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1.
北京城市流域底泥重金属形态特征及其生态风险评价 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了解北京城市流域底泥重金属污染现状及其生态风险,研究分别在北京市永定河流域、潮白河流域、温榆河流域、拒马河流域和泃河流域五大河系（北京段）共设置84个检测样点,采集底泥样品,利用ICP-MS分析法和BCR连续提取法测定北京城市流域底泥中铜（Cu）、锌（Zn）、铬（Cr）、镉（Cd）、镍（Ni）和砷（As）6种主要重金属的含量,分析其分布特征及养分变化,同时运用潜在生态危害指数法和地累积指数法综合评价流域底泥中重金属的生态风险。结果表明:（1）以北京土壤质量标准为北京市参比值,北京流域中下游底泥富营养化严重,重金属富集强弱依次为Cd > （Cr,As,Zn） > （Cu,Ni）;（2）底泥重金属潜在生态危害评价,其危害程度依次为Cd > （Cr,As,Zn） > （Cu,Ni）,其中五大河流下游潜在生态风险较大,生态风险最大的是拒马河水域;（3）地累积指数法进行污染评价,北京河流污染程度依次为下游 > 中游 > 下游,底泥中污染最大的重金属为Cd,其次为Cr,As和Zn,污染较小的为Cu和Ni。综上所述,北京污染较大的河流依次是拒马河、永定河、潮白河、温榆河和泃河,特别是河流下游区域底泥重金属累积较多,潜在生态危害最大。 相似文献
2.
为了解人类活动影响下的流域泥沙及养分分布情况,以雅砻江及其一级支流安宁河为研究对象,选择雅砻江—安宁河并流段为研究区,沿河流纵向选取6个断面,并对断面垂向与横向进行含沙量及氮磷浓度的监测,分析不同流域水沙沿程变化及养分空间分布特征。结果表明:(1)安宁河含沙量整体大于雅砻江并流段,2条河流中下游的含沙量均大于上游,总体沿程增加。在泥沙断面垂向分布上,雅砻江无明显分层现象;安宁河分层现象明显,表现出底层＞表层＞中层的规律。在泥沙断面横向分布上,除安宁河中下游为左侧分布外,安宁河上游及雅砻江并流段均表现为右侧分布。雅砻江并流段泥沙断面均匀性总体优于安宁河。(2)雅砻江TN、TP整体均显著小于安宁河流域,且雅砻江—安宁河并流段氮磷空间分布在断面垂向和断面横向上均存在显著差异。(3)雅砻江并流段TN、TP浓度与含沙量呈线性正相关,其中断面横向拟合度优于断面垂向,且TN与含沙量的相关性高于TP;而安宁河则是断面垂向拟合度大于断面横向,TP与含沙量的相关性高于TN。 相似文献
3.
[目的]解决黄河三角洲地区盐碱地改良造林绿化的难点。[方法]分析黄河三角洲目前的盐碱地资源和特点,阐述盐碱地改良与造林绿化现状。在此基础上,依据前人的技术和研究成果,结合作者多年来盐碱地生态改良的研究与实践。[结果]提出了适宜黄河三角洲盐碱地造林绿化的关键技术:(1)利用传统方法造林绿化改良盐碱地;(2)重视新技术和新成果的应用。[结论]利用盐碱地造林绿化关键技术,实现黄河三角形洲滨海盐碱地改良是切实可行的。 相似文献
4.
渭河(咸阳段)表层沉积物中重金属形态分布特征 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
采用欧共体修正BCR四步连续提取法对渭河(咸阳段)的表层沉积物的重金属(Pb,Cr,Cu,Ni,Mn和Zn)形态进行了研究.结果表明,Cr,Ni和Zn主要以残渣态的形式存在,分别为97.91%,66.36%和73.68%,表现出很高的稳定性.而Pb和Mn仅在乙酸提取态含量分别达27.66%和38.49%时表现出一定的生物有效性和潜在危害性."非稳定态"重金属的空间分布特征是沣河渭河交汇处上游位含量最高,其次为渭河3号桥下,沣河渭河交汇处下游含量最低. 相似文献
5.
