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Reinhilde Weltens Hilda Witters Philippe Corbisier 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2001,1(4):223-233
Scope and background
Earlier studies showed that artificially contaminated particulate matter could be responsible for acute effects in water fleas and fish. Physical/chemical measurements on suspended solids and river water collected in the field showed that these samples were often contaminated with mixtures of toxic molecules.Objectives
The present pilot study was started to investigate the possible ecotoxic impact of suspended solids collected in situ.Methods
Suspended solids and river waters were collected from 22 locations of polluted rivers in the Flanders. An extensive list of chemical components and physical parameters were measured in these matrices. Partition coefficients for water column and suspended solids were calculated. Toxicity of suspensions of solid materials was investigated in 3 test organisms of different trophic levels: Bacteria (BIOMET®), filter feeder (Daphnia magna) and fish (rainbow trout (Oncor-hynchus mykiss) or zebrafish (Danio rerio)). The acute toxicity was measured in a worst-case scenario using high concentrations of solids resuspended in standard medium and at standard conditions.Results and discussion
The partition coefficients were highly variable, showing that this parameter is not simply related to the octanol/water partition coefficient or to the total organic carbon content of the solids in field conditions, as is often assumed in exposure models. The field material of some locations was toxic. Bacteria were the most sensitive test organisms, showing EC20 values at field relevant concentrations. For some samples, acute toxic effects were seen in fish and water fleas. The chemical content of the samples was very complex and could not simply be related to toxicity. Some samples were highly contaminated with toxic chemicals and yet caused no toxic effects, while other samples did not show extremely high concentrations, but were toxic to the test organisms.Conclusions
Results show that biotests are needed, next to chemical measurements, to estimate the toxic impact of complex environmental matrices. A better understanding of the adsorption/desorption behaviour of toxic molecules in the water compartment and in living organisms will contribute to a better environmental risk assessment.Recommendations and outlook
The results indicate that the ecotoxic impact of suspended solids in the field should be further investigated in realistic (non-worst-case) conditions, i.e. for chronic effects at field relevant concentrations. And more extensive scientific research is needed to understand the adsorption/desorption behaviour of toxic molecules in different physicochemical matrices. 相似文献3.
Sandro R. Urban Albertina X. R. Corrêa Carlos A. F. Schettini Paulo R. Schwingel Rafael M. Sperb Claudemir M. Radetski 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2010,10(1):65-76
Purpose
Most of the information concerning the effects of contaminated sediments on estuarine organisms deals with the impacts of bed forming sediments. The ecotoxicological potential at the time of a dredging operation is more difficult to assess, and few studies have dealt specifically with resuspended contaminated sediments. The aim of this study was to determine whether release of contaminants through sediment resuspension during a dredging operation in the Itajaí-açu estuary (Brazil) changed the water quality classification and had an ecotoxicological impact on the near-field water column during the critical moment of this operation.Materials and methods
Waters from two sites (control and dredged sites) were analyzed for physicochemical parameters before, during, and after a dredging operation. In parallel, a short-term, sensitive battery of biotests (bacteria, algae, and daphnids) was performed with water samples before and during this operation according to the ISO bioassay protocols.Results and discussion
No short-term toxicity was observed with waters collected before or during the dredging operation. The results showed that desorption of contaminants from suspended particles of sediments with a low level of contamination during a dredging operation lowered the water quality in the near-field water column but that this did not promote significant acute toxicity effects on the organisms tested.Conclusions
More detailed studies are needed (e.g., the question of the reliability of biotests under turbulent, particle-rich conditions) to fully understand this complex issue regarding water column ecotoxicity during the whole dredging operation and to support decisions on the management of dredging activities.4.
Purpose
Peatland soils play an important role in the global carbon (C) cycle due to their high organic carbon content. Lowering of the water table e.g. for agricultural use accelerates aerobic secondary peat decomposition and processes of earthification. Peatlands change from C sinks to C sources. We characterized soil organic matter (SOM) with special attention to human impact through drainage. Our aim was to gain knowledge of SOM quality and soil-forming processes in drained fen soils in northeastern Germany.Materials and methods
Through techniques of representative landscape analysis, we identified two typical and representative sampling sites in different stages of land use, representing the most important hydrogenetic mire types in northeastern Germany. We adapted chemical fractionation procedures which include hot water extraction (Chwe and Nhwe) for determination of the labile fraction. Furthermore, a stepwise acid hydrolysis procedure was performed to measure the chemical recalcitrant part of SOM as it is more resistant to biodegradability.Results and discussion
Total organic C decreased with increasing human impact and intensity of drainage. Conversely, Chwe and Nhwe concentrations increased with increasing drainage and human impact. In contrast, the more recalcitrant fractions increased with soil depth.Conclusions
Generally, there is a lack of existing data about SOM quality and the factors controlling its stability and decomposition in fen soils. For northeastern German fen soils, the data are even more inadequate. Influence of drainage seems to overlap natural influences of site on SOM quality. The used extraction scheme was suitable for the chemical fractionation of SOM into labile and more recalcitrant parts. 相似文献5.
