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1.
长期定位施肥对旱作塿土小麦产量、养分效率及养分平衡的影响 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
《土壤通报》2017,(5):1162-1168
本文以20年塿土冬小麦-夏休闲轮作体系长期肥料定位试验为平台,探讨小麦产量、肥料利用效率及养分平衡对长期不同施肥模式的响应。试验包括7种施肥模式:不施肥(CK)、单施氮肥(N)、氮磷(NP)、氮钾(NK)、磷钾(PK)、氮磷钾(NPK)、有机肥与氮磷钾化肥配施(MNPK)。结果表明,同时施入氮肥和磷肥处理的小麦产量上升趋势显著,年均增产幅度为219~265 kg hm-2。施氮肥处理土壤氮素盈余,施磷肥处理土壤磷素盈余。以N和NK氮素盈余最多,年均盈余分别为88 kg hm-2和66 kg hm-2,MNPK土壤磷素盈余达到107 kg hm-2。同时施入氮磷肥处理(NP、NPK)显著提高了氮(磷)肥的累积表观利用率、农学效率和偏生产力,MNPK仅显著提高了氮肥的累积表观利用率、农学效率和偏生产力。除了PK和MNPK外的其它处理,土壤钾素均呈亏缺状态,以NP亏缺最严重,达到103 kg hm-2a-1。施钾肥对钾肥累积表观利用率、钾肥农学效率以及钾肥偏生产力均没有明显影响。20年后,土壤有机质、全氮、速效磷和速效钾含量均以MNPK最高。旱作塿土合理的施肥措施为氮磷配合或有机肥配合氮肥。 相似文献
2.
为探究冬小麦科学施肥技术,明确养分专家系统推荐施肥对冬小麦产量、养分积累转运与利用的影响,于2018—2019年分别在河南省鹤壁市和新乡市以冬小麦(鹤壁、新乡试验品种分别为‘郑麦7698’和‘郑麦366’)为试验材料,设置7个处理[农民习惯施肥(FP)、当地推荐施肥(ST)、养分专家系统推荐施肥(NE)、在NE基础上配施缓控释氮肥(RNE)、在NE基础上不施氮肥(NE-N)、在NE基础上不施磷肥(NE-P)、在NE基础上不施钾肥(NE-K)],探究不同施肥处理对冬小麦氮、磷、钾养分转运分配规律和肥料利用效率的影响。结果表明,冬小麦氮、磷、钾施肥量NE较FP处理分别降低16.2%、43.3%、-13.2%(鹤壁)和19.5%、48.0%、-57.9%(新乡);冬小麦产量NE与FP处理无显著性差异,RNE与FP处理存在显著性差异;NE、RNE较FP处理分别增产4.7%～6.6%、5.5%～9.6%(P0.05)。进一步研究表明,NE、RNE处理可显著增加地上部植株养分含量和积累量(P0.05),其花后干物质积累量较FP处理增加9.2%～14.0%、11.9%～18.6%;花前氮、磷素转运量和钾素转运对籽粒钾素积累贡献率均有提高,基于养分专家系统推荐施肥的氮、磷、钾肥平均利用效率分别为42.1%、19.2%、46.6%,平均农学效率分别为11.5kg·kg~(-1)、13.2 kg·kg~(-1)、13.3 kg·kg~(-1)。综上可知,小麦养分专家系统指导优化了氮、磷、钾肥的施用量和施用方法,促进了小麦对氮、磷、钾养分的吸收利用,提高了肥料利用率,具有良好的增产效果,可以在河南地区推广应用。 相似文献
3.