Xu Jinying Xu Ligang Zheng Lilin Liu Baogui Liu Jinfu Wang Xiaolong 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2019,19(10):3608-3619
Purpose
River sediment, the important sink and source of heavy metals, can provide critical information for aquatic ecosystem health. Heavy metal pollution has been a serious problem facing river systems worldwide and can adversely affect human beings via the food chain. However, no comprehensive study has been conducted on heavy metal pollution in sediments of river systems in the hilly area of southern China, which plays a key role in water supply and ecosystem balance. This study is aimed at comprehensively studying the pollution status of heavy metals in river sediments in the hilly area of southern China and apportioning sources.
Materials and methodsA total of 39 superficial sediment samples were collected from the upstream, midstream, and downstream of 13 rivers (Xiangjiang River, Zishui River, Yuanjiang River, and Lishui River located in Hunan Province; Ganjiang River, Xinjiang River, Fuhe River, Raohe River), and Xiushui River located in Jiangxi Province; Qiantangjiang River and Oujiang River located in Zhejiang Province; Minjiang River and Jiulongjiang River located in Fujian Province) in the hilly area of southern China. The total concentrations of metals of Mn, Zn, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, As, Cd, Sb, Pb, and V were analyzed using the inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry method. The pollution status and potential ecological risk were assessed with the geoaccumulation index (Igeo), sediment quality guidelines (SQGs), and potential ecological risk index (RI). The source apportionment of heavy metals was performed by correlation analysis and principle component analysis (PCA).
Results and discussionResults indicated that Mn, Zn, and Pb concentrations were significantly higher than other metals, especially in the upstream of the Jiulong River and midstream and downstream of the Xiangjiang River. Pollution assessment indicated that Cd pollution of sediments was most serious and that more than 50% of sampling sites were significantly polluted, with a very high potential ecological risk. The rivers in Hunan provinces (HN) were identified as the priority controlled rivers because of the high Igeo and RI index values. Correlation and PCA analysis indicated that Mn, Pb, and Zn originated from natural and mineral exploitation activities; As, V, Ni, and Sb originated from industrial wastewater and mineral-smelting activities; Cu and Co originated from agricultural activities; Cr and Ni originated from natural sources. While the most polluted Cd came from a combination of multiple sources described above.
ConclusionsResults indicated that Cd was the most common heavy metal pollutant, especially in river sediments of Hunan Province. Anthropogenic activities have become the main source of heavy metals in the river sediments of the hilly area of southern China. Special attention should be paid to Cd, and measures must be taken to prevent from further anthropogenic influence on heavy metal pollution.
相似文献6.
塔里木河水质污染对中、下游地区的生态系统的稳定性及社会的持续发展带来了不利的影响。利用阿克苏河的龙口、西大桥断面以及塔里木河干流上游的阿拉尔、十四团断面2001-2005年实测数据，在统计软件STATISTICA的支持下，利用主成分分析方法和水质指数法进行了塔里木河水质评价研究。结果表明，龙口和西大桥断面的水质属于一级（清洁）水，而阿拉尔和十四团断面的水质属于4级（中等污染）及5级（重污染）水。塔里木河的主要污染物为氯化物、总硬度、矿化度、硫酸盐、亚硝酸盐等。 相似文献
7.
[目的] 分析黄土高原典型流域河川径流水文情势变化及其原因,为该区域水土保持与水资源高效利用提供科学支撑。[方法] 选取渭河支流散渡河与无定河支流大理河为研究区,利用甘谷站和绥德站1965—2018年的气象水文资料,采用线性回归、Mann-Kendall检验、累积距平和双累积曲线法分析散渡河和大理河的径流变化特征及其驱动因素,采用改进的RVA法分析梯田和淤地坝为主的水土保持措施对不同河流水文情势变化的影响。[结果] 两条河流的年径流量呈显著减少趋势（p<0.01）,并在20世纪90年代前后发生突变。采用改进的变异性范围（RVA）法计算散渡河和大理河的径流综合改变度分别属高度改变（90.12%）和中度改变（60.66%）,32个水文变化指标中,流量变化改变率指标受到的影响最为显著。[结论] 以梯田措施为主的散渡河月中值流量和年最小流量均大幅减小,年最小流量发生时间明显延迟且低流量脉冲历时增加。以坝库工程为主的大理河月中值流量受季节变化影响,年最小1 d和3 d流量增加且低流量脉冲次数减小。 相似文献
8.