Background, Aims and Scope
Bioavailability of toxic compounds in soil can be defined as the fraction able to come into contact with biota and to cause toxic effects. The contact toxicity tests may detect the total toxic response of all bioavailable contaminants present in a sample. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the use of microbial contact toxicity tests for cadmium bioavailability assessment and to evaluate the relationship between sorption, soil characteristics and cadmium bioavailability.Methods
A test soil bacterium,Bacillus cereus, was put in direct contact with the solid sample. Four unpolluted soils were selected to provide solid samples with a variety of physicochemical characteristics. The toxicity and sorption behaviour of cadmium spiked to the soil samples were determined.Results, Discussion and Conclusions
A significant correlation between contact toxicity test results and partitioning of cadmium in the soil samples (r2= 0.79, p <0.05; n = 26) was found. The results confirm that the bioavailability of cadmium in soil depends on its sorption behaviour. Cadmium sorbed to the cation exchange sites associated with fulvic acids is non-bioavailable in the toxicity test employed in this study. It is concluded that the microbial contact toxicity test is a suitable tool for detecting cadmium bioavailablity in the soils used in this study.Outlook
The application of microbial contact toxicity tests for bioavailability assessment can be very useful for the risk identification and remediation of soil-associated contaminants. 相似文献6.
Manoel Lago-Vila Andrés Rodríguez-Seijo Daniel Arenas-Lago Luisa Andrade Maria Flora Alonso Vega 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2017,17(5):1331-1348
Purpose
Soils formed in metallic mines and serpentinite quarries, among other unfavourable features, have high levels of heavy metals. They can release into the environment causing surface and subsurface water contamination, uptake by plants, their accumulation in the food chain and adverse effects on living organisms. In this work, we studied the magnitude of the soils’ toxic effects not only on spontaneous plants but also on two species with phytoremediation potential.Materials and methods
Several soils from two different exploitations were selected: a lead and zinc mine and a serpentinite quarry. Soils were characterized, and the pseudo-total and extractable contents of Co, Cr and Ni in soils from a serpentinite quarry were determined. The Cd, Pb and Zn pseudo-total and extractable contents were determined in soils developed in the Pb/Zn abandoned mine. Using a biotest, the chronic toxicity of the soil samples on higher plants was determined. Festuca ovina L., Cytisus scoparius (L.) Link., Sinapis alba L. and Brassica juncea L. were selected, the first two because they are spontaneous plants in the study areas and the last two because they have heavy metal phytoremediation potential.Results and discussion
Pseudo-total contents of Co, Cr and Ni in the serpentinite quarry soils and of Zn, Pb and Cd in the Zn/Pb mine soils exceed generic reference levels. CaCl2 is the reactant that extracts the highest proportion of Co, Cr and Ni in the quarry soils and EDTA the largest proportion of Pb Zn and Cd content in the mine soils. The germination index values based on seed germination and root elongation bioassays revealed increasing plant sensitivity to the mine soils in the following order: B. juncea?<?S. alba?<?F. ovina?<?C. scoparius. The wide range of GI values indicates that the response of test plants to soil heavy metals depended on their concentrations and soil characteristics, especially pH and organic matter content.Conclusions
The pollution index indicates severe Cd, Pb and Zn contamination in the mine soils, as well as high Cr and Ni and moderate Co contamination in the serpentinite quarry soils. The performed biotests were suitable for identifying toxic soils and showed that the studied soils are toxic to the spontaneous plants, more to C. scoparius than to F. ovina. They also indicate that the mine soils are more toxic than the quarry soils for both species.7.