不同施氮水平下水稻的养分吸收、转运及土壤氮素平衡 总被引：19，自引：7，他引：12
【目的】为解决东北地区水稻合理施用氮肥问题,系统研究了不同施氮水平条件下,东北水稻产量及构成因素、养分吸收、转运、氮肥利用效率及土壤氮素平衡的变化,并探讨各养分间及其与产量间的关系,为东北地区水稻合理施氮提供理论基础。【方法】于2012~2013年在吉林省松原市前郭县红光农场,选用当地主栽水稻品种富优135和吉粳511为材料,设置施N 0、60、120、180和240 kg/hm25个水平。于水稻返青期、分蘖期、抽穗期、灌浆期及成熟期采集植株样本,分为茎鞘、叶片和籽粒三部分,测定氮、磷、钾含量,计算水稻主要生育期植株养分吸收、转运、氮素利用特性的相关参数及各养分吸收、转运与产量间的关系。水稻移栽前和收获后采集0—100 cm土壤样品,每20 cm为一层(共5层),测定铵态氮、硝态氮含量,并根据各层土壤容重计算0—100 cm土体无机氮积累量,分析土壤氮素平衡状况。【结果】施氮量60~180 kg/hm2范围内,水稻产量随着施氮水平的提高而增加,氮肥用量超过180 kg/hm2水稻产量下降。结合当年水稻和肥料价格,根据水稻产量(y)和施氮量(x)拟合方程,得出最高产量氮肥用量分别为212.8 kg/hm2和220.6 kg/hm2,施氮范围在202.2~231.6 kg/hm2之间,最佳经济产量氮肥用量分别为203.0和209.1 kg/hm2,施氮范围在192.9~219.6 kg/hm2之间。施用氮肥可显著提高水稻主要生育期氮、磷、钾吸收量,且能提高水稻抽穗期氮、磷、钾养分向籽粒的转运,施氮量180 kg/hm2处理抽穗期各养分累积量与籽粒转运量呈正比,当氮肥用量超过180 kg/hm2后,氮、磷、钾养分向籽粒转运出现负效应。氮素农学利用率和偏生产力随着施氮水平的提高而显著下降,氮肥当季回收率以施氮量180 kg/hm2处理最高。相关分析表明,水稻主要生育期氮、磷、钾的吸收、转运与产量间均存在显著或极显著的正相关性,其中灌浆期氮、磷、钾的吸收状况与产量间的相关系数最大。施用氮肥可显著提高收获后0—100 cm土壤中残留无机氮(Nmin),氮素表观损失量随施氮水平的提高而增加。【结论】适宜的氮肥用量可显著提高水稻产量,各生育时期养分吸收总量,提高水稻生育后期秸秆中氮、磷、钾向籽粒的转运量,并能降低土壤氮素表观损失量。综合考虑提高水稻产量、效益、氮肥当季回收率及维持土壤氮素平衡等因素,在本试验条件下,施氮范围在192.9~219.6 kg/hm2。 相似文献
4.
氮肥施用时期对马铃薯干物质积累转运及产量的影响 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
在相同施氮水平下,通过小区试验研究不同时期追施氮肥对马铃薯中晚熟品种克新13干物质积累、转运及块茎产量的影响.结果表明,在N 150 kg/hm2用量条件下,与全部氮肥作基肥相比,将2/3氮肥作基肥施入,1/3氮肥在块茎形成末期施用,可使块茎产量提高9.5％,商品薯产量提高19.3％(P＜0.05),收获指数提高13.2％(P＜0.05);将2/3氮肥作基肥施人,1/3氮肥在块茎形成初期施用或将全部氮肥分别在苗期和块茎形成末期施用则使块茎产量有不同程度下降,而商品薯率有所提高,但差异未达显著水平(P＞0.05).研究还表明,与全部氮肥作基肥相比,在苗期至块茎形成末期追施氮肥,都不会降低块茎中的淀粉含量和干物质含量. 相似文献
5.