C.Leslie Dominy 《Biological conservation》1973,5(2):105-113
Deterioration of water quality as a result of the disposal of untreated organic and toxic wastes into the Saint John River Basin began when the River was first settled in 1604, and the amount of waste entering the River has increased substantially over the past two decades. Hydroelectric power developments constructed on the main stem of the River during this recent period have added to the problem by reducing the biological assimilative capacity of the River. The significance of these cultural influences for Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) in the River has been to reduce the quality of its migration route to and from the sea, to eliminate some of its freshwater spawning and rearing areas, and to cause direct mortality of adult and juvenile Salmon. As a consequence, the total Salmon stock in the Saint John River has declined by approximately 40 per cent over the past two decades. The future prospects for conserving this valuable natural resource in the Saint John River are moderately bright in view of current activities in water pollution abatement, effective regulation of the Salmon fisheries, and large-scale artificial propagation. 相似文献
9.
针对青藏高原流域生态景观格局的演变所引起的生态风险问题,选取青藏高原生态脆弱区的尼洋河流域为研究区域,以1980年、1995年、2010年、2020年4期土地利用数据为基础,根据景观生态学理论将尼洋河流域划分为814个生态风险评价单元,构建景观生态风险评价模型,对尼洋河流域景观生态风险的时空动态演变特征进行了评价和分析。结果表明：(1)尼洋河流域近40年来的6种土地利用类型面积皆发生了改变,其中水域和建设用地变化幅度最明显;(2) 1980—2020年流域内高生态风险区与中生态风险区面积增加,流域内总体景观生态风险呈增加的趋势,生态恶化的区域主要发生在尼洋河干流河谷区和高海拔区;尼洋河流域各期景观生态风险等级以尼洋河干流为轴线呈现对称式分布,跟随海拔高程的上升生态风险等级增加;(3)尼洋河流域景观生态风险空间分布呈逐年上升的正相关性,在空间上表现为集聚效应。综上,1980—2020年尼洋河流域生态风险总体呈上升的趋势,人类活动和气候变化是驱动生态恶化的重要因素。 相似文献
10.
全球变暖背景下松花江流域气温最新变化特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用1979-2015年松花江流域47个气象站平均气温资料,采用线性倾向估计、滑动平均、Mann-Kendal检验、空间插值等方法对年及四季气温变化特征进行了分析。结果表明:（1） 1979-2015年,松花江及3个子流域年、四季平均气温呈不同程度升温变化,松花江及松花江干流流域升温速率为0.29℃/10 a,嫩江及第二松花江流域为0.31℃/10 a,各地平均气温从20世纪80年代末增温显著,进入21世纪后气温均有所回落,其中冬季降温最为显著。（2） 近37年,松花江及3个子流域气候变化趋势具有较高同步性。各地年、四季平均气温均发生突变,年突变发生在1989年,春、秋季发生在20世纪80年代末期,夏季发生在90年代中后期,冬季发生在1986年。（3） 松花江流域各地气温变化速率分布不均,小二沟、哈尔滨和第二松花江南部地区变化速率较大,富锦、泰来、佳木斯等地变化速率偏低。 相似文献
11.