Mari Luz García-Lorenzo María José Martínez-Sánchez Carmen Pérez-Sirvent 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2014,14(10):1753-1765
Purpose
The objective of this work was to evaluate the effectiveness of a plant bioassay (Phytotoxkit®) for screening ecotoxicological risks in sediments affected by mining activities.Materials and methods
A total of 42 sediment samples affected by mining activities were studied, including 39 sediment samples from the Sierra Minera, Spain, an area affected by old extraction procedures, and three sediments from an area affected by opencast mining. These three samples were then mixed with limestone filler at 10, 20 and 30 %, providing nine stabilised samples. The total and soluble metal(loid) content (As, Cd, Cu, Fe, Pb and Zn) was determined in all samples, and the Phytotoxkit® bioassay was applied to determine the ecotoxicological effect of this procedure.Results and discussion
The stabilised material had a neutral pH and low soluble metal(loid) concentration, similar to that of samples in which a natural attenuation process had taken place because of mixing with surrounding carbonate-rich materials. An ecotoxicological survey identified the low toxicity levels of the stabilised samples.Conclusions
The applied bioassay is a good tool for screening metal(loid) contamination in areas affected by mining activities, since it provides information on both natural and simulated attenuation processes. The mixing of sediments with limestone filler could be applied to the remediation of zones affected by mining activities, because the toxicological effect on the tested organisms in the stabilised sediments was reduced significantly and the metal(loid) content was diminished. 相似文献8.
Background, aim, and scope
The Mecklenburg Bight (Western Baltic Sea) near Luebeck, Germany was historically used to dump industrial waste at sea and, thus, sediments in some regions are highly polluted at present. While earlier studies identified hot spots of chemical pollution, little is known about biological activities and impacts on exposed marine organisms. This study aimed to assess the pollution in the Mecklenburg Bight to determine the degree of contamination with sediment-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as well as biological activities.Materials and methods
Sediment cores with a depth of 30 cm were sampled at a dumping site and at a reference site, sliced in distinct layers, freeze-dried, and processed using the accelerated solvent extraction method. Sediment was characterized measuring total organic carbon (TOC) and soot contents. Concentrations of the 16 EPA-PAHs were determined with chemical analysis (gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy) in each sediment slice and referred to the determined TOC content. Further on, in vitro biotests were applied to determine toxic effects of contaminants in the sediment. The acute neutral red retention assay indicated no specific cytotoxic effects. Arylhydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-mediated activities were measured using the mechanism-specific 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase induction assay. Both biotests were performed with rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) liver cells (RTL-W1). Analyzed compound concentrations and biological activities were given in toxicological equivalent concentrations (chem- and bio-TEQs) to determine shares of analyzed EPA-PAHs to the overall activity.Results
TOC and soot contents indicated a significant alteration through the sediment core at the dumping site. EPA-PAH concentrations were referred to TOC and indicated elevated concentrations at the dumping site. Maximum PAH concentrations (14 to 16 cm depth; 5.44 µg/g TOC) were 300-fold increased at the dumping site, compared to the reference site (4 to 6 cm depth; 0.017 µg/g TOC). Cytotoxicity as determined in the neutral red retention assay was elevated in some layers at the dumping site (maximum in 4 to 6 cm depth; NR50?=?14 mg/ml), but not correlated with TOC or soot contents. Ah receptor agonist activities were clearly elevated in highly PAH-loaded layers at both sites. At the dumping site, maximum activities were determined reflected by a bio-TEQ of 223,000 pg/g (19 to 22 cm), in contrast to a bio-TEQ of 41,000 pg/g (6 to 8 cm) at the reference site. Further on, shares of EPA-PAHs to the overall activity were determined and contributed >40% at the dumping site and between 4% and 17% at the reference site. Chem-TEQs were found to exceed bio-TEQs in a depth of 11 to 22 cm, indicating the presence of Ah receptor antagonistic or inhibitive compounds.Discussion
Sediments from the dumping site were determined to be highly contaminated and caused toxic effects in depths that are known to be influenced by dumping activities. In contrast, the reference sediment indicated only near to surface layers to be minor contaminated. In comparison with highly polluted sediments from other marine sites, the contamination of the dumping site could be ranked as elevated. Chem-TEQs exceeding bio-TEQs in a depth of 11 to 22 cm seem to be caused by AhR antagonistic compounds in the dumped material. Furthermore, particle-bound PAH concentrations assessed in this study were discussed against freely dissolved concentrations in interstitial water, as determined in a different study with the same sediment core.Conclusions
Sediments in the inner Mecklenburg Bight could be shown to be highly contaminated, at least with PAHs, causing articulate increased Ah receptor-mediated activities. Marine organisms may be exposed to these contaminants, in particular when inhabiting the sediment.Recommendations and perspectives
Further research activities should extend the range of chemically analyzed pollutants and applied biotests and endpoints. Monitoring should close the gap between analytical methods in the laboratory and the field to determine possible impacts on organisms at site. 相似文献9.
