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1.
施氮量对玉米/大豆套作系统土壤微生物数量及土壤酶活性的影响 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
为揭示玉米/大豆套作体系下土壤氮素转换的调控机理和根际微生态效应,以种植模式为主因素[设玉米单作(MM)、大豆单作(SS)和玉米/大豆套作(IMS)3种处理],以玉米、大豆施氮总量(玉米、大豆施氮比例为3∶1)为副因素[设不施氮(NN,0 kg?hm~(-2))、减量施氮(RN,180 kg?hm~(-2))和常量施氮(CN,240 kg?hm~(-2))3个处理],研究了玉米/大豆套作系统下不同施氮量对作物根际土壤微生物数量及土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明:与相应单作相比,套作下玉米根际土壤真菌、放线菌数量分别提高25.37%和8.79%;套作大豆根际土壤真菌、放线菌、固氮菌数量高于单作大豆;套作玉米根际土壤蛋白酶、脲酶活性和套作大豆根际土壤蛋白酶活性均显著升高。各施氮水平间,减量施氮下玉米、大豆根际土壤真菌数量较常量施氮和不施氮均有所提高;施氮提高了玉米、大豆根际土壤放线菌数量;大豆根际土壤固氮菌数量以减量施氮最高,比不施氮和常量施氮高17.78%和5.67%;玉米根际土壤蛋白酶活性、脲酶活性和大豆根际土壤脲酶活性均以减量施氮为最高。适宜的施氮量不仅能增加玉米/大豆套作土壤中真菌、放线菌、固氮菌的数量,还能提高土壤蛋白酶、脲酶活性,调节土壤氮素的转化,促进玉米/大豆对土壤中氮素的吸收,实现节能增效。 相似文献
2.
冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系中不同施氮水平对玉米生长及其根际土壤氮的影响 总被引：15，自引：3，他引：12
在河北衡水潮土上进行田间试验,以当地习惯高氮用量(小麦季施N 300 kg/hm2,玉米季施N 240 kg/hm2)为对照,研究冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系中减少氮肥用量对玉米季植株生长、氮素吸收及根际土壤中无机氮与微生物量氮的影响。结果表明,两季作物氮肥施用量减少25%和40%,对玉米产量、生物量及植株体内氮累积量未产生明显影响,氮肥利用率提高。不同氮肥施用量对根际和非根际土壤铵态氮含量的影响不显著;减少氮肥施用量,对玉米根际土壤硝态氮含量也没有明显影响。在玉米苗期、抽雄期和成熟期,习惯高施氮量处理的非根际土壤硝态氮含量较高,其中抽雄期,非根际土壤硝态氮含量较氮肥减施40%用量处理高出近一倍,但非根际土壤微生物量氮水平含量明显降低。氮肥减施未影响根际土壤微生物量碳、氮含量,反而增加了非根际土壤微生物量碳、氮水平。在高肥力的潮土上,冬小麦/夏玉米轮作体系中适当减施氮肥并未影响玉米根际土壤氮素水平,可保证玉米稳产,实现减氮增效。 相似文献
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不同形态氮肥对玉米产量和土壤浸提性有机质的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
田间条件下,研究了不同形态氮肥(尿素、NH4+-N和NO3--N)对玉米产量、根际和非根际土壤氮和浸提性有机质的影响.结果表明,施氮处理的产量和吸氮量明显高于不施肥处理;施氮处理中,NO3--N和尿素处理开花前吸氮量显著高于NH4+-N处理,产量也略高于NH4+-N处理,但未达到显著水平;不同氮形态处理之间的土壤NH4+-N、NO3--N和浸提性有机碳(EOC)、氮(EON)没有差异;抽雄期EOC最高,与根系生长发育一致,而EON苗期相对最高.可见,在基础肥力较高的黑土上,不同形态氮肥对玉米产量、土壤养分影响不明显. 相似文献
5.