为探讨辽西褐土区土壤养分供应能力,2012年和2014年采用随机区组试验研究了不同施肥处理下土壤养分供应、高粱产量及养分吸收利用的变化。试验包括CK、NPK、PK、NK和NP 5个处理,3次重复。结果表明,该试验区土壤供氮、供磷、供钾能力分别为80.9%、88.5%、97.6%。土壤供氮、磷能力为"中",供钾能力为"高",氮素是该区高粱生产首要养分限制因子。2012年NPK较PK处理增产20.5%,与NK处理产量差异不显著,2014年NPK分别较PK和NK处理增产26.9%和20.3%,2年间NPK与NP处理产量差异不显著。NPK或NP配施可显著提高高粱产量。不同施肥措施对N、P、K的吸收量以NPK和NP处理较高。施氮肥可显著降低氮素收获指数,施磷肥和钾肥对磷素和钾素收获指数无显著影响。肥料农学效率以磷肥最高,氮肥居中。肥料利用率以氮肥最高,磷肥最低。综合不同施肥处理下的养分供应能力、高粱产量、养分吸收量和利用率可知,本地区高粱施肥应加强氮肥的合理投入,并注重磷肥的合理施用。 相似文献
6.
不同氮素用量对杭白菊养分累积、转运及产量的影响 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
通过田间小区试验,研究不同施氮量对杭白菊养分积累、转运及产量的影响,以确定杭白菊最佳氮肥用量。试验设5个处理,氮素用量分别为0、90 kg/hm2、120 kg/hm2、150 kg/hm2、180 kg/hm2,以N0、N1、N2、N3、N4表示,5次重复。结果表明,不同氮素用量影响杭白菊不同时期干物质和养分的阶段积累量,但不影响其积累趋势,整个生育期内杭白菊氮、磷、钾积累量为钾氮磷。不同施氮量影响茎叶氮、磷、钾的转移效率和在不同器官中的分配比率,以不施肥处理最高,N3(150 kg/hm2)次之。在氮、磷、钾三种元素中,转运效率磷氮钾。收获期氮、磷、钾在不同器官的分配比率不同,氮素、钾素分配比率为茎花叶根,磷素分配比率为茎花根叶。各处理杭白菊花的产量在1746.232~211.3 kg/hm2之间,以N3(150 kg/hm2)处理产量最高。在本实验条件下,杭白菊的推荐施氮量为150 kg/hm2。 相似文献
7.
超高产夏玉米养分限制因子及养分吸收积累规律研究 总被引：30，自引：8，他引：22
2007年和2008年通过大田试验研究了超高产夏玉米养分限制因子和植株养分吸收积累规律。结果表明:用ASI法推荐的氮、磷、钾平衡施肥产量最高,分别达到12051.2 kg/hm2和13246.3 kg/hm2,施用氮肥平均增产8.92%,钾肥平均增产7.14%,增产效果显著,氮和钾为超高产夏玉米养分主要限制因子。超高产夏玉米植株体内氮、磷、钾的积累量均随生育期的延长而增加,到成熟期达到最大值,养分积累量的大小顺序为氮钾磷,每生产100 kg经济产量吸收养分比例N∶P2O5∶K2O为2.40∶1∶2.73。拔节期至吐丝期是养分吸收的关键时期,养分吸收速率大,积累量高,吐丝后植株仍能吸收较多的氮、磷。从出苗到吐丝期,叶片是氮、磷的分配中心,生育后期茎叶中氮、磷的转运率较高,而钾转移比例较小。超高产夏玉米整个生育期能持续吸收养分,吐丝后适当追肥保证灌浆期养分充足供应对夏玉米超高产至关重要。 相似文献
8.