Qunhe Wu Jiaying Zhang Renduo Zhang Ni Xu Chongyang Li 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2013,13(5):943-952
Purpose
The source and diagenesis of sediment organic matter (OM) based on amino sugar yields and compositions were investigated in sediment samples collected along a reach of the upper Pearl River Estuary in south China.Materials and methods
Sediment samples were collected from the estuary. Three sediment size fractions—coarse particulate OM (CPOM), fine particulate OM (FPOM), and ultrafiltered dissolved OM (UDOM)—were analyzed for total hydrolysable amino sugars (THAS), total organic carbon (TOC), and total nitrogen (N).Results and discussion
THAS contributed much more to sediment TOC and total N in UDOM than in CPOM and FPOM. Percentages of TOC as THAS increased with increasing sediment size. The low glucosamine/galactosamine ratios indicated a relatively large bacterial contribution to the sediment OM size fractions and the less reactive nature of sediment OM in the upper Pearl River Estuary. However, the depletion in muramic acid in the three sediment fractions, especially in UDOM, suggested that living bacteria or intact peptidoglycan units were not a major contributor to sediment OM.Conclusions
The increases of TOC as THAS and C-normalized yields of THAS with the different sediment size fractions demonstrated that they could be used as diagenetic indicators. 相似文献10.
Characteristics of bacterial community in the water and surface sediment of the Yellow River,China, the largest turbid river in the world 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Na Xia Xinghui Xia Ting Liu Lijuan Hu Baotong Zhu Xiaotian Zhang Jianwei Dong 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2014,14(11):1894-1904
Purpose
Few studies have described the bacterial community structures of turbid rivers. In this paper, the characteristics of the bacterial community in the water and surface sediment of the Yellow River, China, the largest turbid river in the world, were studied.Materials and methods
Water and sediment samples were collected from six sites along the river. Bacterial community composition was determined using the 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene clone library technique. The relationship between environmental parameters and bacterial diversity was analyzed.Results and discussion
A total of 1,131 gene sequences were obtained and clustered into 639 operational taxonomic units (at the 97 % identity level), with Proteobacteria as the predominant phylum. The Shannon index for water samples ranged from 3.39 to 4.40 and was generally higher than that in other rivers; this was probably due to the high suspended particulate sediment (SPS) concentration in the Yellow River, which can provide more habitats for both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. Also, the bacterial diversity of the water samples was slightly higher than that of the surface sediment samples. The bacterial diversity of water increased along the river in the downstream direction, while there was no trend for the sediment. Redundancy analysis indicated that pH, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and SPS were the main factors controlling the water bacterial community in the Yellow River, and pH, nitrate–nitrogen, and water content were the main factors for the surface sediment bacterial community.Conclusions
This study indicated that the bacterial diversity of the Yellow River is generally higher than that in other rivers, suggesting that SPS plays an important role in regulating bacterial diversity and community structure in aquatic environments. 相似文献11.
Ana Romero-Freire Manuel Sierra-Aragón Irene Ortiz-Bernad Francisco J. Martín-Peinado 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2014,14(5):968-979
Purpose
The present work evaluates the influence of different soil properties and constituents on As solubility in laboratory-contaminated soils, with the aim of assessing the toxicity of this element from the use of bioassays to evaluate the soil leachate toxicity and thereby propose soil guideline values for studies of environmental risk assessment in soil contamination.Materials and methods
Seven soils with contrasting properties were artificially contaminated in laboratory with increasing concentrations of As. Samples were incubated for 4 weeks, and afterwards, soil solution (1:1) was obtained after shaking for 24 h. The soil leachate toxicity was assessed with two commonly used bioassays (seed germination test with Lactuca sativa and Microtox ® test with Vibrio fischeri).Results and discussion
The relationship between soluble As and soil properties indicated that iron oxides and organic matter content were the variables most closely related to the reduction of the As solubility, while pH and CaCO3 increased As solubility in the soil solutions. Toxicity bioassays showed significant differences between soils depending on their properties, with a reduction of the toxicity in the iron-rich soil (no observed effect concentration (NOEC)?=?150 mg kg?1) and a significant increase in the highly carbonate samples (NOEC between 15 and 25 mg kg?1).Conclusions
Soil guideline values for regulatory purposes usually set a single value for large areas (regions or countries) which can produce over- or underestimation of efforts in soil remediation actions. These values should consider different levels according to the main soil properties controlling arsenic mobility and the soil leachate toxicity. 相似文献12.
