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1.
Water and nutrients are scarce resources in arid and semiarid ecosystems. In these regions, biological soil crusts (BSCs) occupy a large part of the soil surface in the open spaces surrounding patches of vegetation. BSCs affect physicochemical soil properties, such as aggregate stability, water retention, organic carbon (OC) and nitrogen (N) content, associated with primary ecosystem processes like water availability and soil fertility. However, the way BSCs modify soil surface and subsurface properties greatly depends on the type of BSC. We hypothesised that physicochemical properties of soil crusts and of their underlying soils would improve with crust development stage. Physicochemical properties of various types of soil crusts (physical crusts and several BSC development stages) and of the underlying soil (soil layers 0–1 cm and 1–5 cm underneath the crusts) in two semiarid areas in SE Spain were analysed. The properties that differed significantly depending on crust development stage were aggregate stability, water content (WC) (at −33 kPa and −1500 kPa), OC and N content. Aggregate stability was higher under well-developed BSCs (cyanobacterial, lichen and moss crusts) than under physical crusts or incipient BSCs. WC, OC and N content significantly increased in the crust and its underlying soil with crust development, especially in the first centimetre of soil underneath the crust. Our results highlight the significant role of BSCs in water availability, soil stability and soil fertility in semiarid areas. 相似文献
2.
Biological soil crusts (BSCs) have important ecological functions in arid and semiarid lands, but they remain poorly understood in terms of the changes in microbial communities during BSC succession under in situ field conditions. Here, 454 pyrosequencing was used to assess the microbial community composition of four BSC types in the Tengger Desert of China: alga, lichen (cyanolichen and green alga-lichen), and moss crusts, representing early, middle, and final successional stages of BSCs, respectively. The results showed the highest diversity of microbial communities inhabiting lichen crusts, whereas the lowest diversity was observed in moss crusts. Five phyla, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Cyanobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Acidobacteria, accounted for about 72% to 87% of total prokaryotic sequences in different BSCs. The most abundant eukaryotic microorganism was Ascomycota, accounting for 47% to 93% of the total eukaryotic sequences. Along the succession of BSCs, the abundance of photoautotrophic Cyanobacteria, Chlorophyta, and Bacillariophyta declined, and that of heterotrophic microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi increased. Statistical analysis showed clear divergency of microbial taxa at the class level among the different successional stages of BSCs. The clustering results at class level showed that the moss crusts were the farthest from the rest in prokaryotic composition; the alga crusts were the most different in terms of eukaryotic microorganisms and the two kinds of lichen crusts were relatively closer in both compositions. Ordination analysis showed that the main variations of community structure among BSCs could be explained best by the abundance of Cyanobacteria and Ascomycota and by physiochemical properties of BSCs, including mechanical composition, moisture, and electrical conductivity. In conclusion, our results indicate that Cyanobacteria and Ascomycota likely play an important role in the evolution of BSC structure and functions and highlight the importance of environmental factors in shaping microbial community structures of BSCs in the Tengger Desert of China. 相似文献
3.
The unsaturated hydraulic conductivity was determined in the laboratory for some red and black soils, following water movement into a horizontal column of homogenous soil of uniform packing. A highly significant positive relationship was found between moisture content and hydraulic conductivity values in all the soils studied. Correlation coefficients calculated for the relationships between soil constituents/properties and the change in hydraulic conductivity per unit change in moisture content (regression coefficient between hydraulic conductivity and moisture content) have shown positive relationship to sand and negative relationships to silt, silt + clay, clay, carbonates, aggregates > 0.25 mm and saturated hydraulic conductivity. It is concluded that the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity decreases rapidly with decrease in moisture content and this decrease depends on the soil constituents/properties and differences between soil types are clear. 相似文献
4.
