温。该研究以栓系饲养西门塔尔牛为试验对象,对环境、肉牛生理及增质量进行测定。结果表明:测定期间,在肉牛站立(1.3 m高度)和躺卧背部高度(0.7 m高度),与对照舍相比,处理舍的平均温度分别降低2.0和1.8℃,平均相对湿度皆增加10%,平均风速分别增加0.69和0.47 m/s(P0.01);试验舍内氨气和二氧化碳平均质量浓度比对照舍分别降低0.17和81 mg/m3,热负荷指数(heat load index,HLI)均值降低2.84(P0.01);试验牛的呼吸频率降低22次/min、直肠温度降低0.35℃、皮温降低1.04℃,差异均极显著(P0.01)。在整个试验期间,处理舍肉牛未出现患病情况,日增质量为0.92 kg/d;对照舍肉牛患病率高达47%,日增质量为0.54 kg/d,差异极显著(P0.01)。该研究表明在开放式牛舍中进行湿帘冷风机-纤维风管局部降温,有助于缓解肉牛热应激,应用于南方夏季高温高湿天气下技术和经济可行。 相似文献
6.
南方夏季肉牛舍湿帘风机负压通风系统降温效果 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
为改善南方夏季肉牛舍环境条件,该文对湿帘风机负压通风系统在肉牛舍的降温效果进行了探究。试验以栓系饲养西门塔尔公牛为试验对象,对环境、肉牛生理及增重情况进行测定。结果表明：降温后,试验舍平均温度降低3.2 ℃（P<0.01）,相对湿度增加21.3%（P<0.01）,肉牛附近风速增加0.30 m/s（P<0.01）,肉牛体感温度降低1.8 ℃（P<0.01）;试验牛呼吸频率平均降低13次/min（P<0.01）,皮温降低0.92 ℃（P<0.01）,平均日增质量提高0.13 kg/d（P>0.05）。由此可知,在肉牛舍中采用湿帘风机负压通风系统进行降温,能够有效改善舍内热环境,有助于缓解肉牛热应激,具有技术可行性。 相似文献
7.
冬季肉牛加热饮水围栏育肥模式适用性分析 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
为研究冬季中国西北地区肉牛加热饮水条件下围栏育肥模式的适用性,该研究实测了加热水围栏育肥（平均饮水温度：（20.58±0.91）℃）和常温水舍内育肥（平均饮水温度：（7.20±1.70）℃）2种模式下的相关环境指标,并计算环境温湿指数（Temperature Humidity Index, THI）、风冷指数（Wind Chill Index, WCI）、综合气候指数（Comprehensive Climate Index, CCI）和冷应激指数（Cold Stress Index, CSI）,探究两种育肥模式对肉牛生长性能的影响。结果表明：与常温水舍内育肥相比,加热水围栏育肥的环境温度、湿度和有害气体浓度均显著降低（P<0.05）,风速显著升高（P<0.05）、THI、WCI和CCI显著降低（P<0.05）,CSI显著升高（P<0.05）。此外,加热水围栏育肥肉牛的平均日增质量为（1.40±0.39）kg/d,显著高于常温水舍内育肥组的（1.14±0.47）kg/d（P<0.05）,加热水围栏育肥肉牛的日采食质量与日增质量比为8.83±3.63,显著低于常温水舍内育肥组的12.11±6.34（P<0.05）,且建筑成本较常温水舍内育肥降低37.78%。综上所述,冬季采用加热水围栏育肥模式能够显著提高肉牛生长性能,并节约建筑成本。 相似文献
8.
牛舍冷风机-风管上置置换通风系统设计及降温效果 总被引：7，自引：5，他引：2
为了探索一种高效且运行成本低的牛舍降温方式,该试验通过设计合理的风管布置和开口,采取上置置换通风的模式对肉牛舍降温。该设计方案用计算流体力学(computational fluid dynamics,CFD)的方法验证其可行性,并通过实际测试设定风机开启和关闭的适宜时间,试验表明:处理舍系统产生的冷风大量流向牛活动区域,温湿度梯度比对照舍明显,达到了局部降温的节能目的。该系统开启后,10:00-18:00期间,处理舍牛的平均热负荷指数(heat load index,HLI)比对照舍降低7.4(P0.01),平均呼吸频率降低12次/min(P0.01),平均日增质量提高0.37 kg/d(P0.01),缓解了肉牛的热应激,提高了肉牛的养殖效益。处理舍由于相对封闭,故牛活动区域平均相对湿度、CO2和NH3浓度分别比对照舍高26.8%、252 mg/m3、0.54 mg/m3(P0.01),但牛舍环境空气质量符合相关行业标准的要求。该试验为冷风机-风管通风降温系统设计提供了一些参考参数,有利于该系统的优化,并发挥更好的降温效果。 相似文献
9.