苗期干旱胁迫下施氮对玉米氮素吸收和土壤生物化学性质的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
研究苗期干旱胁迫下施氮对东北春玉米氮素吸收利用和土壤生物化学性质的影响,为区域玉米养分管理与逆境调控提供依据。研究设置水、氮二因素盆栽试验,土壤水分包括3个水平:田间持水量的30%(W0),50%(W1)和70%(W2);施氮量包括2个水平:不施氮(N0)和施氮0.24 g/kg(N1),测定不同水氮条件下玉米苗期的植株干重和氮素吸收、根际和非根际土壤的化学性质、微生物量碳、氮(MBC、MBN)及土壤酶活性。结果表明:干旱胁迫显著降低玉米苗期植株干重和氮素吸收量,其中W0条件降幅最大(分别为51.1%,43.8%)。施氮促进各水分条件下植株生长,且与水分存在显著交互作用,W2条件下施氮后植株干重和氮素吸收量的增幅最高(分别为53.7%,83.2%)。干旱胁迫提高植株的水分利用效率,但降低氮肥利用效率。施氮显著提高W2条件植株的水分利用效率,但干旱条件下则无显著影响。水、氮及其交互作用对土壤性质的影响较为复杂。总体上,苗期干旱胁迫暂时提高了根际和非根际土壤pH,显著增加根际土壤的铵态氮和硝态氮含量。MBC、MBN对干旱胁迫的响应在根际与非根际土壤之间存在相反趋势,根际土壤随干旱程度增加而提高,非根际土壤则随之下降。土壤酶活性方面,干旱胁迫显著影响根际土壤的硝酸还原酶和亚硝酸还原酶活性。施氮增加所有水分条件下根际和非根际土壤的pH和铵态氮、硝态氮含量,其中根际土壤的增幅高于非根际土壤。施氮显著增加各水分条件下根际和非根际土壤的MBC、MBN、脲酶和硝酸还原酶活性,但显著降低根际和非根际土壤亚硝酸还原酶活性。水氮交互作用显著影响根际土壤的亚硝酸还原酶、非根际土壤的脲酶、亚硝酸还原酶和FDA水解酶活性。根际、非根际土壤各生物化学性质之间均存在显著的相关关系,而且根际土壤除土壤亚硝酸还原酶外的各指标均与植株氮素吸收和氮肥利用效率呈正相关。苗期干旱显著抑制玉米植株生长和氮素吸收,并对土壤生物、化学性质造成显著影响。施氮对植株和土壤性质的影响在不同水分条件下存在差异,而且植株表现与土壤生物、化学性质之间存在显著相关关系。 相似文献
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探究不同磷肥施用量对油橄榄苗根系形态、根际土壤理化性质、土壤肥力相关酶活性、微生物数量、根系生理及生长发育的影响,以期确定油橄榄苗期最优的磷肥施用量,为油橄榄植株培育提供科学合理的施肥依据。结果显示:(1)增施适量磷肥可降低根际土壤pH值,提高根际土壤有机质、有效磷含量,根际土壤碱解氮含量有所下降;增施适量磷肥还可增强根际土壤碱性磷酸酶、蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶活性,而脲酶活性降低;增加根际土壤细菌、放线菌、解磷菌数量及细菌与真菌比值(B/F),降低真菌数量,改善油橄榄根际土壤性质;(2)增施适量磷肥可提高油橄榄根系中脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白及可溶性糖含量,增强根系活力,增加根系含水量、油橄榄根长、根表面积和根尖数,促进根系生长,优化根系空间分布;(3)增施适量磷肥使油橄榄株高、茎粗、地上部干重、根干重和根冠比均有一定程度的提高,对植株生长发育起到促进作用。比较6种不同磷肥施用量,以每株施用45 g磷肥对油橄榄幼苗根系生长发育和根际土壤微环境改善效果最佳。综上所述,增施适量磷肥可改善根际土壤理化性质和生物学特性,从而促进油橄榄根系及地上部分的生长发育。 相似文献
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连续三年减施氮肥对潮土玉米生长及根际土壤氮素供应的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
8.
