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S A Olenchock F H Green M S Mentnech J C Mull W G Sorenson 《Comparative immunology, microbiology and infectious diseases》1983,6(1):67-80
The fate of intratracheally instilled Aspergillus terreus spores was followed in both rabbits and rats. Phagocytosis of the spores by the pulmonary macrophage was rapid in that approx. 42% of the observed spores were associated with the macrophages immediately after instillation. Direct penetration of the lung architecture by the spores was not observed but spores were seen in the alveolar interstitium at 3 hr after instillation and in the tracheobroncheal lymph nodes at 24 hr. Granulomas formed between 48 hr and 1 week after exposure. In the absence of apparent spore or spore extract toxicity and precipitating antibodies against Aspergillus terreus, the observed reactions preclude the possibility that the lesions were the consequence of hypersensitivity. This model of pulmonary response to fungal spores may be of future value for characterizing further the pathology associated with certain occupational exposures to moldy materials. 相似文献
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J D Tiner 《Veterinary pathology》1988,25(3):227-230
Tissue sections containing protozoa with birefringent spores indicate an infection by microsporidia. Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) does not affect spore birefringence, but some special stains (Goodpasture, Brown and Brenn, or Gram) obscure it. Encephalitozoon cuniculi from an infected puppy, Glugea stephani from the winter flounder Pseudopleuronectes americanus, and Plistophora sp. from the Japanese eel Anguilla japonica all have birefringent spores. Encephalitozoon was studied first and then the two genera from fishes were included for comparison. Small masses of newly formed spores (pseudocysts) line Glugea cysts and then merge into the contents of the cyst as it enlarges and bulges through the intestinal musculature to become subserosal. The birefringence of Plistophora is present in fully mature spores contained in pseudocysts, but may disappear when the spores are released and become involved in granulomas. Coccidians from various hosts were always nonbirefringent. Whenever a protozoan organism in a tissue could be either microsporidian or coccidian, a test for birefringence, if positive, resolves the question. There may be no need to use a special stain. 相似文献
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The ecology of anthrax spores: tough but not invincible. 总被引：8，自引：2，他引：6
D C Dragon R P Rennie 《The Canadian veterinary journal. La revue veterinaire canadienne》1995,36(5):295-301
Bacillus anthracis is the causative agent of anthrax, a serious and often fatal disease of wild and domestic animals. Central to the persistence of anthrax in an area is the ability of B. anthracis to form long-lasting, highly resistant spores. Understanding the ecology of anthrax spores is essential if one hopes to control epidemics. Studies on the ecology of anthrax have found a correlation between the disease and specific soil factors, such as alkaline pH, high moisture, and high organic content. Researchers initially suggested that these factors influenced vegetative anthrax bacilli. However, subsequent research has shown that vegetative cells of B. anthracis have very specific nutrient and physiological requirements and are unlikely to survive outside a host. Review of the properties of spores of B. anthracis and other Bacillus species suggests that the specific soil factors linked to epidemic areas reflect important environmental conditions that aid the anthrax spores in causing epidemics. Specifically, high levels of calcium in the soil may help to maintain spore vitality for prolonged periods, thereby increasing the chance of spores encountering and infecting a new host. Cycles of runoff and evaporation may collect spores dispersed from previous epidemics into storage areas, thereby concentrating them. Uptake of large doses of viable spores from storage areas by susceptible animals, via altered feeding or breeding behavior, may then allow the bacterium to establish infection and cause a new epidemic. Literature search for this review was done by scanning the Life Sciences Collection 1982-1994 using the keywords "anthrax" and "calcium and spore." 相似文献