钾素营养对玉米生育后期干物质和养分积累与转运的影响 总被引：36，自引：10，他引：26
为揭示钾素营养与玉米产量形成的关系,研究了3个施钾水平（K2O 0、113和225 kg/hm2）对玉米生育后期植株不同器官干重及氮、磷、钾积累和转运的影响。结果显示,施钾能显著提高玉米产量。随着施钾量的增加,玉米生育后期干物质积累的最大速率和平均速率提高,最大速率出现时间提前。玉米干物质在各器官中的分配比例随生长发育中心的转移而变化。生育后期干物质和养分由营养体向子粒转运,其中干物质和氮、磷主要来源于穗部营养体的转运,而钾则主要来源于叶片的转运。子粒中氮、磷、钾的积累量分别占总积累量的50.3%～57.1%,59.6%～67.2%和14.0%～33.3%。施钾不但能增加子粒中干物质和氮、磷、钾养分的分配比例,而且还有助于提高干物质和氮、磷、钾养分向子粒转运的转运率。氮的转运率以K1处理最大,为45.7%;干物质、磷和钾的转运率以K2处理最大,分别为7.4%、62.6%和22.4%;子粒养分中54.5%～60.6%的氮,56.0%～85.8%的磷及52.4%～100.0%的钾可以依赖于营养体的转运。 相似文献
9.
长期施肥对红壤pH、作物产量及氮、磷、钾养分吸收的影响* 总被引：36，自引：12，他引：24
在湖南祁阳典型红壤上进行不同施肥长期定位试验18年,观测了土壤pH、作物产量和氮、磷、钾养分吸收量的变化。结果表明,长期施用化学氮肥（单施氮肥、氮磷配施和氮磷钾配施）红壤pH明显下降,其中以单施氮肥降幅最大,18年降低了1.5个单位; pH降低主要发生在施肥的前8～10年,当pH下降到4.5时,其下降速度趋于缓慢并相对稳定。施用有机肥（化学肥料配施有机肥和单施有机肥）,土壤pH保持稳定或较试验开始有所升高,以单施有机肥处理pH升幅最大,升高1.0个单位。不施肥和施用化学氮肥的作物产量随着施肥年限均显著降低,其中小麦产量平均每年下降11～104 kg/hm2,玉米产量平均每年下降 24～210 kg/hm2; 而施用有机肥的作物产量保持稳定或稳定增加,其中化学肥料配施有机肥的玉米产量平均每年增加 101 kg/hm2。施用化学氮肥处理（除氮磷钾配施处理的玉米外）作物产量和氮、磷、钾养分吸收量与土壤pH均存在极显著正相关。可见,pH降低是作物产量和氮、磷、钾养分吸收降低的主要原因之一; 而施用有机肥能改善红壤酸度,尤其是化学肥料配施有机肥能获得持续高产,是红壤区的最佳施肥模式。 相似文献
10.
在重庆蔬菜基地选取30个不同肥力水平的试验田,通过莴苣大田试验和室内分析,研究不同产量水平莴苣氮、磷、钾养分吸收特征和养分效率。结果表明:同一产量水平莴苣养分的平均含量和平均吸收量均表现为钾氮磷。不同产量水平的莴苣氮、磷、钾养分含量差异均不明显,受产量影响各养分吸收量差异较大。莴苣氮、磷、钾养分的平均吸收量范围分别为17.9~81.9、2.15~11.3和21.4~129 kg·hm-2,吸收比例范围为1.00∶0.12∶1.20~1.00∶0.14∶1.58。莴苣低产水平氮、磷、钾的吸收变异均较大,其中钾的变异最大(61.50%),氮的吸收最稳定,磷次之,钾的吸收最不稳定。低产水平莴苣氮、磷、钾肥的农学效率均最高。各产量水平中,磷的农学效率最高(49.4~99.2 kg·kg-1),表观利用率最低(6.6%~12.5%)。高、中、低产量水平地力贡献率顺序为82.3%59.7%30.1%。各产量水平氮、磷、钾肥料生理效率无明显规律。 相似文献
11.
