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1.
崩岗土体的渗透性能机理研究 总被引：8，自引：2，他引：6
采用改进的马利奥特(Mariotte)双环渗透仪,结合土壤常规理化分析,采用DPS 5.02等数理统计方法,探讨崩岗土体不同层次的入渗特性机理.结果表明:(1)红土层、砂土层和碎屑层累积入渗量与入渗时间呈v=at-n幂函数关系,符合考斯加柯夫(Kostiakov)模型.(2)从初渗率、稳渗率、平均入渗率、入渗量角度分析可知,各土层的入渗性能为红土层＞砂土层＞碎屑层.(3)对影响入渗的因子进行分析可知,土壤的有机质含量、土壤团聚状况及土壤结构与崩岗各土层的渗透性能关系密切. 相似文献
2.
砾石含量及粒径对崩岗崩积体渗透特性的影响 总被引：8，自引：4，他引：4
为探讨砾石对崩积体渗透性的影响,采用环刀法对不同砾石含量及粒径条件下崩积体入渗特性的变化进行研究。结果表明:(1)0%,10%,20%,30%砾石含量崩积体进入稳渗时间在9~10min之间,40%,50%砾石含量崩积体进入稳定时间在19~20min之间。(2)相同粒径砾石条件下,崩积体的初渗率、稳渗率、平均入渗率及入渗量随砾石含量的增加而增大;含2~3,3~5,5~10mm砾石崩积体的入渗参数在10%,20%,30%砾石含量时变化不大;当砾石含量为40%时,入渗参数随着砾石粒径的增大而减小;当砾石含量为50%时,含3~5mm砾石的崩积体的入渗参数最小。(3)Kostiakov公式拟合更适合模拟崩积体的入渗模型。 相似文献
3.
花岗岩崩岗区不同土层的侵蚀水动力学特征 总被引：9，自引：1，他引：8
土壤剥蚀率是单位时间单位面积水流剥蚀土壤的质量,定量研究崩岗不同土层土壤剥蚀率对预测土壤剥蚀过程及建立崩岗侵蚀物理模型具有重要的理论和实践意义。针对湖北通城花岗岩崩岗区发育的表土层、红土层、砂土层、碎屑层,采用不同坡度(8.8%、17.6%、26.8%、36.4%、46.6%)和不同流量(0.2 Ls~(-1)、0.4 Ls~(-1)、0.6 Ls~(-1)、0.8 Ls~(-1)、1.0 Ls~(-1))相结合的室内放水冲刷试验,分析表土层、红土层、砂土层、碎屑层土体土壤剥蚀率与水动力学参数之间的关系,初步探讨花岗岩崩岗侵蚀的水动力学机制。结果表明:在一定坡度条件下,土壤剥蚀率随径流流量的增大而增大,且各土层土壤剥蚀率存在很大差异,碎屑层土壤剥蚀率最大,砂土层次之,表土层最小;在相同流量条件下,各土层土壤剥蚀率均随冲刷时间的延长逐渐降低并趋于稳定;径流剪切力、水流功率对崩岗各土层土壤剥蚀率的影响均可采用线性方程很好地描述(R~20.926),相比用单位水流功率拟合的多项式方程的相关性(R0.830)要高,径流剪切力和水流功率均可作为描述崩岗各土层土壤侵蚀的水动力学参数。表土层、红土层、砂土层、碎屑层的临界径流剪切力依次减小,分别为0.28Pa、0.13Pa、0.10Pa、0.07Pa,各土层土壤细沟可蚀性参数差异明显,碎屑层的最大,砂土层次之,表土层最小。因此,在崩岗垂直结构上,随着土层深度的增加,土体抵抗径流剥蚀的能力逐渐减弱。 相似文献
4.
崩岗不同土层土壤水力学特性差异性分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为研究崩岗不同土层土壤水力学特性的差异性,采用离心法测定不同土层土壤水分特征曲线,筛选出适合的土壤水分特征曲线拟合模型,结合统计模型,推求土壤的当量孔径分布、比水容量、非饱和导水率和扩散率,分析崩岗不同土层土壤水力学参数的变化规律。结果表明,崩岗土层从红土层到砂土层的变化过程中,土壤质地由黏土向砂土变化;Fredlund&Xing模型对崩岗土壤土水特征曲线拟合效果最好;参数θs、α、n随着质地变黏重逐渐减小;随着土层深度的增加,土壤的持水性能降低;土壤比水容量、非饱和导水率和扩散率受土壤质地和基质吸力的共同影响。在低吸力阶段,3个指标随基质吸力变化比较平缓,砂土层土壤比水容量和非饱和导水率最大,扩散率最小;而在高吸力阶段,砂土层土壤的这些指标降低较快,且低于其他土层,各层土壤间导水率和扩散率差异随着基质吸力的增加而增大。 相似文献
5.