Xavier Domene Sonia Chelinho Paolo Campana Josep M. Alca?iz J?rg R?mbke José Paulo Sousa 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2012,12(6):888-899
Purpose
Soil properties are the main explanation to the different toxicities obtained in different soils due to their influence on chemical bioavailability and the test species performance itself. However, most prediction studies are centred on a few soil properties influencing bioavailability, while their direct effects on test species performance are usually neglected. In our study, we develop prediction models for the toxicity values obtained in a set of soils taking into account both the chemical concentration and their soil properties.Materials and methods
The effects on the avoidance behaviour and on reproduction of the herbicide phenmedipham to the collembolan Folsomia candida is assessed in 12 natural soils and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) artificial soil. The toxicity outcomes in different soils are compared and explanatory models are constructed by generalised linear models (GLMs) using phenmedipham concentrations and soil properties.Results and discussion
At identical phenmedipham concentrations, the effects on reproduction and the avoidance response observed in OECD soil were similar to those observed in natural soils, while effects on survival were clearly lower in this soil. The organic matter and silt content explained differences in the avoidance behaviour in different soils; for reproduction, there was a more complex pattern involving several soil properties.Conclusions
Our results highlight the need for approaches taking into account all the soil properties as a whole, as a necessary step to improve the prediction of the toxicity of particular chemicals to any particular soil. 相似文献13.
Dejan Krcmar Milena Dalmacija Bozo Dalmacija Miljana Prica Jelena Trickovic Elvira Karlovic 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2013,13(7):1318-1326
Purpose
The objective of this research was to apply the same immobilization (stabilization/solidification) clay-based treatments to sediment contaminated with different metals (Pb, Cd, Ni, Zn, Cu, Cr) with different distributions and availabilities in sediment. We also examined the possibility of using clay as an immobilization agent without the application of thermal treatment, in order to reduce the economic cost of this expensive remediation procedure.Materials and methods
Clay from a canal in Vojvodina, Republic of Serbia, was used as the immobilization agent in a stabilization/solidification treatment to remediate metal-contaminated sediment. Semi-dynamic and toxicity characteristic leaching tests were conducted to assess the effectiveness of the nonthermal and thermal immobilization treatments with clay, and the long-term leaching behavior of these metals was determined using the following parameters: cumulative percentage of metals leached; diffusion coefficients; leachability indices; and toxicity characteristic leaching test concentration.Results and discussion
Based on these parameters, both clay-based treatments were effective in immobilizing metals in the contaminated sediment. Results suggest that both heating temperature and clay proportion in the sediment–clay mixture impact the degree of metal immobilization.Conclusions
Clay-based products are potentially good immobilization materials for metal-contaminated sediments, with the distribution of metals in the original sediment not influencing the efficacy of the treatments. Even without the thermal treatment, the metals were effectively immobilized. The leaching of metals was largely inside the regulatory limits and the treated samples can be regarded as nonhazardous materials. This justifies the choice of not applying the more expensive thermal treatment during remediation, especially when treating sediments containing a mixture of pollutants. 相似文献14.
Gladys A. Liehr Susanne Heise Wolfgang Ahlf Kristen Offermann Gesine Witt 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2013,13(7):1270-1283
Purpose
During the late 1950s and early 1960s, industrial waste material highly enriched with various contaminants (e.g., heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)) was dumped in the inner Bay of Mecklenburg, western Baltic Sea. Between 2002 and 2004, a research program was initiated using chemical analysis in combination with bioanalytical techniques to assess the extent and variability in contamination at this dump site (DS). The data were compared to a reference area (RS) with similar environmental conditions, which is representative of the western Baltic Sea.Materials and methods
Twelve PAHs were investigated to assess their ecological hazard, as they were identified as major pollutants in the dumped material. In addition to analyzing the actual PAH contamination status in the sediments, PAHs measured in the soft tissue of Arctica islandica were also used as an indicator of contaminant bioaccumulation. A biotest battery was applied to determine the toxic effects of contaminants in the sediment.Results and discussion
Significantly elevated PAH concentrations (sum of 12 PAHs) of ～3,000 ng g?1 dw and higher bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) were determined in the soft body tissue of A. islandica collected at DS (t test, p?=?0.025). The results also showed that the sediment PAH contamination was significantly higher at DS (1,952–5,466 ng g?1 dw) than at RS (1,384–2,315 ng g?1 dw). The results revealed a major heterogeneity in the PAH concentration at DS due to an attempt to cover the toxic material with clean clay. This resulted in a more heterogeneous distribution of the dump material rather than covering it up completely. However, not all relevant contaminants were included in this study, not only because it is too costly to determine them all but also because unidentified contaminants present at concentrations below the limit of detection cannot be measured. Bioassays were used to fill this gap in the hazard assessment in a cost-effective way by investigating the possible effects of sediment contamination on benthic organisms. The results showed a high variability and magnitude of growth and luminescence inhibition. Bacterial contact tests with marine organisms showed a high toxicity response (>80 % inhibition) from DS sediments. In contrast, the luminescent bacteria test (Vibrio fischeri) showed equivalent effects of sediments from both DS and RS.Conclusions
The spatial distribution of toxicity in DS, the bioaccumulation in mussels and the analytical evidence of PAH pollution clearly show that the dumped material still represents a potential risk even after 60 years. 相似文献15.