湿帘-风机系统对北京育肥猪舍的降温效果 总被引：2，自引：4，他引：2
北京市夏季高温将对猪的生产造成严重影响,夏季猪舍环境温度控制尤为重要。该试验研究比较了湿帘-风机和单纯风机在北京猪舍的降温效果,设计了风机风量测量系统并实测了猪舍通风量,每天定时分别测定两猪舍内温度、湿度、风速和舍外温、湿度并进行比较分析。结果表明:试验期间,湿帘-风机猪舍和单纯风机舍6个断面风速范围分别为0.51~0.84和0.51~0.68 m/s,整体风速差异不显著(P0.05)。湿帘-风机舍舍内温度显著低于单纯风机舍(P0.05),湿帘-风机舍和单纯风机舍舍内温度高于30.0℃的小时数占比分别为5.0%和20.2%。湿帘-风机舍同一时刻断面1(湿帘端)温度低于断面6(风机端)温度0.4~2.2℃,单纯风机舍各时刻不同断面的温度差异不显著(P0.05)。单纯风机舍内的猪只呼吸频率均显著高于湿帘-风机舍内呼吸频率3.82次/min(12:00)和3.05次/min(14:00)(P0.05)。湿帘-风机舍降温系统日用水量为1.20~6.27 m~3。北京地区猪舍使用湿帘-风机系统降温效果优于单纯风机降温效果,但湿帘-风机降温将耗用一定水资源。 相似文献
10.
基于水温对肉牛生长性能影响的冬季恒温饮水系统优选 总被引：3，自引：4，他引：3
为缓解西北地区拴系肉牛在冬季产生的冷应激,提高肉牛生长性能,研究根据连通器原理设计恒温饮水系统,为牛只提供温水。试验选取西门塔尔牛作为试验牛,对饮水器内水温、肉牛的饮水行为、生理以及日增质量进行测定。试验结果表明:恒温饮水系统能为处理组牛只提供17.69℃的温水,处理组牛的日增质量为1.53 kg/(d·头),较对照组提高0.36 kg/(d·头),差异极显著(P0.01)。在处理组中,牛只饮用16~18℃的温水表现出更多的饮水次数和更好的增重效果(日增质量达到(1.69±0.44)kg/(d·头))。饮水后牛只瘤胃处体表温度处理组比对照组高3.29℃,差异极显著(P0.01)。结果表明,在拴系肉牛舍中采用这种恒温饮水系统能够有效改善肉牛因冬季饮用冷水造成的冷应激,并能显著提高肉牛生长性能,具有技术和经济可行性。 相似文献
11.
吊顶对湿帘风机纵向通风牛舍环境及牛生理的影响研究 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
为了改善湿帘风机纵向通风系统应用于肉牛舍的降温效果和气流分布的均匀性,同时提高肉牛活动区的风速,该试验在实测的基础上,采用流体力学(computational fluid dynamics,CFD)的方法对安装吊顶的湿帘风机纵向通风肉牛舍的气流场进行模拟。模拟时将牛只按与实物原型等比例引入到模型中,经吻合性验证,风速的平均相对误差,Y=0.7m截面为27%,Y=1.2 m截面为14%,Y=1.7 m截面为13%,认为模型有效。结果表明:安装吊顶后,舍内的气流分布均匀,肉牛活动区域风速适宜,可为肉牛提供更为适宜的饲养环境。舍内Y=0.7 m截面的平均风速为0.75 m/s,Y=1.2 m截面的平均风速为0.88 m/s,Y=1.7 m截面的平均风速为1.00 m/s。未安装吊顶的牛舍,舍外平均温度(35.0±2.7)℃条件下,0.7 m高度处平均温度(30.0±0.7)℃,1.2 m高度处平均温度(30.1±0.8)℃,较舍外平均降温14%;安装吊顶的牛舍,舍外平均温度(37.2±2.1℃)℃条件下,0.7 m高度处平均温度(31.1±0.7)℃,1.2 m高度处平均温度(31.1±0.7)℃,较舍外平均降温16%,说明安装吊顶后降温效果显著。安装吊顶后,舍内平均相对湿度80.9%,有害气体浓度均在饲养标准范围内;呼吸频率为36次/min,平均等温指数(equivalent temperature index,ETI)为23.96,均未达到热应激水平。 相似文献
12.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(19-20):2563-2570
Abstract Soil pH can be increased by manure or compost application because feed rations usually contain calcium carbonate. This study was conducted from 1992 to 1996 to evaluate effects of phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N)‐based manure and compost application management strategies on soil pH level. Composted and uncomposted beef cattle (Bos taunts) feedlot manure was applied to supply N or P needs of corn (Zea mays L.) for either a one‐ or two‐year period. Phosphorus‐based manure or compost treatments also received additional fertilizer N (ammonium nitrate) to provide for a total of 151‐kg available N ha‐1 yr‐1. Fertilized and unfertilized checks also were included. Manure and composted manure contained about 9 g CaCO3kg‐1 resulting in application rates of up to 1730 kg CaCO3 ha‐1 in 4 years. The surface soil (0–150 mm) pH was significantly decreased with ammonium nitrate application compared to soil in the unfertilized check or to soil receiving manure or compost. Soil pH was significantly increased with the N‐based management strategy compared with the soil original level. In contrast, 4 yr of P‐based manure and compost application strategy maintained soil pH at the original level. Nitrogen‐based applications resulted in higher soil pH than P‐based. Beef cattle feedlot manure and compost can be good sources of CaCO3 for soils requiring lime addition. 相似文献