崩岗堆积土体渗透特性及剖面水分特征——以广东省五华县莲塘岗崩岗为例 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
[目的]崩岗内部堆积土体是侵蚀的主要物质来源。通过对其渗透过程进行研究,揭示其中的规律性,探索崩岗的侵蚀机理。[方法]采用自制双环渗水试验装置,结合PR2/6土壤剖面水分测定仪,在广东省五华县莲塘岗崩岗野外现场进行渗水试验。[结果](1)崩积锥稳渗率在0.58~2.41mm/min之间,3个试验点平均稳渗率为1.37mm/min,沟道土体平均稳渗率高达5.58mm/min,渗透过程以重力流为主,土体结构稳定;(2)入渗速率与时间成负指数幂函数关系,符合Kositakov模型;(3)初始含水率越高,湿润锋移动速度越快,影响范围越深,稳渗时湿润锋深度在600~1 000mm及以上;(4)土体剖面含水率分布受土体非均质性的影响,自上而下呈波动式下降。[结论]崩岗堆积土体最大失稳深度至少为600~1 000mm,甚至可以达到1 000mm以上,崩积锥的非均质性具有阻渗作用,易形成滞水层并发生潜蚀,对崩岗侵蚀过程产生影响,是渗透研究的重点。 相似文献
6.
崩岗侵蚀区崩壁土体湿化机理及影响因素分析 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
以广东五华县莲塘岗崩岗崩壁土体为研究对象,结合土体物理特性,采用野外湿化试验测定土体浸水后的完全崩解时间,初步阐明其湿化机理,并分析其影响因素。结果表明:(1)崩壁不同层位土体的成份、结构、粒度等存在差异,使其物理性质受水力作用影响显著,抗冲抗蚀能力从强到弱分别为表土层、红土层、砂土层。(2)崩壁不同层位土体浸水后,水呈非均衡态进入土体孔隙,粒间斥力超过吸力,产生应力集中现象,使土体结构受到破坏,导致崩解现象发生;砂土层崩解速度明显高于表土层和红土层,遇水软化性极强。(3)土体结构的粒度成分及孔隙性影响崩壁土体的崩解性。相比红土层和表土层,砂土层粗颗粒含量较高,湿化崩解时间较短。孔隙发育程度较低的红土层,其湿化崩解所需时间比砂土层长;从红土层到砂土层,随着初始含水率增大,崩解速度不断加快,意味着红土层受到水力侵蚀后,下部砂土层受到的侵蚀将更加严重。一旦水分下渗至砂土层,将导致崩岗侵蚀进一步快速发展。 相似文献
7.
干湿循环下崩岗土体裂隙发育对其渗透性能的影响 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：3
渗透是崩壁降雨重分布的关键且直接影响其重力侵蚀过程。试验设计6次干湿循环,通过进行崩壁4层土壤的饱和渗透试验并结合数字图像处理技术,研究了干湿循环效应下崩壁4层土的裂隙演化规律及其对各层土饱和渗透性能的影响。结果表明:(1)随干湿循环次数的增加,表土层和红土层裂隙发育明显,裂隙率逐渐增加后趋于稳定,过渡层和砂土层几乎没有产生裂隙;表土层在第3次循环后裂隙几乎发育完全,裂隙率达到3.50%,形态纤细且破碎,而红土层在第1次循环后裂隙骨架基本定型,随着干湿循环的进行,裂隙宽度不断增大至一定程度时不再发生变化;(2)4层土壤渗透系数大小为砂土层>过渡层>红土层>表土层,表土层和红土层渗透系数随干湿循环的进行逐渐增加后趋于稳定,过渡层一直比较稳定,砂土层逐渐减小后趋于稳定;(3)土壤裂隙率与渗透系数之间存在二次函数关系,裂隙发育对土壤渗透性能的影响先增大后减小。研究结果可为降雨入渗-重分布下崩壁失稳机理研究提供科学依据。 相似文献
8.
崩岗崩积体土壤侵蚀规律研究进展 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
分别从崩岗崩壁崩塌堆积侵蚀、崩积体坡面土壤侵蚀以及坡面微地貌与水蚀过程的关系研究等3个方面,阐述了当前崩岗崩积体土壤侵蚀规律国内外的研究现状,并总结了当前研究中存在的问题。最后,提出了今后需要重点研究的几个方向。 相似文献
9.