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PREAMBLE According to the German Federal Soil Protection Act (BBodSchG 1998), the habitat function of soils must be protected. Despite the fact that in the Federal Soil Protection Ordinance (BBodSchV 1999) it has not been established how this goal can be reached reliably, it is clear that such a biological function can only adequately be assessed using biological test methods. This is especially true when a soil is contaminated by a mixture of often unknown chemicals. In such a case the use of chemical analysis aiming at a small range of known substances is not sufficient and must therefore be supplemented by biological methods. For this reason, several standardised test methods are available (e.g. using earthworms, collembolans or plants; Römbke and Knacker 2003; ISO 2003). Since acute tests are usually not sensitive enough for the assessment of potentially contaminated soils (e.g. Hund-Rinke et al. 2002), chronic tests like the earthworm reproduction tests (ISO 1998) are recommended for this purpose.-
A chronic plant test for the determination of phytotoxicity was missing until quite recently. The term phytotoxicity is understood here as the capacity of a compound or a contaminated soil to cause temporary or long-lasting damage to plants (EPPO 1997). Therefore, the German Ministry for Education and Research sponsored a project (1997 – 1999) in which – based on existing standardised methods – such a chronic plant laboratory test was developed and partly validated (Kalsch and Römbke 2000). The new test can be used for the evaluation of single chemicals (see Part 1 of this mini-series) as well as for the assessment of contaminated or remediated soils (see Part 2 of this mini-series).-
ABSTRACT Background and Scope. A new chronic plant test system which is based on experiences with various acute plant tests (e.g. published by OECD or ISO) and existing North American Plant-Life-Cycle Bioassays was standardised in a project sponsored by the German government. Characteristic properties of the test system, which can be performed either with Brassica rapa (turnip rape) or Avena sativa (oat), are described in Part I of this mini-series.Methods
This new test was used to assess the effects of natural soil samples contaminated with TNT (2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene) or PAHs (poly-aromatic hydrocarbons). The soils were tested after taken from the field as well as after being remediated. Different control and reference soils were used to evaluate the test results. In addition, they were compared with the results of tests in which either TNT or Pyrene was spiked to field and standard soils (see Part I of this mini-series).Results
All contaminated soils showed clear effects in the Chronic Plant Test (usually B. rapa was more sensitive than A. sativa). LUFA 2.2 standard soil and OECD artificial soil are well-suited as control and mixture substrates, while reference soils collected at uncontaminated sites were several times phytotoxic. In most of the latter cases, soil properties could be identified as the main cause of these effects (e.g. the pH value). While in general the sensitivity of the reproduction and biomass endpoints did not differ much, it is recommended to measure different endpoints (i.e. biomass and reproduction) due to the different mode-of-action of contaminants. In the case of TNT a good agreement between the results of single chemical tests and tests with TNT-contaminated soils was found (due to the minimal effects of Pyrene the same statement is not possible for PAHs).Outlook
The results of this work have been used to prepare a draft test guideline, which has recently been standardised by the International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO). Based on these experiences, recommendations are given how this chronic test system could be used as part of a test battery for the assessment of contaminated soils. 相似文献16.