陕北小流域生物结皮空间分布影响因子的通径分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
选择黄土高原典型坡面,通过全面调查,采用通径分析方法,研究了生物结皮盖度和厚度的空间特征及其与环境因子之间的关系。结果表明:（1）研究区内,生物结皮在沙土区呈连续分布,平均盖度在30%以上,在黄土区则呈离散的零星分布,盖度大多在20%以下;而其厚度和抗剪强度在沙土区和黄土区的差异不显著（p > 0.05）。（2）通径分析表明,土壤质地是影响结皮盖度的直接因子（直接通径系数Psand=0.720）,沙蒿盖度是其间接因子（间接通径系数Psh,sand=0.422）,两者均对结皮盖度有促进作用,土壤含水率的直接正作用和间接负作用相当,因而总体贡献并不明显,海拔的直接和间接作用均为负;沙蒿盖度是影响结皮厚度的直接因子（Psh=0.329）,而海拔（Pele,other=-0.206）及坡向（Pasp,other=-0.311）对结皮厚度的间接负作用最大。（3）土壤含水率、土壤质地、海拔及沙蒿盖度是影响生物结皮盖度的主要决策变量,且土壤质地的直接作用,以及沙蒿盖度通过土壤质地的间接作用是其主要的作用路径;沙蒿盖度、坡向及海拔是影响生物结皮厚度的主要决策变量,且沙蒿盖度的直接作用,以及坡向通过沙蒿盖度及海拔通过硬质早熟禾盖度的间接作用是其主要的作用路径。 相似文献
5.
Raúl Ochoa-Hueso Rebecca R. Hernandez José J. Pueyo 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2011,43(9):1894-1901
Despite the critical role of biological soil crusts (BSCs) in arid and semi-arid ecosystem function, few studies are found concerning the most important environmental variables affecting their distribution and physiology. This study seeks to determine soil and microenvironmental factors affecting the spatial distribution and pigment production of BSC-forming lichens and mosses in open patches of a semi-arid Mediterranean kermes oak thicket. We measured late-successional BSC cover, shrub cover, distance to nearest kermes oak (to test for effects of kermes oak thicket microenvironment on BSC), and pigment concentration of one lichen (Cladonia foliacea) and one moss (Pleurochaete squarrosa) species in the Nature Reserve El Regajal-Mar de Ontígola (Central Spain). At the macroscale (>0.5 m), results showed that BSC distribution and pigments were tightly coupled to a suite of soil properties, in particular soil pH, Fe, and Ca. Specifically, soil pH had a positive relationship with the cover of five individual BSC-forming lichen species and was negatively related to pigment production in C. foliacea. When pH was excluded from the analysis, Ca appeared as the main soil variable and was correlated with total BSC cover and total lichen cover. The micronutrient Fe had a significant positive relationship with the concentration of eight pigments in P. squarrosa and was also coupled with the cover of two BSC-forming lichens. Manganese, previously proposed as a key limiting micronutrient for BSCs, affected lichen diversity in a negative way. At the microscale (∼0.5 m), kermes oak microenvironment, shrub cover, and moss cover were determinants of BSC distribution, and total lichen and total BSC cover were overrepresented on N and E-facing shrub microsites. Our findings suggest that soil chemical variability and microsite diversity created by neighbouring vegetation affect BSC distribution in complex and essential ways and that studies aiming to explore BSC-environment relationships should be conducted at various spatial scales. Studies based on species- or group-specific responses are, thus, inadequate to unveil the main factors determining the distribution of the diverse organisms that constitute BSCs and/or to propose potential tools aiming to restore BSC in arid and semiarid ecosystems. 相似文献
6.
Yunpu Zheng Ming Xu Jiancheng Zhao Shuqing Bei Lihua Hao 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2011,47(4):473-480
Microcoleus vaginatus Gom., the dominant species in biological soil crusts (BSCs) in desert regions, plays a significant role in maintaining the
BSC structure and function. The BSC quality is commonly assessed by the chlorophyll a content, thickness, and compressive
strength. Here, we have studied the effect of different proportions of M. vaginatus, collected from the Gurbantunggut Desert in northwestern China, on the BSC structure and function under laboratory conditions.