13.
Sigua Gilbert C. Griffin Jim Kang Woo-jun Coleman Samuel W. 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2004,4(1):4-10
Background and Objective Largely influenced by the passage of the Swamp Land Act of 1849, many wetlands have been lost in the coastal plain region
of southeastern United States primarily as a result of drainage to convert land for agriculture. While further wetland conversion
or loss is universally acknowledged, the process continues with little public recognition of the causes or consequences. This
study examined changes in soil carbon, pH, and Mehlich extractable nutrients in soils following conversion of wetland to beef
cattle pasture.
Methods To better understand the chemical response of soils during wetland conversion to beef cattle pasture, soil samples were collected
from the converted beef cattle pastures and from the adjoining reference wetland. Soil samples were collected from eleven
sites in the beef cattle pasture, and from four in the adjoining reference wetland. Data that were collected from the reference
wetland sites were used as the reference/baseline data to detect potential changes in soil properties associated with the
conversion of wetlands to beef cattle pastures from 1940 to 2002.
Results and Discussion Compared with the adjoining reference wetland, the beef cattle pasture soils in 2002, 62 years after being drained, exhibited:
(1) a decrease in organic carbon, TOC (-172.3 g kg-1), nitrogen, TN (-10.1 g kg-1), water soluble phosphorus, WSP (-5.1mg kg-1), and potassium, K (-0.7 mg kg-1); (2) an increase in soil pH (+1.8 pH unit), calcium, Ca (+88.4 mg kg-1), magnesium, Mg (+7.5 mg kgc), manganese, Mn (+0.3 mg kg-1), and iron, Fe (+6.9 mg kg-1); and (3) no significant changes in sodium (Na), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and aluminum (Al). In 2002, the amount of TOC and
the concentration of soil organic matter (OM) in pasture fields were significantly lower than the concentration in the reference
wetland with average values of 7.8 ± 8 g kg-1 and 36 ± 26 g kg-1 and 180.1 ± 188 g kg-1 and 257 ± 168 g kg-1, respectively. It appeared that conversion of wetlands was proceeding toward a soil condition/composition like that of mineral
soils.
Conclusion and Outlook Overall, conversion of wetland had significant effects on soil carbon, pH, nitrogen, phosphorus, and extractable nutrients.
Results of our study have shown a decrease in TOC, TN, WSP, and K and an increase in soil pH, Ca, Mg, Mn, and Fe. These results
are important in establishing useful baseline information on soil properties in pasture and adjoining reference wetland prior
to restoring and converting pasture back to its original wetland conditions as a major part of the restoration effort being
underway. 相似文献
14.