Tobias Schulze Thomas-B. Seiler Georg Streck Thomas Braunbeck Henner Hollert 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2012,12(9):1419-1434
Purpose
The importance of the bioaccessible fractions of particle-bound contaminants is a key feature for the assessment of their likely risks to the aquatic environment. The present study investigated the extractability and potential toxicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in river sediments. This study combined chemical with bioanalytical tools to establish a more in-depth insight into the relationship between the extractability of sediment contaminants, the chemodynamic properties of each extraction approach, and resulting toxicity.Materials and methods
Sediment samples were treated with different extraction methods, namely Soxhlet extraction with acetone (SOX), membrane dialysis extraction (MDE) with n-hexane, ultrasonic extraction with acetone (USE), and extraction with (2-hydroxpropyl)-??-cyclodextrin (HBCD). The extracts were analyzed for PAHs using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and tested using the neutral red retention assay and the ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) induction assay with the permanent fish cell line RTL-W1.Results and discussion
The SOX and MDE approaches were comparable in their extraction power regarding PAHs and their cytotoxicity. However, the EROD activity differed between SOX and MDE, possibly due to retardation effects of the polyethylene membrane used in MDE. Thus, macromolecular components of the sediment were not extracted and therefore did not contribute to toxicity. HBCD extraction provided 3.4?% of the total PAH content in the sediments and might be an appropriate approach to predict the bioaccessible fraction. USE showed an extraction power between the HBCD approach and the MDE as well as SOX and MDE method. Hence, USE is neither appropriate for exhaustive extraction nor for biomimetic extraction.Conclusions
MDE and SOX have been approved for the exhaustive extraction of PAHs from sediments for a worst case assessment of effect potentials. The influence of the low-density polyethylene membrane and the experimental conditions on the diffusion of compounds with broad physical?Cchemical properties, and the establishment of models such as quantitative-structure relationships for the prediction of diffusion behavior of a broad range of compounds require further assessment. HBCD was confirmed as a method providing a certain, putatively bioaccessible, fraction. Mechanistic research is required regarding desorption and uptake kinetics of particularly bound compounds with different physical?Cchemical properties in the solid phase?Cwater?CHBCD system to get more insight in the underlying partitioning processes. 相似文献17.
Petra Scanferla Giorgio Ferrari Roberto Pellay Annamaria Volpi Ghirardini Gabriele Zanetto Giovanni Libralato 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2009,9(3):229-236
Background, aim, and scope
An innovative stabilization/solidification (S/S) process using high-performance additivated concrete technology was developed for remediating soil contaminated by metals from abandoned industrial sites. In order to verify the effectiveness of this new ex situ S/S procedure, an area highly contaminated by metallic pollutants (As, Cd, Hg, and Pb), due to the uncontrolled discharge of waste generated from artistic glass production on the island of Murano (Venice, Italy), was selected as a case study. The technique transforms the contaminated soil into an aggregate material suitable for reuse as on-site backfill. This paper reports the main results of the demonstration project performed in collaboration with the local environmental protection agency (ARPAV).Materials and methods
An ex situ treatment for brownfield remediation, based on the transformation of contaminated soil into very dense, low porous, and mechanically resistant granular material, was set up and tested. Specific additives (water reducers and superplasticizers) to improve the stabilized material properties were developed and patented. A demonstration plant assembled on the study area to treat 6 m3 h–1was then tested. After excavation, the contaminated soil was screened to remove coarse material. The fraction Ø?>?4 mm (coarse fraction), mainly composed of glass, brick, concrete, and stone debris, was directly reused on site after passing through a washing treatment section. The highly polluted fraction Ø?≤?4 mm (fine fraction) was treated in the S/S treatment division of the plant (European patent WO/2006/097272). The fine fraction was mixed with Portland cement and additives defined on the basis of the high performance concrete technique. the mixture was then granulated in a rolling-plate system. After 28 days curing in an onsite storage area to allow for cement hydration, the stabilized material was monitored before its in situ relocation. The chemical, mechanical, and ecotoxicological reliability and performance of the treatment was checked. Metal leachability was verified according to four leaching test methods: Italian Environmental Ministry Decree (1998), EN 12457 (2002) tout court, amended only with MgSO4 and, lastly, with artificial sea water. The mechanical properties were measured according to BS (1990) and AASHTO (1999) to obtain the Aggregate Crushing Value and California Bearing Ratio, in that order. Moreover, leachate samples prepared with artificial seawater were assessed via the Crassostrea gigas embryotoxicity test and Vibrio fischeri bioluminescence inhibition test to discriminate the presence of potential ecotoxicological effects for the brackish and saltwater biota.Results
Outcomes from all leachate samples highlighted the effectiveness of the remediation treatment, fully complying with the Italian legislation for non-hazardous material reuse under a physicochemical viewpoint. The stabilized granular material demonstrated high mechanical strength, low porosity, and leachability. Moreover, ecotoxicological surveys indicated the presence of low toxicity levels in leachate samples according to both toxicity tests.Discussion
Remediated soil samples revealed a significant decrease in leachability of heavy metals as a consequence of the application of additivated cement that enhanced granular material properties, resulting in improved compactness due to the reduction in water content. The toxicity data confirmed this state-of-the-art technique, indicating that leachates could be deemed as minor acutely toxic.Conclusions
The proposed S/S treatment proved to be able to remediate soil contaminated by heavy metals through trapping pollutants in pellet materials presenting adequate physicochemical, mechanical, and ecotoxicological properties in order to prevent leachability phenomena, their reclamation, and reuse being made easier by its granular form.Recommendation and perspectives
This project foresees long-term monitoring activity over several years (until 2014) to consider treatment durability. 相似文献18.