We found that when M. vaginatus was absent in the BSC, the BSC coverage, quantified by the percentage of BSC area to total land surface area, was low with
a chlorophyll a content of 4.77 × 10−2 mg g−1 dry soil, a thickness of 0.86 mm, and a compressive strength of 12.21 Pa. By increasing the percentage of M. vaginatus in the BSC, the BSC coverage, chlorophyll a content, crust thickness, and compressive strength all significantly increased
(P < 0.01). The maximum chlorophyll a content (13.12 mg g−1dry soil), the highest crust thickness, and the compressive strength (1.48 mm and 36.60 Pa, respectively) occurred when the
percentage of inoculated M. vaginatus reached 80% with a complex network of filaments under scanning electron microscope. The BSC quality indicated by the above
variables, however, declined when the BSC was composed of pure M. vaginatus (monoculture). In addition, we found that secretion of filaments and polymer, which stick sands together in the BSC, increased
remarkably with the increase of the dominant species until the percentage of M. vaginatus reached 80%. Our results suggest that not only the dominant species but also the accompanying taxa are critical for maintaining
the structure and functions of the BSC and thus the stability of the BSC ecosystems. 相似文献
7.
灰色关联及非线性规划法构建传递函数估算黑土水力参数 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
土壤水分特征曲线和饱和导水率是重要的水力参数,为了简便准确获取这些参数,以松嫩平原黑土区南部为研究区域,采集136个采样点土样用于测定不同土层土壤水分特征曲线、饱和导水率以及土壤理化性质,并运用灰色关联分析确定影响土壤水力参数的主要土壤理化性质,采用非线性规划构建土壤分形维数、有机质、干容重、土壤颗粒组成与土壤水分特征曲线、饱和导水率之间的土壤传递函数,并通过与现有土壤传递函数对比分析进行精度验证。结果表明:1)土壤分形维数是估算土壤水分特征曲线模型参数和饱和导水率的主要参数之一,同时,干容重和有机质含量也在不同土层土壤传递函数中起到重要的作用;2)通过验证分析,不同土层各参数平均绝对误差接近于0,均方根误差值也都较小,其中在不同土层土壤传递函数估算的土壤含水率均方根误差分别为0.022、0.017cm~3/cm~3;3)对比分析其他已存的土壤水分特征曲线和饱和导水率的土壤传递函数,该文构建的土壤传递函数均方根误差值均较小,决定系数值都在0.66以上,表明估算精度较高,均好于其他方法估算精度,具有良好的区域适应性。综上,所构建的土壤水分特征曲线和饱和导水率土壤传递函数可以用于松嫩平原黑土区土壤水力参数估算。 相似文献
8.
As a key component of desert ecosystems, biological soil crusts (BSCs) play an important role in dune fixation and maintaining soil biota. Soil microbial properties associated with the colonization and development of BSCs may indicate soil quality changes, particularly following dune stabilization. However, very little is known about the influence of BSCs on soil microbes in sand dunes. We examined the influence of BSCs on soil microbial biomass and community composition in revegetated areas of the Tengger Desert. BSCs increased soil microbial biomass (biomass C and N), microbial phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) concentrations and the ratio of fungal to bacterial PLFAs. The effects varied with crust type and crust age. Moss crusts had higher microbial biomass and microbial PLFA concentrations than cyanobacteria-lichen crusts. Crust age was positively correlated with microbial biomass C and N, microbial PLFA concentrations, bacterial PLFA concentrations, fungal PLFA concentrations and the ratio of fungal to bacterial PLFAs. BSCs significantly affected microbial biomass C and N in the 0–20 cm soil layers, showing a significant negative correlation with soil depth. The study demonstrated that the colonization and development of BSCs was beneficial for soil microbial properties and soil quality in the revegetated areas. This can be attributed to BSCs increasing topsoil thickness after dunes have been stabilized, creating suitable habitats and providing an essential food source for soil microbes. 相似文献
9.