华南活动型崩岗崩壁土体的崩解特性及其影响因素 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
崩岗的侵蚀过程主要是通过崩壁的坍塌作用来完成,崩壁土体的坍塌必然有水的参与,土体遇水将发生崩解现象,因此,研究崩壁土体坍塌需先研究其崩解特性。通过分层采集崩壁土体4个层次的土样,进行不同层次崩壁土体的理化性质和崩解特性测试分析。结果表明:(1)崩壁土体的4个层次(红土层、砂土层、碎屑层、碎石角砾残积层)的理化性质与风化壳的风化程度有密切联系,随风化程度的高低而有规律的变化。(2)在崩壁土体垂直剖面上,碎石角砾残积层的崩解速度最快,红土层最慢,崩解速度快慢表现为红土层砂土层碎屑层碎石角砾残积层;初始含水量对红土层、砂土层的崩解速度影响较大,对碎屑层、碎石角砾残积层的影响较少。(3)影响崩壁土体崩解特性的理化因子众多。其中对崩解速度有显著正相关影响的理化因子按相关系数大小排序为砂粒含量、MgO、自然含水量、K_2O、CaO、交换性钠、pH、Na_2O、孔隙度、阳离子交换量;有显著负相关影响的理化因子按相关系数大小排序为粘粒、Fe_2O_3、Al_2O_3、TiO_2、SiO_2、粉粒、有机质、游离氧化铁、游离氧化铝;只有交换性钙、饱和含水量、土粒比重、土粒干密度这4个因子与崩解速度的相关性不显著。崩壁不同层次土体的理化性质的分异性是崩解产生显著差异的基础,而崩壁土体崩解速度的层次分异性是崩壁坍塌的重要因素之一。 相似文献
10.
赣南崩岗的发育阶段及部位对土壤水力性质的影响 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
为探究赣南典型崩岗侵蚀区不同发育阶段崩岗对土壤水力性质的影响,采用圆盘入渗仪对3种不同发育阶段崩岗(初期、活跃期和稳定期)以及3个部位(集水区、边坡和沟道)的土壤进行了4个压力水头(0、-3、-6和-9 cm)下的圆盘入渗试验。结果表明,崩岗发育阶段和部位显著影响着土壤的理化性质。随着压力水头的减小,3种不同发育阶段崩岗的土壤稳定入渗率逐渐减小,土壤砂粒含量显著影响土壤的入渗参数。3种不同发育阶段崩岗与土壤导水率和Gardner常数α之间差异不显著。除了-9 cm压力水头下的导水率以外,崩岗的部位显著影响土壤导水率和Gardner常数α值。不同发育阶段崩岗的大孔隙对水流贡献率随着崩岗受侵蚀程度的增加而增加,不同发育阶段崩岗各部位土壤大孔隙、中等孔隙2以及小孔隙对水流贡献率影响显著,其中活跃期崩岗沟通处大孔隙对水流的贡献率最高。研究结果可为南方不同发育阶段崩岗的土壤侵蚀过程提供一定的参考。 相似文献
11.
Protecting soil structure against compaction—proposed solutions to safeguard agricultural soils To safeguard the ecological soil functions and the functions linked to human activities, measures against harmful changes to the soil are required, in line with the precautionary principle. The German Federal Soil Protection Act sets obligations for precaution in agricultural land use and, if harmful changes to the soil are foreseeable, measures for averting a danger. The results of a research project of the Federal Environmental Agency show that it is possible to describe an impairment of the soil structure, using methods of soil analysis. But this as a sole information would not qualify for the identification of harmful changes to the soil in the context of the Soil Protection Act, which requires an assessment of the severity of disruption of soil functions and the respective subject of protection. This would make additional soil investigations on site mandatory. Approaches in agricultural engineering and soil physics have introduced procedures to preserve the soil structure, in accordance with the precautionary principle. But these procedures have different goals and different ranges of application and hence offer partial solutions to safeguard against soil compaction. The assessment model of “trafficability by measuring the rut depth” provides information about the compaction status of the soil under applied conditions for farming gear, without providing detailed information about affected soil layers. The soil‐physical model of classifying soils into “risk classes for harmful soil compaction” focuses on the relationship between topsoil compaction and crop yields. The soil‐physical models “precompression stress” and “loading ratio” provide information for the assessment of subsoil compaction and a prognosis of a possible impairment of the soil structure at the water content of field capacity. It is necessary to validate the individual models with additional regional data about soil structure before a final assessment of the prognoses is made. 相似文献
12.