蒸散发是连接地表水循环和能量循环的纽带,淮河流域地表蒸散量的时空变化分析对深入理解中国气候过渡带水循环对全球变化的响应具有重要价值。该文基于流域水量平衡原理,利用流域水文数据对淮河流域GLEAM产品进行精度验证;并利用GLEAM(global land-surface evaporation:the Amsterdam methodology)产品分析1980-2011年淮河流域地表蒸散发年际和年内的时空变化。结果表明:1)淮河流域及其水资源二级分区的降水实测值与GLEAM产品估算结果比较,平均相对偏差为8.0%,相关系数高达0.94,GLEAM产品对于淮河流域的模拟精度较高;2)淮河流域1980-2011年多年平均年地表蒸散量为673 mm;3)淮河流域多年平均年地表蒸散量空间变化范围为528~848 mm,空间差异显著,呈从西南向东北逐渐减少,淮河以南地表蒸散量大于淮河以北地表蒸散量,四个季节地表蒸散发具有类似的空间分布特征;4)近32 a淮河流域平均的年地表蒸散量变化范围为588.6~767.8 mm,且存在显著的上升趋势;地表蒸散量的季节变化大致呈单峰型分布,峰值出现在8月,最小值出现在12月;且季节变化较为明显,夏季(272.0 mm)春季(191.4 mm)秋季(144.3 mm)冬季(65.0 mm);5)基于栅格尺度年地表蒸散量的变化速率主要受春季主导,依次为夏季、秋季,冬季的影响最小,淮河流域大部分区域地表蒸散发量呈增加趋势。该研究可为淮河流域洪涝、干旱等极端水文气象事件的监测与预警提供科学依据,同时为该流域水资源管理提供参考及决策依据。 相似文献
12.
Mohamad Ali Fulazzaky Teng Wee Seong Mohd Idrus Mohd Masirin 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2010,205(1-4):63-77
Water quality degradation in the Selangor River will still be present in the years to come since pollutant loads from poultry farms, municipal wastewaters, and industrial wastewaters are not envisaged to be handled effectively. This will be facing the problems of water quality status to use for multiple purposes and to provide its aquatic environment continuously. The water quality evaluation system is used to assess the water quality condition in the river. This system distinguishes two categories of water condition i.e., the water quality index and water quality aptitude. The assessment of water quality for the Selangor River from nine stations along the main stream, which concludes that water has been highly polluted (index 5) immediately downstream of station 02 Selangor River before confluence with Kubu River due to high concentration of microorganisms and immediately downstream of station 06 Selangor River before confluence with Batang Kali River due to high concentrations of microorganisms and suspended particles, was verified. Mineral micropollutants were found to gradually pollute the stream water, ranging from the unpolluted water (index 1) in the upstream to the bad quality (index 4) in the downstream area. 相似文献
13.
14.
Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in floodplain soils of the Mosel and Saar River 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：2
Background, Aim and Scope Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have gained serious attention in the scientific community due to their persistence
and toxic potential in the environment. PAHs may pose a risk to ecosystem health. Along the Mosel River/Germany, a tributary
of the river Rhine, PAHs were found at significantly high concentrations (> 20 mg kg−1, German national guideline value Z2, LAGA 1998). These high concentrations were detected during the construction of a storm
water retention basin, in which the contaminated soils had to be removed and treated as hazardous waste. This resulted in
higher construction costs for implementing flood prevention measures, but did not address the origin of these PAHs and its
distribution along Mosel River. Hence, for future flood prevention projects, it is necessary to estimate the extent of PAH
contamination along the Mosel River. The aim of the study is to determine the extent of PAH contamination in soils collected
along Mosel and Saar River, and to obtain a first insight into the origin of the PAH contamination in this region.
Materials and Methods In total twenty seven sample sites were investigated. Forty two single samples were collected along a 167 km distance of Mosel
River and six samples were collected along a 20 km distance of Saar River. Soil samples were collected at a depth of 0 to
2 m with a stainless steel corer (▫ 8 cm). Each 2 m sample was further separated into two sub-samples (0–1 m and 1–2 m). The
sixteen EPA PAHs and three additional PAHs (1methylnaphthalene, 2methylnaphthalene and perylene) were analysed with gas chromatography
mass spectrometry (GC-MS). For soil characterisation, total organic carbon (TOC), grain size, microscope and X-ray diffraction
(XRD) analysis were performed.
Results Grain size for all soil samples was classified as a mixture of sand and silt. XRD analysis showed that all samples were dominated
by quartz. Some clay minerals, such as illite and montmorillonite and feldspars, i.e. anorthoclase and orthoclase, were found
in minor quantities. TOC ranged from 0.1% to 13%. Microscope analysis showed black coal particles in the majority of the soils
collected from the Saar River and part of the Mosel River (downstream of the confluence of Saar and Mosel River). The black
particles were not found further upstream along Mosel River. The sum of nineteen PAHs in the soil samples was up to 81 mg
kg−1 dry weight (dw). Most soil samples showed a relationship between the presence of coal particles and PAH concentrations.