北京地区表层土壤分形特征研究 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
土壤是一种具有分形特征的复杂系统.分形维数可以反映很多土壤特性.本研究考虑了7种土壤类型、4种土地利用类型,在北京地区选取了30个典型样点,对复杂地理环境表层土壤的分形特征进行了分析,探讨了分形维数与土壤质地、土壤理化性质等方面的关系.研究结果表明,在复杂地理环境条件下,土壤颗粒分形维数总体变异性较弱;分形维数与黏粒含量呈显著正相关,与(砂粒含量+粉粒含量)和黏粒含量的比值呈显著负相关.分形维数可以反映土壤质地,但仅可指示部分重要土壤的理化性质. 相似文献
10.
Y. Steinberger H. Lavee G. Barness M. Davidor 《Land Degradation \u0026amp; Development》1999,10(6):523-530
Soil carbohydrates, which include polysaccharides, are partly of microbial origin, contributing to soil structure and improving soil aggregates. This study examined the effect of climate along a topoclimatic gradient in the Judean desert. Soil was sampled at four locations representing different abiotic environments along the transect during the 1994 and 1995 study period. Significant differences in soil organic matter between the locations were obtained, decreasing towards the dry extreme desert sites. Carbohydrates, which probably are mainly composed of microbial extracellular polysaccharides, were found to increase during the dry season reaching maximum values by the end of autumn. The spatial and temporal changes in carbohydrate content are of great importance, representing biological activity that contributes to bonding between soil particles and helps promote nutrient accessibility to microorganisms. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
11.
浑水土壤入渗具有复杂的上边界变化过程,其上边界导水能力的变化规律是研究浑水土壤入渗特性的重要基础。为研究浑水入渗形成致密层过程中导水率的变化情况,该研究进行了17组(9组正交试验处理,8组用于模型验证)浑水饱和土柱入渗试验,通过对试验结果进行多元回归构建多因素(浑水含沙率、黏粒含量及入渗时间)影响下砂土导水率动态模型;并结合浑水饱和土柱入渗特性进行合理假设,分别建立浑水砂壤土和粉壤土饱和土柱导水率动态模型并进行验证。结果表明:浑水含沙率、黏粒含量及入渗时间对砂土导水率影响极显著(P<0.01),入渗时间为砂土影响导水率变化的主要因素,其次为含沙率和黏粒含量;建立的砂土导水率动态模型决定系数为0.853,均方根误差为0.004 cm/min,表明该模型可客观反映各因素与导水率之间的关系;模型验证试验结果中均方根误差小于0.01 cm/min,相对误差绝对值均值小于7%,说明该导水率动态模型可靠性较高;砂壤土和粉壤土导水率动态模型决定系数分别为0.912和0.930,均方根误差分别为2×10-3和5×10-5 cm/min;模型验证中均方根... 相似文献
12.
喀斯特浅层裂隙土壤垂向渗透性及影响因素 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
为探究喀斯特浅层裂隙所赋存土壤各土层渗透性特征及影响因素,测定了喀斯特典型的浅层裂隙中赋存土壤0—10,10—20,20—30,30—50,50—70,70—100 cm土层的饱和导水率、机械组成、容重、非毛管孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、总孔隙度和有机碳含量等土壤属性。结果表明:(1)喀斯特浅层裂隙中各土壤属性均随着土层深度变化呈现出递增或递减的趋势,其中容重、黏粒含量、毛管孔隙度均随着土层深度而增长,饱和导水率、有机碳、非毛管孔隙度等土壤属性随土层深度的变化规律相反,呈递减趋势。(2)喀斯特浅层裂隙中土壤饱和导水率变异系数高于非喀斯特地区,且随土层深度变化呈波动增长趋势;其随土层深度变深而减小的趋势可用对数函数进行模拟(R^2=0.9462)。(3)通过Pearson相关性分析,裂隙中所赋存土壤的饱和导水率除了与机械组成中黏粒含量、粉粒含量为显著性相关(P<0.05),与砂粒含量相关性不显著以外(P>0.05),与其余各土壤属性均呈极显著性相关(P<0.01),且非毛管孔隙度相关性最高(P=0.898)。浅层裂隙土壤非毛管孔隙是影响其渗透性的主要因子,而裂隙中深层土壤拥有较多善于贮存植物所需水分的毛管孔隙。因此,对于土地资源匮乏的喀斯特地区,充分合理利用裂隙中深层土壤的水分成为今后研究的重点。研究结果可为喀斯特地区水分运移、石漠化治理及植被恢复提供科学依据。 相似文献
13.