Soil Erodibility and Physicochemical Properties of Collapsing Gully Alluvial Fans in Southern China 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
In southern China, collapsing gully erosion produces massive deposits of sediment on the plough layer of alluvial fan farmland, leading to reduced nutrients, increased erodibility, and even desertification. The aim of this study was to investigate soil erodibility (the factor K in the universal Soil Loss Equation, USLE) and physicochemical properties of the alluvial fans of the most severe collapsing gully erosion areas (Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangdong provinces) in southern China. The soils of the collapsing gully alluvial fans had a higher bulk density, but a lower total porosity, saturated water content, and silt and clay fractions than the control (CK) soils from the farmland without desertification. Soil quality gradually decreased from fan edge to fanhead. Significant decreases were found in soil pH, organic matter, cation exchange capacity, and total potassium, nitrogen, and phosphorus, as well as available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, resulting in a gradual decrease in soil nutrients from the fanedge to the fanhead. Soil erodibility was greatest in the fanhead, and soil erodibility K values of the alluvial fans were 53.71%, 66.28%, 67.53%, and 71.68 % greater than that in those of the CK soils of Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangdong, respectively, indicating a significant correlation between the soil erodibility K values and physicochemical properties, particularly sand fraction and organic matter content. The results provide new insights into the relationship between soil physicochemical properties and erodibility of alluvial fans, and suggest that improving soil structure might increase soil fertility in the collapsing gully alluvial fan farmland. 相似文献
13.
The concept of soil health has been extensively reviewed in the scientific literature, but there is only patchy and inconsistent information available to farmers and growers who are concerned about the declining condition of their soils and are looking for appropriate test methods and management interventions to help reverse it. Although there are well‐established laboratory methods for soil chemical analysis, and a range of laboratory and field methods for measuring soil physical properties, only now are methods starting to emerge for soil biological analysis. This study provides an overview of the methods that are currently available commercially (or are close to commercialization) for farmers and growers in the UK. We examine the science underpinning the methods, the value of the information provided and how farmers and advisors can use results from such assessments for informed decision‐making in relation to soil management. 相似文献
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15.
土壤孔隙结构与土壤微环境和有机碳周转关系的研究进展 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：6
土壤结构是土壤功能的基础,不仅影响土壤养分的供应、水分的保持及渗透、气体的交换等过程,还为土壤微生物提供了物理生境,并调控土壤有机碳的周转这一关键过程。土壤的孔隙特征能够直接、真实地反映土壤结构的好坏;用土壤的孔隙特征作为试验指标能更好地反映土壤结构对这些过程的调节作用。在此基础上,将高度异质性的土壤孔隙结构同土壤微环境的变化和土壤有机碳的周转过程进行定量分析,对深入了解土壤结构在土壤生态系统中的功能至关重要。因此,着重从土壤孔隙结构对土壤微环境的影响及其与有机碳的关系两方面展开,剖析土壤孔隙结构调控作用下的土壤微环境响应过程,阐述土壤孔隙结构对土壤有机碳周转产生的直接、间接影响,强调土壤孔隙结构在调节土壤有机碳周转进程中的重要作用,并对土壤孔隙结构在调节土壤有机碳周转、植物残体分解及其与微生物协调作用机制等方面研究提出展望。 相似文献
16.
基于30年长期定位试验,通过测定黑土光谱反射率和不同腐殖质组分含量,探究了不同施肥对黑土土壤腐殖质含量、土壤颜色及二者之间的关系。试验设置5个处理:(1)休耕(Fallow);(2)不施肥处理(CK);(3)单施化肥(NPK);(4)有机肥部分替代化肥(NPKM);(5)秸秆部分替代化肥处理(NPKS)。结果表明:与NPK处理相比,Fallow、NPKS、NPKM分别显著提高49.7%,74.3%,27.0%的土壤有机碳含量(p<0.05)。NPKM处理中胡敏酸(HA)含量最高为3.9 g/kg,随后依次为CK、NPKS、NPK、Fallow。NPKM、NPKS和Fallow处理中土壤富里酸(FA)含量为2.2~2.3 g/kg,显著高于NPK和CK。NPKM处理中胡敏素(HM)含量为18.6 g/kg,显著高于其他处理(p<0.05)。不同处理间土壤光谱反射率由高到低依次为NPK>Fallow、CK>NPKS>NPKM,与CK处理相比,NPK土壤光谱反射率在平均提高6.5%,NPKS和NPKM则分别降低11.1%和15.1%。根据线性相关分析结果,黑土土壤光谱反射率与土壤HAHM均呈显著负相关关系(p<0.01),相关系数(r)分别为-0.858,-0.681。综合上述结果,长期有机物料投入可以显著提高黑土腐殖物质含量,降低黑土光谱反射率,使黑土颜色加深,而长期化肥施入则使黑土光谱反射率提高,出现"褪色"现象,有机粪肥在黑土中对土壤有机质和腐殖质含量的提升效果优于秸秆。 相似文献
17.