Friedman M 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》1999,47(4):1295-1319
Heat and alkali treatments of foods, widely used in food processing, result in the formation of dehydro and cross-linked amino acids such as dehydroalanine, methyldehydroalanine, beta-aminoalanine, lysinoalanine (LAL), ornithinoalanine, histidinoalanine (HAL), phenylethylaminoalanine, lanthionine (LAN), and methyl-lanthionine present in proteins and are frequently accompanied by concurrent racemization of L-amino acid isomers to D-analogues. The mechanism of LAL formation is a two-step process: first, hydroxide ion-catalyzed elimination of H(2)S from cystine and H(2)O, phosphate, and glycosidic moieties from serine residues to yield a dehydroalanine intermediate; second, reaction of the double bond of dehydroalanine with the epsilon-NH(2) group of lysine to form LAL. Analogous elimination-addition reactions are postulated to produce the other unusual amino acids. Processing conditions that favor these transformations include high pH, temperature, and exposure time. Factors that minimize LAL formation include the presence of SH-containing amino acids, sodium sulfite, ammonia, biogenic amines, ascorbic acid, citric acid, malic acid, and glucose; dephosphorylation of O-phosphoryl esters; and acylation of epsilon-NH(2) groups of lysine. The presence of LAL residues along a protein chain decreases digestibility and nutritional quality in rodents and primates but enhances nutritional quality in ruminants. LAL has a strong affinity for copper and other metal ions and is reported to induce enlargement of nuclei of rats and mice but not of primate kidney cells. LAL, LAN, and HAL also occur naturally in certain peptide and protein antibiotics (cinnamycin, duramycin, epidermin, nisin, and subtilin) and in body organs and tissues (aorta, bone, collagen, dentin, and eye cataracts), where their formation may be a function of the aging process. These findings are not only of theoretical interest but also have practical implications for nutrition, food safety, and health. Further research needs are suggested for each of these categories. These overlapping aspects are discussed in terms of general concepts for a better understanding of the impact of LAL and related compounds in the diet. Such an understanding can lead to improvement in food quality and safety, nutrition, microbiology, and human health. 相似文献
12.
The effects of cooking, roasting, and fermentation on the composition and protein properties of grain legumes and the characteristics of dough and bread incorporated with legume flours were determined to identify an appropriate pretreatment. Oligosaccharide content of legumes was reduced by 76.2–96.9% by fermentation, 44.0–64.0% by roasting, and 28.4–70.1% by cooking. Cooking and roasting decreased protein solubility but improved in vitro protein digestibility. Mixograph absorption of wheat and legume flour blends increased from 50–52% for raw legumes to 68–76, 62–64, and 74–80% for cooked, roasted, and fermented ones, respectively. Bread dough with cooked or roasted legume flour was less sticky than that with raw or fermented legume flour. Loaf volume of bread baked from wheat and raw or roasted legume flour blends with or without gluten addition was consistently highest for chickpeas, less for peas and lentils, and lowest for soybeans. Roasted legume flour exhibited more appealing aroma and greater loaf volume of bread than cooked legume flour, and it appears to be the most appropriate preprocessing method for incorporation into bread. 相似文献
13.
Barbosa J Freitas A Moura S Mourão JL Noronha da Silveira MI Ramos F 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2011,59(22):11927-11934
Nitrofurans were broadly used as an extremely effective veterinary antibiotic especially in pig and poultry production farms. Because of fears of the carcinogenic effects on humans, the nitrofurans were banned from use in livestock production in many countries, including the European Union. The present study examines the accumulation, distribution, and depletion of furaltadone and nifursol and of their tissue-bound metabolites [3-amino-5-morpholinomethyl-2-oxazolidinone (AMOZ) and 3,5-dinitro-salicylic acid hydrazine (DNSAH), respectively, in poultry edible tissues (muscle, liver, and gizzards) following administration to chickens of therapeutic and subtherapeutic concentrations of both compounds. Nitrofurans determination was performed by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, respectively, for feeds and for poultry tissues. Furaltadone and nifursol, in very low concentrations, were found