João Canário Laurier Poissant Martin Pilote Christian Blaise Philippe Constant Jean-François Férard François Gagné 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2014,14(1):196-203
Purpose
This paper reports a toxicity survey of Canadian Arctic marine sediments. During the Amundsen scientific cruise, eight sites distributed across the Canadian Arctic and sub-Arctic regions were selected to highlight sensitive areas affected by either atmospheric deposition, ocean current, river drainage, or anthropogenic activities. As part of the Canadian-led ArcticNet research program, this study aims to monitor and to better understand potential changes likely to impact the Arctic.Materials and methods
Surface sediments were investigated with bioanalytical tests to assess sediment toxicity. Testing of sediment elutriates was undertaken with the ARTOXKIT M, Microtox liquid phase (MLPA), and ROTOXKIT M toxicity assays, while whole sediment testing was carried out with the Microtox solid phase assay (MSPA) toxicity test procedure. Sediment mercury (Hg) content was also determined in each sample since Hg transport and toxicity is specifically an important issue in the Arctic and is generally a key indicator of the pollution status in many aquatic ecosystems.Results and discussion
Based on bioassay results and sediment granulometric criteria, these Arctic sediments must be considered nontoxic. However, based on MSPA half maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50s) and/or MLPA threshold effect concentration (TEC) values, some degree of toxicity may be measureable particularly in the sediments located in southern and northeast Hudson Bay. The Hudson Bay watershed drains 30% of Canadian rivers and extends to northern USA. Despite the large Hg concern in the Arctic, the input of local or long-range Hg sources does not appear to be a contributing factor to sediment toxicity.Conclusions
These initial results are valuable in that they set baseline quality levels for these sediments as of 2005. As such, future comparisons can be made to assess temporal and spatial trends. Human activity and climate change is expected to impact these regions in the future, resulting in further reduction of sea ice extent, access to new Arctic seaways, and drilling associated with the exploitation of natural resources. 相似文献19.
Jana Vašíčková Tereza Kalábová Klára Komprdová Jan Priessnitz Michal Dymák Jan Lána Lucia Škulcová Lucie Šindelářová Milan Sáňka Pavel Čupr Radim Vácha Jakub Hofman 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2013,13(5):906-915
Purpose
The toxicity of 36 dredged sediments from the Czech Republic was investigated using a large battery of bioassays. The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of ecotoxicity testing in general and of individual bioassays more specific and to investigate how the results of bioassays are determined by the physicochemical properties of sediment samples and/or sediment contamination.Material and methods
In 2008 and 2010, 36 sediment samples were collected from rivers and ponds and from sediment heaps in different parts of the Czech Republic. Both their physicochemical properties and their levels of contamination with POPs and heavy metals were analyzed. The ecotoxicities of the sediments were evaluated using the four bioassays from the new Czech directive 257/2009 Coll. concerning the application of dredged sediments on agricultural land (Enchytraeus crypticus reproduction, Folsomia candida reproduction, Lactuca sativa root elongation, and potential ammonium oxidation). The results of the four directive bioassays were compared with the results of other soil bioassays (Caenorhabditis elegans mortality, Eisenia fetida avoidance and reproduction) and eluate bioassays (Daphnia magna immobilization, Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata growth inhibition test, and Vibrio fischeri luminescence).Results and discussion
We demonstrate that the battery suggested in Czech directive 257/2009 Coll. is highly effective in identifying toxic samples; these bioassays clearly revealing different types of toxicity and different exposure routes. Shorter alternative bioassays may be added especially when fast toxicity identification is needed. Eluate bioassays identified samples potentially hazardous to aquatic ecosystems. Their inclusion into the assessment scheme should be considered if the goal of assessment is also the protection of aquatic ecosystems. The results of our multivariate analysis show that specific physicochemical properties and contamination may affect bioassay responses. C. elegans was the most sensitive bioassay to physicochemical properties and also to organic contamination, while eluate bioassays were sensitive to heavy metal pollution.Conclusions
Most effects detected by the bioassays could not be explained by the levels of toxicants measured or by the natural characteristics of sediments. Our results show that bioassays are irreplaceable in dredged sediment risk assessment because they complement information provided by chemical analyses. 相似文献20.
María Nazaret González-Alcaraz José álvarez-Rogel Antonio María-Cervantes Consuelo Egea Héctor Miguel Conesa 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2012,12(9):1316-1326