华北平原玉米种植中施入氮肥的去向研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了定量研究玉米氮肥利用特性以及肥料氮的去向,设计了~(15) N标记微区控制试验,设置3个施氮水平:不施氮肥(对照)、低氮处理(120kg N/hm~2)和高氮处理(240kg N/hm~2)。结果表明:土壤中残留~(15) N量随施氮量增加而显著增加(P0.05)。在空间分布上,总体呈现出随土壤深度先下降后上升的趋势,高氮处理和低氮处理~(15) N累积量均以40—60cm和60—80cm土层最多,这两层残留~(15) N总量分别占总投入量的37.55%和18.99%。与对照相比,施氮处理均显著提高了玉米地上、地下生物量和籽粒产量以及各部分吸氮量。虽然高氮处理较低氮处理施氮量增加了1倍,但籽粒产量仅增加0.14倍。氮肥农学效率与氮肥表观利用率随着施氮量增加而显著降低。高氮处理和低氮处理中玉米对~(15) N标记氮肥的利用率分别为28.86%和31.15%,土壤氮残留率分别为50.42%和36.52%,当季进入地下水的比率分别为4.27%和0.68%,其他损失率分别为16.45%和32.33%。研究结果表明,施氮量为120kg/hm~2可有效增加玉米产量,同时提高氮肥利用率,减少土壤氮累积,减小氮肥施用产生的环境污染风险。 相似文献
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味精废浆对西瓜根际土壤生物学特征的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为了探讨味精废浆与化肥配施对西瓜根际土壤环境的作用效果以丰乐一号西瓜为试材,通过大田试验,利用平板计数法和末端限制性片段长度多态性分析(T-RFLP)技术,研究了T1(尿素提供100%的氮)、T2(味精废浆和尿素分别提供10%和90%的氮)、T3(味精废浆和尿素分别提供30%和70%的氮)和T4(味精废浆和尿素各提供50%的氮)等处理对西瓜根际土壤微生物数量、微生物量碳和氮、根系分泌物及细菌群落结构多样性的影响。结果表明:与T1处理相比,T3处理显著增加了根际土壤细菌数、放线菌数、微生物总量及微生物量碳、氮含量,而对真菌数的影响较小,其中细菌数、微生物量碳和氮含量分别增加53.59%、39.80%和45.59%;明显提高了根际土壤中根系分泌物含量。同T3处理相比,T2和T4处理对根际土壤微生物数量及根系分泌物含量的影响较小。此外,T3处理的细菌群落结构的丰富度及多样性指数最高,分别比T1处理提高91.79%和97.31%,差异达显著水平(p0.05);同时也明显高于T2处理,但与T4处理差异不显著。综合分析认为,配施味精废浆可有效改善西瓜根际土壤的微生态环境,而味精废浆与化肥的搭配比例是关键因素。 相似文献
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蚯蚓粪配施化肥对玉米根际土壤生物学特征的影响 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
[目的]探讨蚯蚓粪与化肥配施对玉米根际土壤生物学性状的作用效果,为土壤培肥制度的建立与玉米的合理施肥提供理论依据。[方法]通过大田试验,研究CF(单施化肥)、VC(蚯蚓粪)与VC+CF(蚯蚓粪和化肥各提供50%的氮)等处理对玉米根系分泌物、根际土壤微生物数量、酶活性与腐殖质组成的影响。[结果]同CF处理相比,VC+CF处理显著提高了根系分泌物含量,并明显提高了根际土壤中微生物数量、微生物量碳含量及脲酶、蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶、中性磷酸酶活性,其中细菌数分别较CK,CF与VC处理提高124.32%,62.99%和15.45%,脲酶活性分别高出44.27%,23.53%和12.50%。此外,VC+CF处理亦显著提高了根际土壤中胡敏酸、富里酸含量和胡/富比。同VC+CF处理相比,VC处理对玉米根际土壤生物学特征的影响较小。[结论]蚯蚓粪与化肥配施能较好地改善玉米根际区域的微生态环境。 相似文献
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A study of soil and fertilizer phosphorus intake by Barley plants,using Radioactive tracer technique
Introduction Phosphorus applied on a phosphate deficient soil, by increasing the root development of the plant, or by stimulating the soil microflora especially in the rhizosphere, may increase the amount of phosphorus which the plant takes up from the soil. This present paper is a report on a pot culture investigation of such an effect of added phosphorus. 相似文献
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Human activity has increased the amount of N entering terrestrial ecosystems from atmospheric NO3− deposition. High levels of inorganic N are known to suppress the expression of phenol oxidase, an important lignin-degrading enzyme produced by white-rot fungi. We hypothesized that chronic NO3− additions would decrease the flow of C through the heterotrophic soil food web by inhibiting phenol oxidase and the depolymerization of lignocellulose. This would likely reduce the availability of C from lignocellulose for metabolism by the microbial community. We tested this hypothesis in a mature northern hardwood forest in northern Michigan, which has received experimental atmospheric N deposition (30 kg NO3−-N ha−1 y−1) for nine years. In a laboratory study, we amended soils with 13C-labeled vanillin, a monophenolic product of lignin depolymerization, and 13C-labeled cellobiose, a disaccharide product of cellulose degradation. We then traced the flow of 13C through the microbial community and into soil organic carbon (SOC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and microbial respiration. We simultaneously measured the activity of enzymes responsible for lignin (phenol oxidase and peroxidase) and cellobiose (β-glucosidase) degradation. Nitrogen deposition reduced phenol oxidase activity by 83% and peroxidase activity by 74% when compared to control soils. In addition, soil C increased by 76%, whereas microbial biomass decreased by 68% in NO3− amended soils. 13C cellobiose in bacterial or fungal PLFAs was unaffected by NO3− deposition; however, the incorporation of 13C vanillin in fungal PLFAs extracted from NO3− amended soil was 82% higher than in the control treatment. The recovery of 13C vanillin and 13C cellobiose in SOC, DOC, microbial biomass, and respiration was not different between control and NO3− amended treatments. Chronic NO3− deposition has stemmed the flow of C through the heterotrophic soil food web by inhibiting the activity of ligninolytic enzymes, but it increased the assimilation of vanillin into fungal PLFAs. 相似文献
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The use of environmental radionuclides as tracers in soil erosion and sedimentation investigations: recent advances and future developments 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