黄土高原生物土壤结皮研究进展与展望 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
黄土高原是典型的生态脆弱敏感区和世界上水土流失最为严重的地区,也是当今我国生态恢复和生态文明建设的重点区域。生物土壤结皮是细菌、藻类、真菌和孢子植物与土壤颗粒胶结而成的有机复合体,是干旱半干旱地区地表系统的重要组成部分,它们对黄土高原的水土保护、养分积累和生态恢复具有重要的生态功能。本文论述了生物土壤结皮类型与演替过程;系统总结了黄土高原不同环境中生物结皮微生物和藓类的物种多样性、生态功能、人工生物结皮培养与生态恢复的研究进展与存在问题,最后从黄土高原生物结皮微生物多样性和功能群、生物结皮不同生物类群之间及其与种子植物的种间关系、生物结皮人工培养和生态恢复方面提出了研究建议与展望,以期对黄土高原生物结皮的相关研究提供参考。 相似文献
14.
陕北水蚀风蚀交错区两种生物结皮对土壤饱和导水率的影响 总被引：8，自引：6，他引：8
该文以陕北水蚀风蚀交错区普遍发育的地表和地上两种生物结皮为研究对象，分别以3种非生物结皮（无结皮、物理结皮、去除生物结皮）为对照，使用盘式入渗仪测定其饱和导水率。结果表明：与无结皮土壤相比，两种类型生物结皮均可极显著降低土壤饱和导水率；与去除生物结皮土壤相比，两种类型生物结皮对土壤饱和导水率的降低均不显著；与有物理结皮发育的土壤相比，地表生物结皮对土壤饱和导水率的降低不显著，而地上生物结皮对土壤饱和导水率的降低显著。一方面，两种生物结皮对土壤饱和导水率均有明显降低作用，预示生物结皮在降雨活动中可能会增加径流、降低入渗，阻碍研究区水分亏缺条件下的植被恢复和生态与环境建设。另一方面，与不同的对照相比，生物结皮对土壤饱和导水率的影响截然不同，该结论可在一定程度上解释当前有关生物结皮影响土壤水分入渗方面所存在的分歧。 相似文献
15.
Effect of straw and plastic film management under contrasting tillage practices on the physical properties of an erodible loess soil 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
The current cropping system of excessive tillage and stubble removal in the northwestern Loess Plateau of China is clearly unsustainable. A better understanding of tillage and surface cover management on surface soil structure is vital for the development of effective soil conservation practices in the long term. Changes in surface soil structure and hydraulic properties were measured after 4 years of straw and plastic film management under contrasting tillage practices (no tillage vs. conventional tillage) in a silt loam soil (Los Orthic Entisol) which had been under conventional management for hundred of years in the northwestern Loess Plateau, China. Surface soil (0–10 cm) under no tillage with straw cover had the highest water stability of macro-aggregates (>250 μm) and the highest saturated hydraulic conductivity. Compared with straw cover, plastic film cover did not change macro-aggregate stability and the soil had the lowest saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) but the highest % <50 μm soil particles. Significant correlation was found between water stable macro-aggregates and soil organic carbon content, indication the importance of the latter on soil structural development. No tillage on its own (without straw cover) was not sufficient to improve structural stability probably due to lack of organic carbon input. While use of plastic film cover might lead to short term yield increases, results indicated that it did little to improve soil physical fertility. On the other hand, no tillage with straw cover management should lead to long-term improvement of physical quality of this structurally fragile soil. 相似文献
16.