金沙江干热峡谷中退化的土壤生态系统生物学特征初探 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
Distribution characteristics of soil animals,microorganisms and enzymatic activity were studied in the dry red soil and Vertisol ecosystems with different degradation degrees in the Yuanmou dry hot valley of the Jinsha River,China.Results showed that Hymenoptera,Araneae and Collembola were the dominant groups of soil animals in the polts studied.The numbers of groups and individuals and density of soil animals in the dry red soil series were higher than those in the Vertisol series,and the numbers of individuals and density of soil animals decreased with the degree of soil degradation.Bacteria dominated microbiococnosis not only in the dry red soils but also in the Vertisols.Microbial numbers of the dry red soil series were higher than those of Vertisol series,and decreased with the degree of soil degradation.The activities of catalase,invertase,urease and alkaline phosphatase declined with the degradation degree and showed a significant decline with depth in the profiles of both the dry red soils and the Vertisols,but activities of polyphenol oxidase and acid and neutral phosphatase showed the same tendencies only in the Vertisols.It was concluded that the characteristics of soil animals,microorganisms and enzymatic activity could be used as the bio-indicators to show the degradation degree of the dry red soils and Vertisols.Correlation among these soil bio-indicators was highly significant. 相似文献
18.
Depth distribution of soil wettability and its correlations with vegetation type, soil texture, and pH were investigated under various land use (cropland, grassland, and forestland) and soil management systems. Wettability was evaluated by contact angle with the Wilhelmy plate method. Water repellency was likely to be present under permanently vegetated land, but less common on tilled agricultural land. It was mostly prevalent in the topsoil, especially in coarse-textured soils, and decreased in the subsoil. However, the depth dependency of wettability could not be derived from the investigated wide range of soils. The correlation and multiple regression analysis revealed that the wettability in repellent soils was affected more by soil organic carbon (SOC) than by soil texture and pH, whereas in wettable soils, soil texture and pH were more effective than SOC. Furthermore, the quality of SOC seemed to be more important in determining wettability than its quantity, as proofed by stronger hydrophobicity under coniferous than under deciduous forestland. Soil management had a minor effect on wettability if conventional and conservation tillage or different grazing intensities were considered. 相似文献
19.
设施栽培下原状土与扰动土水分特性的试验研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以四川省双流县设施栽培土壤为研究对象,对其原状土与扰动土的土壤水分特征曲线、水分物理性质和比水容量等项目进行了研究。结果表明,扰动土水分特征曲线总体变化趋势与原状土较为一致。在低吸力阶段,相同吸力条件下扰动土含水量高于原状土,在高吸力阶段两者差异较小。扰动土毛管孔隙度、总孔度和凋萎含水量在剖面上的总体变化趋势与原状土较为一致。扰动土不同土层田间持水量和有效水含量差异较小,原状土的田间持水量和有效水含量均随土层加深而减少。在低吸力阶段,相同吸力条件下扰动土比水容量远高于原状土,但随土壤水吸力增加,扰动土比水容量变化趋势逐渐与原状土一致。 相似文献
20.
植物苗期根系抗侵蚀特性试验研究——以构树和顶坛花椒为例 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
植物的固土抗蚀作用大小与其根系密切相关,而根系特征决定了根的固土抗蚀作用的发挥,本文以相同基质下构树和顶坛花椒不同特征的根系为研究对象.通过研究根系特征与土壤抗冲性、抗蚀性、抗拉性、紧实度的关系,结果表明,苗期根系能强化土壤抗冲性,构树苗、顶坛花椒苗根系强化值大小分别为78.01>77.71;根系可提高土壤抗蚀性,其抗蚀性强弱为.构树苗>顶坛花椒苗>对照,构树、顶坛花椒、对照试验的土壤水稳性指数分别为4.36,3.16,1.67;不同树种根系对土壤的固结能力不同,构树苗生长下的土壤抗拉能力为214.92 N,明显大于顶坛花椒苗生长下的土壤154.87 N;土壤紧实度大小为构树苗>顶坛花椒苗.并采用加权综合指数法综合评价了苗期不同特征植物根系的固土能力强弱,得出构树苗综合指数为1.058.而顶坛花椒苗为0.902.即构树苗的固土能力强于顶坛花椒,以期为今后的水土保持工作提供一定的理论依据. 相似文献