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作从菜粉蝶成虫体中分离到两种不同形态的微孢子虫M－Pr1和M－Pr2。对这两种微孢子虫的形态及对家蚕的病原民生进行了研究，结果表明这两种微孢子虫均对家蚕有强的食下感染能力，并可对家蚕胚种传染。 相似文献
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试验采用不同播种方法,比较不同育苗基质对蕨菜孢子萌发和原叶体发育情况的影响。结果表明:70%草炭土+30%细河沙作为育苗基质,蕨菜孢子成苗率较高,为54.3%;喷播法播种效果较好,播种均匀度和成苗数较高。 相似文献
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以紫花苜蓿作为研究对象,通过采用Sufer软件对滴灌AM真菌孢子前后土壤的水、盐分和丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)孢子进行等值线图的绘制,分析滴灌前后的运移状态;在苜蓿的生长期进行定期滴灌菌肥AMF孢子,在50 d后测定苜蓿植株菌根侵染率、根瘤数、产孢性能和生物量等指标,分析不同AMF的滴灌效果,对苜蓿进行关于滴灌AMF孢子水溶液的可行性研究。结果表明,1)AMF孢子在水溶液中的数量随着时间的延长而不断降低,滴灌前土壤含水量呈现出表层低而深层高的总体特点。土层的电导率分布范围较均匀。AM真菌孢子主要集中在土层10~25 cm处。滴灌后,水分大部分集中在距离滴头30 cm左右的土层,含水量较滴灌前升高。在滴头附近盐分向四周扩散,在30~45 cm处形成盐分高值区。孢子主要集中在距滴头0~25 cm左右,对于远距离的湿润区,其孢子数有一定的下降趋势。滴灌不同AM菌种孢子水溶液及滴灌距离对苜蓿生长的影响具有一定的差异性。近距离滴灌的植株地上生物量和株高显著高于远距离滴灌的植株(P<0.05);2)滴灌菌种根内球囊霉(Gi)的苜蓿植株干物质(地上、地下)显著高于对照6.59%和13.29%(P<0.05)。菌种摩西球囊霉(Gm)、内球囊霉(Gi)和幼套球囊霉(Ge)处理的地下干重显著高于对照处理9.05%,13.29%和9.96%(P<0.05),地表球囊霉(Gv)处理的地下干重与对照无显著性差异(P>0.05)。Gi处理苜蓿的分枝数显著高于对照处理19.73%(P<0.05),其他菌种间无显著性差异但都显著高于对照处理(P<0.05)。Gi和Ge处理的苜蓿植株的根瘤数、孢子数和侵染率显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。滴灌菌种间菌根侵染率和根瘤数无显著性差异(P>0.05)。滴灌距离对植株地下部干重、株高、孢子数有显著性影响(P<0.05)。滴灌距离和滴灌菌种的互作除了对菌根侵染率、根瘤数和根长具有显著地影响外(P<0.05),对其余的各指标都没有显著性影响(P>0.05)。综合分析Gi菌种的滴灌应用对苜蓿的效果较好。 相似文献
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Encephalitozoon cuniculi is a small protist parasite in the phylum Microspora. Hosts are infected by ingestion or inhalation of spores passed in the urine or feces. Infection with E. cuniculi is usually asymptomatic, except in young or immunocompromised hosts. This study examined the effects of various disinfectants on in vitro infectivity of E. cuniculi spores. Spores of E. cuniculi were exposed to several dilutions of commercial bleach, 70% ethanol and dilutions of commercial disinfectants HiTor and Roccal for 10 min and then loaded onto human fibroblast cells (Hs68 cells). Ten minutes of exposure to these disinfectants was lethal to E. cuniculi spores. Additional exposure time studies were done using dilutions of bleach at 0.1, 1 and 10%, and 70% ethanol. Exposure of E. cuniculi spores to 1 or 10% bleach for 30s rendered them non-infectious for Hs68 cells. Growth of E. cuniculi was observed in Hs68 cells inoculated with spores treated with 0.1% bleach for 30s or 1, 3 and 5 min, but not with spores treated for 7 min or longer. Exposure of E. cuniculi spores to 70% ethanol for 30s rendered them non-infectious for Hs68 cells. Spores of E. cuniculi are more sensitive to disinfectants than are coccidial oocysts and other parasite cysts. The relatively short contact time needed to kill spores indicates that disinfection of animal housing may be a viable means to reduce exposure of animals to E. cuniculi spores. 相似文献
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Porcine Clostridium perfringens type A spores, enterotoxin and antibody to enterotoxin 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Forty-two Clostridium perfringens type A strains isolated from cases of diarrhoea in pigs were tested for their ability to sporulate and produce enterotoxin in three different sporulation media. Enterotoxin was produced by 11 of the 42 C perfringens type A isolates (26.2 per cent). Thirteen isolates (30.9 per cent) produced spores at a frequency of 10 per cent or more. Spore production was recorded in 24 (57.1 per cent) of the isolates. The titres of enterotoxin produced by the isolates ranged from 1:2 to 1:64. The enterotoxin produced was compared with that produced by a reference strain and found to be identical. Ninety-eight of 106 sow sera from four different farms were found to possess antibodies to C perfringens type A enterotoxin with titres ranging from 1:2 to 1:64. Spores of C perfringens type A were detected in pig faeces and intestinal contents in 20 of 23 cases of enteritis at levels of up to 5 x 10(6) cells/g of faeces. Smaller numbers of spores, up to 2 x 10(4)/g were present in five of 10 samples from non-diarrhoeic pigs. Enterotoxin was demonstrated by Vero cell assay in five of the 23 samples from diarrhoeic pigs but in none of the 10 samples from non-diarrhoeic animals. It was clear from these studies that C perfringens type A strains in pigs could sporulate and produce enterotoxin in vitro and in vivo and that enteritis might be associated with sporulating organisms in vivo. 相似文献