Although much of the recent attention on the environmental problems has focused on climatic change, there is also increasing concern that accelerated soil erosion and associated land degradation represent a major problem for sustainable development and environmental protection. There is an urgent need to obtain reliable quantitative data on the extent and rates of soil erosion worldwide to provide a more comprehensive assessment of the magnitude of the problems and to underpin the selection of effective soil conservation measures. The use of environmental radionuclides, in particular 137Cs, affords an effective and valuable means for studying erosion and deposition within the landscape. The key advantage of this approach is that it can provide retrospective information on medium-term (30–40 years) erosion/deposition rates and spatial patterns of soil redistribution, without the need for long-term monitoring programmes. Advantages and limitations of the technique are highlighted. The launching of two closely linked International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) research networked projects in 1996 involving some 25 research groups worldwide has made a major contribution to co-ordinating efforts to refine and to standardise the 137Cs technique. The efficacy and value of the approach has been demonstrated by investigations in a number of environments. Significant developments that have been made to exploit its application in a wide range of studies are reported in this review paper. Other environmental radionuclides, such as unsupported 210Pb and 7Be offer considerable potential for use in soil erosion investigations, both individually and complementary to 137Cs. The IAEA through research networks and other mechanisms is promoting further development and applications of these radionuclides in soil erosion and sedimentation studies for a sustainable resource use and environmental protection. 相似文献
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《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(1-2):265-271
This trial was carried out to study the evolution of the nutrient parameters of the nutrient solution applied to tomato plants (Lycopersicum sculentum Mill. Forteza) cultivated in Mediterranean greenhouse conditions under different fertigation management models. The dynamic model is based on soil water content, which was measured by tensiometers, and on soil solutions obtained with suction cups (porous ceramic cup water samplers). The local traditional method consists of following technical recommendations, and the classical model requires the estimation of Crop Factor (Kc) and knowing the nutrient extraction. Nutrient solution and water applied are functions of the fertigation management criteria. The water used for fertigation was classified as C4-S3 according to the Riverside classification system. The cultivation period lasted from 15 August to 20 April. The nutrient parameters studied in nutrient and soil solution were pH, electrical conductivity (EC), nitrate (NO3 ?), phosphate (H2PO4 ?), potassium (K+), calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), sodium (Na+), and chloride (Cl?). The pH shows similar trends under the different treatments. Electrical conductivity is in the range of 2.8–4.5 dS m?1. Chloride, sodium, magnesium, and sulfate are exclusively modified by the salt concentration in the irrigation water, so it can be assumed that the three treatments vary equally. Nitrate, potassium, phosphate, and calcium are modified depending on each fertigation management method. Soil solution is modified by the nutrient solution applied. Dynamic management allows low nutrient concentration in the nutrient solution to be maintained and keeps soil nutrient concentration low, reducing fertilizer losses and therefore aquifer contamination. 相似文献
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As part of a research program on the transfer withinfreshwater ecosystems of the radionuclides present inthe weakly radioactive liquid effluents from nuclearpower stations, this article presents an assessment ofthe dynamics of zooplankton contamination from water.The experiments were carried out on young pre-adultdaphnids, placed at a density of 250 individualsL-1, in 0.45 m filtered river water. Inorder to maintain the radionuclide contamination at ahigh level and to limit alterations in the chemicalcharacteristics of the medium, the water was reneweddaily. The dynamics of contamination were described bya one (137Cs) or a two compartmental model(110mAg, 60Co and 54Mn), taking intoaccount the fluctuations of the radionuclideconcentration in the water, as well as the growth rateof the daphnids. The contamination levels weredescribed by the steady state value of theconcentration factor, which was 2870 mL g-1 wetweight, 320 mL g-1 wet weight, 265 mL g-1wet weight and 30 mL g-1 wet weight, for110mAg, 54Mn, 60Co and 137Cs,respectively. During the depuration phase,radioactivity decrease in daphnids was a very fastphenomenon indicating that radionuclide adsorption tothe surface was the major process involved in thecontamination of daphnids. The two correspondinghalf-lives of the depuration kinetics were 10 min and7 d, 20 min and 1 d and 3 hr and 1.5 d for60Co, 110mAg and 54Mn, respectively.The loss of 137Cs was characterised by a singlehalf-life of 0.3 d. 相似文献