Vegetated buffer zones (BZs) between arable fields and bodies of water are commonly established to reduce erosion and run‐off of particle‐bound nutrients. Functioning of a BZ depends on soil structure, as it is important for water infiltration. Therefore, it is vital to understand how varying management practices affect soils of BZs. We studied the structural and hydraulic properties of three differently managed BZs established in a boreal Vertic Stagnic Cambisol (clay, 51%). The three management practices for vegetation were as follows: natural with no treatment, harvested yearly and grazed by cattle. We used bulk density and macroporosity, together with a pore geometry index (air permeability per unit air‐filled porosity), to describe the soil structural properties. Hydraulic properties were measured at different length scales by means of an aggregate sorptivity test, saturated hydraulic conductivity of the core samples and field‐saturated hydraulic conductivity. Vegetation management markedly affected the physical properties in the top 5 cm of the soil. Properties were least favourable for infiltration at the grazed site, with the greatest bulk density, least macroporosity and hydraulic conductivity or greatest pore tortuosity. In general, spatial variation in zones with restricted and good hydraulic conductivity together with reduced aggregate sorptivity in the deeper horizons made the soil prone to preferential flow when initially dry. Prolonged wetness, on the other hand, reduced saturated hydraulic conductivity significantly, resulting in surface run‐off. Harvesting was considered the best management practice due to its inherent capacity for reducing the soil nutrient content and because it has minor implications for soil physical properties. 相似文献
17.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(17-18):2945-2958
In Indian Punjab, rice–wheat is a dominant cropping system in four agro‐ecosystems, namely undulating subregion (zone 1), Piedmont alluvial plains (zone 2), central alluvial plains (zone 3), and southwestern alluvial plains (zone 4), varying in rainfall and temperature. Static and temporal variabilities in soil physical and chemical properties prevail because of alluvial parent material, management/tillage operations, and duration of rice–wheat rotation. A detailed survey was undertaken to study the long‐term effect of rice–wheat rotation on soil physical (soil separates, bulk density, modulus of rupture, saturated and unsaturated hydraulic conductivities, soil water content, and suction relations) and chemical (organic carbon, pH, electrical conductivity) properties of different textured soils (sandy clay loam, loam, clay loam, and silty clay loam) in these four zones of Punjab. Soil samples (of 0‐ to 30‐cm depth) from 45 sites were collected during 2006 and were analyzed for physical and chemical properties. The results showed that sand content and pH increased whereas silt and organic carbon decreased significantly from zones 1 to 4. Compared to other textures, significantly greater organic carbon, modulus of rupture, and pH in silty clay loam; greater bulk density in clay loam, and greater saturated hydraulic conductivity in sandy clay loam were observed. Irrespective of zone and soil texture, in the subsurface soil, there was a hard pan at 15–22.5 cm deep, which had high soil bulk density, modulus of rupture, more silt and clay contents (by 3–5%) and less organic carbon and hydraulic conductivity than the surface (0–15 cm) layer. These properties deteriorated with fineness of the soil texture and less organic carbon content. Continuous rice–wheat cropping had a deleterious effect on many soil properties. Many of these soils would benefit from the addition of organic matter, and crop yields may also be affected by the distinct hardpan that exists between 15 and 22.5 cm deep. 相似文献
18.