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蜜蜂对接种球囊菌孢子幼虫清除行为的研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
《中国蜂业》2010,(12)
为研究不同白垩病抗性蜜蜂蜂群对接种蜜蜂球囊菌孢子幼虫的清除行为。利用微量移液器对未患白垩病的意大利蜜蜂、患白垩病的意大利蜜蜂以及从未报道患病的中华蜜蜂的二日龄幼虫接种蜜蜂球囊菌孢子的水溶液,观察计算患病与否蜂群对接种幼虫的清除能力的差异。结果显示,未患病的意大利蜜蜂和中华蜜蜂对接种蜜蜂幼虫分别有65%和60%的清除率,而患病意大利蜜蜂则只有约22%的清除率。抗性蜂群对接种幼虫的清除主要发生在接种后的2～3天内和化蛹后,而患病蜂群在幼虫期则基本没有清除,只在蛹期有少量的清除。该结果说明,对染病幼虫的及时清除行为是蜜蜂抗白垩病的重要机制。 相似文献
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生态环境因子对AM真菌孢子形成与分布的作用机制 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
在自然土壤生态系统中,丛枝菌根(AM)真菌孢子的数量与菌根共生体的形成和分布具有密切的相关性,关注AM真菌孢子的形成与分布机制对于揭示菌根共生体的生态学功能具有重要意义。其中,探究外界环境因子对孢子分布的影响已经成为当前菌根生态学研究的热点问题之一。研究表明,影响孢子形成和分布的因素主要包括气候因子、土壤理化因子、草食动物、宿主植物种类以及耕作制度等。气候因子和季节动态是决定AM真菌孢子形成和分布的主要因子,它通过对AM真菌的直接作用,或者是通过对宿主植物的间接作用影响AM真菌的侵染、产孢和分布;土壤是孢子的天然培养基,土壤理化性状影响孢子分布的要素主要有土壤类型、pH值、土壤湿度、通透性、营养元素含量以及土壤微生物等;宿主植物类型、草食动物和农业耕作措施通过对菌丝体的作用影响AM真菌孢子的群落动态。基于此,本研究围绕以上生态环境因子及其相互协同作用对AM真菌孢子形成和分布的作用机制进行了论述,并就未来AM真菌孢子的群落动态研究进行了展望。 相似文献
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Dissemination of Clostridium difficile spores between environment and households: Dog paws and shoes 
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下载免费PDF全文 Clostridium difficile is an anaerobic, spore‐forming bacterium that causes intestinal infections. Although C. difficile is still predominantly considered as a nosocomial pathogen, there has been an increase in the number of community‐associated infections. Since C. difficile is ubiquitous and can be isolated from nearly any environment, one of the possibilities for community acquisition could be exposure to spores in the domestic environment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of C. difficile spores on shoes, slippers and on dog paws and to explore the importance of these surfaces as vectors for the dissemination of C. difficile in a domestic environment. Overall, C. difficile was present in 14 (70%) of 20 households and in 31 of 90 (34%) collected samples. Shoes and slippers had the highest positivity rates, 19 of 44 (43%) and 6 of 21 (28%), respectively, followed by dog paws 6 of 25 (24%). Thirteen C. difficilePCR ribotypes were identified with half of the isolates belonging to ribotype 014/020, which is the predominant type circulating in human population and is also commonly found in the environment (e.g. soil and water) in Slovenia. In three households, identical PCR ribotypes were found on dog paws, shoes and slippers. To understand the fine‐scale genetic relatedness of these isolates, we sequenced the genomes. Low level of single nucleotide variant (SNV) differences between isolates from the same households, consistent with a recent transmission from a common source, were seen for isolates of PCR ribotype 014/020 but not for PCR ribotype 010. Our results suggest that shoe soles and dog paws could serve for the dissemination of C. difficile spores between households and environment and could contribute to community‐relevant sources for C. difficile infection in humans. 相似文献
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Leiro J Ortega M Sanmartín ML Ubeira FM 《Veterinary immunology and immunopathology》2000,75(1-2):81-95
We investigated non-specific responses of turbot spleen- and pronephros-resident adherent cells to spores of fish microsporidians, and the effects of the glucocorticoid dexamethasone (DX) on these responses. On average, 65% of adherent cells from the spleen and pronephros showed esterase activity (as characteristic of macrophages); 32% showed peroxidase activity (as characteristic of neutrophils), and 19% of peroxidase-positive cells were capable of phagocytosing microsporidian spores. A significantly higher proportion of adherent cells showed phagocytic activity when viable spores were the target than when non-viable spores were the target. Microsporidian spores stimulated adherent cells to produce reactive oxygen and nitrogen intermediates (ROIs and RNIs), though less effectively than the other stimulants tested. Adherent cells exposed to viable spores produced significantly less intracellular superoxide than adherent cells exposed to non-viable spores. Daily injection of fish with DX over 6 days significantly inhibited both phagocytosis of microsporidian spores and spore-induced ROI production, and similar effects were observed when adherent cells were exposed to DX in vitro. 相似文献