Discussion Elevated PAH concentrations were found in all soil samples collected from Saar River and downstream Mosel River. Due to former
coal mining activities in the Saarland, Germany, there is a strong evidence that the majority of the PAH contamination in
the soils downstream Mosel River are linked to these mining activities. Upstream Mosel River coal particles were hardly found
although PAH concentrations were high. Therefore another PAH source has to be responsible for these concentrations. PAH distribution
patterns indicate a pyrogenic PAH input upstream Mosel River and a mixed input (petrogenic and pyrogenic) downstream Mosel
River.
Conclusions Due to PAH distribution patterns, the contamination along the upstream of the Mosel River is probably linked to atmospheric
depositions and other sources not linked to coal mining activities. Downstream Mosel River the PAH distribution patterns reflect
former coal mining activities. We could corroborate for the first time that coal mining resulted in a serious problem of an
extensive PAH contamination at Saar and Mosel River floodplain soils.
Recommendations and Perspectives Coal mining activities have a strong impact on the neighbouring regions (Johnson and Bustin 2006, Short et al. 1999, Stout
et al. 2002). It is known that coals exhibit relative high PAH concentrations, especially in the low molecular weight PAHs
(Chapman et al. 1996, Radke et al. 1990). However, PAHs in coals are hardly bioavailable (Chapman et al. 1996) and hence may
have less adverse effects on exposed biota. They can act as sink for other hydrophobic contaminants. For the assessment of
the environmental impact, a detailed study of the sorption and desorption behaviour of PAHs linked to coal particles should
be carried out.
ESS-Submission Editor: Dr. Ralph Portier (rportie@lsu.edu) 相似文献
15.
在全球气候变化和人类活动影响下,流域河川径流已经发生了显著变化。以沈阳市1980—2007年28年的实测径流数据为基础,采用数理统计分析方法,对沈阳市的河川径流变化规律进行研究。结果表明：沈阳市河川径流已经表现逐渐减少的趋势,径流模数减少幅度在108～1万2093m3/(km2·a)之间,平均减少2061m3/(km2·a),蒲河减少最大,饶阳河减少最小;由于人类取用水导致的河川径流减少程度平均为23.11%,其中辽河、浑河、柳河减少程度较大,养息牧河减少程度最小。 相似文献
16.
气候变化对华北粮食主产区水资源的影响及适应对策 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
气候变化已成为目前全球最为重要的环境问题之一,气候变化将通过加速水文循环进而对区域水资源产生重要影响。采用统计分析和数学模拟方法,分析了气候变化对中国华北粮食主产区水资源的可能影响。结果表明:过去50年黄河中下游地区和海河流域河川径流呈现显著性减少趋势,淮河流域及黄河上游河川径流为非显著性变化;其中,1980年以来海河流域实测径流量较前期减少超过50%。未来30~50年华北粮食主产区气温将持续上升,降水的不确定性更大,总体呈现弱增加趋势。受气温升高和降水变化影响,未来几十年水资源总体以略微偏少为主,但存在区域性增多的可能;在RCPP2.6、RCP4.5和RCP8.5排放情景下,区域水资源较基准期(1961—1990)分别变化-1.3%、1.0%和-2.3%。在空间分布上,黄河中游水资源可能略有增多,但淮河和海河流域水资源很可能进一步减少,华北粮食主产区水资源供需矛盾可能会因气候变化而更为突出。加强节水型社会建设、水利工程建设以及充分利用非传统水源是该地区未来适应气候变化的核心工作。 相似文献
17.