Cheng Q Perlmutter L Smith PN McMurry ST Jackson WA Anderson TA 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2004,52(11):3456-3461
Perchlorate exposure and potential effects were evaluated in large mammals by monitoring heifer calves placed on a site with access to streamwater fed by a perchlorate-contaminated groundwater spring ( approximately 25 ng/mL). Blood was collected from the two calves on the site (and two control calves from an uncontaminated site) approximately every 2 weeks for analysis of perchlorate residues and thyroid hormones. During the 14 week study, perchlorate was detected (detection limit = 13.7 ng/mL) in blood plasma twice (15 ng/mL and 22 ng/mL) in one of the heifer calves drinking perchlorate-contaminated water on consecutive sampling periods 4 and 6 weeks after the beginning of perchlorate exposure. Constant exposure to 25 ppb perchlorate in drinking water had no effect on circulating thyroid hormones (T(3) and T(4)) in the heifer calves. 相似文献
15.
肉牛甲烷排放影响因素的试验研究 总被引：8，自引：2，他引：8
为考察不同粗饲料类型、日粮精粗饲料比、能量摄入水平等因素对肉牛甲烷排放量的影响，从而为控制甲烷排放提供理论依据，本研究选用4头18月龄的健康肉用公牛(鲁西黄牛)，针对不同粗饲料类型、饲料精粗比和日粮能量摄入水平进行了试验，采用SF6示踪法对甲烷排放量进行了测定。试验结果表明：SF6示踪法可用来快速测定反刍动物的甲烷排放量；影响肉牛甲烷排放量因素的主次顺序依次为：饲料粗料类型＞饲料精粗比＞能量摄入水平；对肉牛饲喂紫花苜蓿和青贮玉米秸比饲喂稻草和干玉米秸时甲烷排放量要小；日粮中粗饲料越多，则肉牛的甲烷排放量越大；随着能量摄入水平的加大，肉牛的甲烷排放量也呈增加的趋势。 相似文献
16.
针对规模化肉牛场粪污的收集与处理问题,以干清粪工艺为研究对象,总结归纳了规模化肉牛场粪污收集量的计算公式,并以1万头肉牛养殖场为例计算了粪污的产生和收集量,在此基础上选取了堆肥技术处理牛粪,进行了牛粪堆肥处理工艺设计。结果表明:干清粪工艺下规模化肉牛场粪污收集量可由公式直接算出,粪污收集率系数为0.83。养殖规模为1万头的肉牛养殖场,每天的粪尿收集量为150 t,含水率为82%。日处理210 t原料(牛粪150 t+辅料60 t,含水率60%),可产生含水率35%的堆肥产品93.04 t;堆肥项目主要土建工程占地面积为17 738 m2,采用连续动态好氧堆肥处理工艺和配套设备后,实现了整个系统的自动化运行。 相似文献
17.
González-Barrio R Truchado P García-Villalba R Hervás G Frutos P Espín JC Tomás-Barberán FA 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2012,60(12):3068-3077
Oak leaves have a high concentration of ellagitannins. These phytochemicals can be beneficial or poisonous to animals. Beef cattle are often intoxicated by oak leaf consumption, particularly after suffering feed restriction. The severity of the poisoning has recently been associated with the ruminal microbiota, as different bacterial populations were found in animals that tolerated oak leaves and in those that showed clinical and pathological signs of toxicity. Intoxication has previously been linked to the production of phenolic metabolites, particularly catechol, phloroglucinol, and resorcinol. This suggested that the microbial metabolism of ellagitannins could also be associated with its tolerance or intoxication in different animals. Therefore, it is essential to understand the metabolism of ellagitannins in cattle. Here we show that ellagitannins are metabolized in the cattle rumen to urolithins. Different urolithins were detected in ruminal fluid, feces, urine, and plasma. Oak leaf ellagitannins declined as they were converted to urolithins, mainly isourolithin A and urolithin B, by the ruminal and fecal microbiota. Urolithin aglycons were observed in rumen and feces, and glucuronide and sulfate derivatives were detected in plasma and urine. Sulfate derivatives were the main metabolites detected in plasma, while glucuronide derivatives were the main ones in urine. The main urolithins produced in cattle were isourolithin A and urolithin B. This is a relevant difference from the monogastric mammals studied previously in which urolithin A was the main metabolite produced. Low molecular weight phenolics of the benzoic, phenylacetic, and phenylpropionic groups and metabolites such as catechol, resorcinol, and related compounds were also detected. There was a large variability in the kinetics of production of these metabolites in individual animals, although they produced similar metabolites in all cases. This large variability could be associated with the large variability in the rumen and intestine microbiota that has previously been observed. Further studies are needed to demonstrate if the efficiency in the metabolism of ellagitannins by the microbiota could explain the differences observed in susceptibility to intoxication by the different animals. 相似文献