Soil compaction and related changes of soil physical parameters are of growing importance in agricultural production. Different stresses (70, 230, 500, and 1000 kPa) were applied to undisturbed soil core samples of eight typical soils of a Saalean moraine landscape in N Germany by means of a confined compression device to determine the effect on (1) total porosity/pore‐size distribution, (2) saturated hydraulic conductivity, and (3) air conductivity to assess the susceptibility towards compaction. Different deformation behaviors after exceeding the mechanical strength particularly resulted from a combination of soil characteristics like texture and initial bulk density. The saturated hydraulic conductivity, as an indicator for pore continuity, was largely affected by the volume of coarse pores (r² = 0.82), whereas there was no relationship between bulk density and saturated hydraulic conductivity. Since coarsely textured soils primarily possess a higher coarse‐pore fraction compared to more finely textured soils, which remains at a high level even after compaction, only minor decreases of saturated hydraulic conductivity were evident. The declines in air conductivity exceeded those in hydraulic conductivity, as gas exchange in soils is, besides the connectivity of coarse pores, a function of water content, which increases after loading in dependence of susceptibility to compaction. A soil‐protection strategy should be focused on more finely textured soils, as stresses of 70 kPa may already lead to a harmful compaction regarding critical values of pore functions such as saturated hydraulic conductivity or air capacity. 相似文献
19.
《Geoderma》2007,137(3-4):327-339
Our objectives were to describe the field-scale horizontal and vertical spatial variability of soil physical properties and their relations to soil map units in typical southeastern USA coastal plain soils, and to identify the soil properties, or clusters of properties, that defined most of the variability within the field. The study was conducted on a 12-ha field in Kinston, NC. A 1:2400 scale soil survey had delineated three soil map units in the field: Norfolk loamy sand, Goldsboro loamy sand, and Lynchburg sandy loam. These are representative of millions of hectares of farmland in the Coastal Plain of the southeastern USA. Sixty soil cores were taken to ∼ 1-m depth, sectioned into five depth increments, and analyzed for: soil texture as percentage sand, silt, and clay; soil water content (SWC) at − 33 and − 1500 kPa; plant available water (PAW); saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat); bulk density (BD); and total porosity. A penetrometer was used to measure cone index (CI) at each sample location. Variography, two mixed-model analyses, and principal components analysis were conducted. Results indicated that soil physical properties could be divided into two categories. The first category described the majority of the within-field variability and included particle size distribution (soil texture), SWC, PAW, and CI. These characteristics showed horizontal spatial structure that was captured by soil map units and especially by the division between sandy loams and finer loam soils. The second class of variables included BD, total porosity, and Ksat. These properties were not spatially correlated in the field and were unrelated to soil map unit. These findings support the hypothesis that coastal plain soil map units that delineate boundaries between sandy loams versus finer loam soils may be useful for developing management zones for site-specific crop management. 相似文献
20.
Spatial analysis of soil samples is often times not possible when measurements are limited in number or clustered. To obviate potential problems, we propose a new approach based on the self-organizing map (SOM) technique. This approach exploits underlying nonlinear relation of the steady-state geomorphic concave–convex nature of hillslopes (from hilltop to bottom of the valley) to spatially limited soil textural data. The topographic features are extracted from Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission elevation data; whereas soil textural (clay, silt, and sand) and hydraulic data were collected in 29 spatially random locations (50 to 75 cm depth). In contrast to traditional principal component analysis, the SOM identifies relations among relief features, such as, slope, horizontal curvature and vertical curvature. Stochastic cross-validation indicates that the SOM is unbiased and provides a way to measure the magnitude of prediction uncertainty for all variables. The SOM cross-component plots of the soil texture reveals higher clay proportions at concave areas with convergent hydrological flux and lower proportions for convex areas with divergent flux. The sand ratio has an opposite pattern with higher values near the ridge and lower values near the valley. Silt has a trend similar to sand, although less pronounced. The relation between soil texture and concave–convex hillslope features reveals that subsurface weathering and transport is an important process that changed from loss-to-gain at the rectilinear hillslope point. These results illustrate that the SOM can be used to capture and predict nonlinear hillslope relations among relief, soil texture, and hydraulic conductivity data. 相似文献