[目的]探究灞河流域非点源污染物总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)时空演变特征及其与年径流量的负荷关系,提出污染负荷的空间分布规律,为流域规划治理提供思路。[方法]以1996年和2017年两期土地利用数据和2001-2017年灞河流域降雨数据为基准,基于GIS技术和AnnAGNPS模型开展现状模拟与情景设计。[结果]①相比1996年,2017年林地和耕地的面积减少,建设用地、水域等面积增多;模拟结果显示建设用地产流定额增加,TN负荷定额增加,TP负荷定额增加;林地产流减少,TN负荷减少,TP负荷减少;水域的产流、TN和TP负荷基本无变化。②2017年建设用地TN污染负荷相比1996年(5.24 kg/hm2)增加到16.13 kg/hm2,一定程度上反映了灞河流域近20 a城市非点源污染的严重性。③径流最大的区域是清峪河、灞河上游、清河以及辋川河这4个子流域。当径流值大于4.00×108t时,TN和TP污染物负荷处于高负荷状态。④辋川河、库峪、岱峪以及清峪这4个子流域的TP,TN负荷分布占到了灞河整个流域的50.32%,56.09%。[结论]目前非点源污染是灞河流域的主要污染源,尤其要重视城市非点源污染。 相似文献
18.
[目的]掌握区域农业面源污染物的流失状况,证明分形计算结果的可靠性。[方法]采用分形理论对丹江口水库水源区河南省所在的区域2013年总氮(TN),总磷(TP)的流失量进行估算,并与输出系数法的值进行比较。[结果]研究区污染物的流失以氮为主,TN的流失量是TP的7.16倍;禽畜养殖引起的流失量最多,占了总量的69.93%,农田化肥中的流失量占21.99%;灌河产生的污染物最多,其次是丹江、淇河、滔河,但在流失强度上却是滔河最大,其次是灌河、丹江、淇河;通过配对t检验分析将分形方法计算的污染物总量与输出系数法相比,在0.1水平下有统计学意义,说明前者较后者更能反映实际。[结论]用分形方法估算区域污染物的面源污染是可行的,应当加强区域禽畜粪尿和农田化肥的管理,以确保丹江口水库水质。 相似文献
19.
M P Yurawecz B J Puma 《Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists》1986,69(2):214-217
O,O-Dialkyl-S-methylphosphorodithioates were found in Mississippi River buffalo fish caught near several chemical plants and oil refineries in Hartford and Wood River, IL. These chemicals, which have not been previously recognized as environmental or food contaminants, were identified and quantitated by a procedure similar to the AOAC multiresidue method for organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticides, using gas chromatography (GC) with flame photometric detection (FPD). The key to their identification was a GC/FPD retention time pattern that was virtually the same as that for the diazomethane reaction products of a commercial zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate motor oil additive. GC/mass spectrometry (MS) showed that the compound producing the largest GC/FPD peak contained butoxy groups. The identification of this compound as O,O-di(2-methylpropyl)-S-methyl-phosphorodithioate (Compound C) was confirmed by GC/MS analysis by comparison with the authentic material. The buffalo fish contained 0.15 ppm Compound C and 0.5 ppm total O,O-dialkyl-S-methylphosphorodithioates. Subsequent analyses of fish from other areas showed that these contaminants were not limited to the Hartford-Wood River area. Lower residue levels of Compound C, ranging from 0.01 to 0.05 ppm, were found in fish from the Mississippi River at Sauget, IL, and from the Delaware River and Newark Bay in NJ. 相似文献
20.
渭河流域相对湿度与植被覆盖变化及其响应关系 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
借助GIS、遥感技术和数理统计等方法,对渭河流域相对湿度和植被覆盖变化进行了研究,定量分析植被恢复对该地区空气相对湿度的影响。结果表明:(1)近60a相对湿度分布具有一定的纬度地带性,存在由北向南递增的特点。相对湿度总体上呈下降趋势,退耕10a间呈微弱上升趋势。(2)退耕10a间植被覆盖呈整体改善,局部恶化的趋势,近1/3的地区植被覆盖基本不变。植被覆盖状况改善较为明显的几个县(市)主要集中在渭河干流及泾河上游、马莲河上游、北洛河中游一带,植被退化的县(市)大多位于渭河中下游、泾河中上游地区。(3)退耕前的50a对于相对湿度影响较大的因子依次为降水、日照和气温。退耕后的10a相对湿度随着植被覆盖状况的改善(退化)而相应上升(下降)。(4)吴旗县冬季和年的相对湿度与NDVI呈负相关,春季和夏季的相对湿度与NDVI呈极显著的正相关。1982—2006年夏季湿润则植被状况较好,夏季干燥则植被状况较差。 相似文献