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Skwarzec Bogdan Boryło Alicja Strumińska Dagmara I. 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2004,159(1):165-173
The aim of the work was to determine the concentration of 234U and 238U and calculate the values of the 234U/238U activity ratio in samples of living organisms, bottom water, surface and interstitial water and also sediments from the various regions of southern Baltic Sea. The knowledge of 234U/238U activity ratio in ecosystem allows getting know about the mechanisms and processes of uranium transport and origin.The activities of the analyzed uranium radionuclides in samples were measured using alpha spectrometry. The results of researches revealed diversified concentrations of uranium in the sediments of the southern Baltic Sea (sea and coastal waters) and increase of uranium with sediment depth, suggesting the diffusion of uranium from sediments to water through interstitial water and diagenesis processes in sediment material. The nuclides of uranium 234U and 238U were radioactive state equilibrium in most of the sediments. The values of the 234U/238U activity ratio oscillate around one. In bottom, surface, interstitial water and living organisms mean values of the 234U/238U activity ratio are between 1.12 and 1.15. Higher uranium concentration was observed in samples of sediments and seawater after flood in 1997 and torrential rainfalls in 2000–2001. River waters are characterized by higher 234U/238U activity ratio. The values of the 234U/238U activity ratio equal 1.27 in sediments and 1.34–1.38 in seawater indicate the influence of fresh waters. 相似文献
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Hiromi Nakanishi Houdo Tanaka Kouki Takeda Keitaro Tanoi Atsushi Hirose Seiji Nagasaka 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2013,59(6):801-808
AbstractRadioactivity levels of cesium (Cs)-134 and 137Cs in bamboo [Phyllostachys reticulata (Rupr) K. Koch] sprouts grown from April to June 2011 over a wide area (including Fukushima Prefecture) were elevated (max. 3100 Bq kg?1 fresh weight) after the Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. (TEPCO) Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant disaster in March 2011. Bamboo sprouts in 2012 also contained high radioactivity levels. Radioactivity imaging analysis of bamboo sprouts harvested in 2012 showed increasing concentration gradients of radioactivity from the lower parts to the top of the sprouts. The peels were individually separated from the sprouts, and the inner edible part (trunk) was cross-sectioned at the internodal sections from the top to the lower parts. Each segmented trunk and its corresponding peel were analyzed for radioactive cesium (134Cs and 137Cs) and stable cesium (133Cs). The concentrations of 134Cs and 137Cs showed significant increases from the lower part to the top, whereas 133Cs showed an almost constant value in the trunk and peel except in the peel of the top node. We speculated that 134Cs and 137Cs in newly emerging bamboo sprouts in 2012 were translocated mainly from various plant tissues (where the fallout was layered on the bamboo tissues) in older bamboo, while 133Cs was translocated from the soil through the roots of the new bamboo sprouts and was present in the roots and stems. 相似文献
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Direct plant uptake of organic nitrogen (N) is often studied using the dual-labeling approach (15N + 13C or 15N + 14C). However, the method might be hampered by uptake of labeled inorganic carbon (C) produced by mineralization of labeled organic compounds. Here we report the results from a triple labeling experiment (15N + 13C + 14C) investigating whether root uptake of labeled inorganic C can bias the results obtained in studies of organic N uptake using dual-labeled amino acids (15N, 13C). In a rhizosphere tube experiment we investigated 13C and 14C uptake by maize either supplied with labeled glycine or , but found no differences in uptake rates between these C-sources. The uptake of inorganic C to the shoot tissue was higher for maize grown in full light compared to shading, which indicates a passive uptake of inorganic C with water. We conclude that uptake of inorganic C produced by mineralization of amino acids can significantly bias the interpretations of organic N uptake studies using dual-labeling. 相似文献