in samples of muscle, liver, and chicken's gizzard collected from slaughtered animals after 5 weeks of treatment and no withdrawal time period. When a withdrawal time period of 3 weeks was respected, no detectable nitrofuran parent compounds was observed in all of the studied matrices. For AMOZ, concentrations of 270 μg/kg in meat, 80 μg/kg in liver, and 331 μg/kg in gizzard were determined after administration of a medicated feed with furaltadone (132 mg/kg), 3 weeks after withdrawal of treatment. For DNSAH, the concentration values obtained are much lower than those observed for AMOZ. For meat, liver, and gizzard, DNSAH concentrations of 2.5, 6.4, and 10.3 μg/kg, respectively, were determined, after administration of a medicated feed with nifursol (98 mg/kg), 3 weeks after withdrawal of treatment. The gizzard could be considered a selected matrix for nitrofuran residues evaluation in poultry, due to its capacity of retaining either nitrofuran parent compounds or metabolites in higher concentrations, regardless of the administered dose or of the respected withdrawal time period. 相似文献
14.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(9):751-756
Abstract The phytotoxicity of five nonessential elements (Co, V, Ti, Ag, Cr) to higher plants was studied in solution culture experiments with bush beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. C.V. Improved Tendergreen). All, but in varying degrees, tended to concentrate in roots with a decreasing gradient to stems and leaves. Cobalt was one of the more mobile of the five trace metals. Its toxicity was expressed as severe chlorosis; 43 (with 10‐5 M) and 142 (with 10‐4 M) μg Co/g dry weight in leaves resulted in severe chlorosis. Vanadium as 10‐4 M vanadate resulted in smaller plants but not in chlorosis. Leaf, stem, and root V, respectively, were 13, 8, and 881 μg/g dry weight. Titanium was somewhat mobile with considerable yield decrease at 10‐4 M; leaf, stem, and root Ti concentrations, respectively, were 202, 48, and 2420 μg/g. Symptoms were chlorosis, necrotic spots on leaves, and stunting. Silver was very lethal at 10‐4 M AgNO3; at 10‐5 M yields were greatly decreased, but plants were grown without symptoms. Leaf, stem, and root concentrations of Ag for this treatment, respectively, were 5.8, 5.1, and 1760 μg/g dry weight. Plants grown with 10‐5 N Cr2O7 were decreased in yield by about 25% with or without EDTA (ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid) while the same level of Cr2(SO4)3 was essentially without effect. For the two salts, the leaf, stem, root concentrations for Cr, respectively were 2.2 and 1.3, 0.7 and 0. 7, and 140 and 104 μg/g. Most of the trace metals studied here had interactions in the uptake and/or distribution of other elements. 相似文献
15.
Sefton MA Skouroumounis GK Elsey GM Taylor DK 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2011,59(18):9717-9746
Among plant-derived odorants, damascenone is one of the most ubiquitous, sometimes occurring as an apparent natural product but more commonly occurring in processed foodstuffs and beverages. It has been widely reported as a component of alcoholic beverages, particularly of wines made from the grape Vitis vinifera . Although damascenone has one of the lowest ortho- and retronasal detection thresholds of any odorant, its contribution to the sensory properties of most products remains poorly understood. Damascenone can be formed by acid-catalyzed hydrolyses of plant-derived apocarotenoids, in both aglycon and glycoconjugated forms. These reactions can account for the formation of damascenone in some, but not all, products. In wine, damascenone can also be subject to degradation processes, particularly by reaction with sulfur dioxide. 相似文献
16.
Christopher W Rogers Gongshe Hu Robert Mikkelsen 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2017,48(22):2678-2686
Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is a cereal grown for animal feed, human consumption, and malting. Nutrient concentrations are important as they provide information regarding the dietary values of barley consumed by animals or human beings. In addition, grain nutrient removal may be useful for refining fertilizer recommendations. A study was conducted in 2015 and 2016 investigating the cultivar effects on grain yield, quality, and grain nutrient concentrations and removal under irrigated conditions for two-row barley cultivars. Adjunct and feed cultivars produced the highest yields compared with the all-malt and food cultivars. Specific quality and nutrient values were greater than or equal to in the food cultivar compared to the malt or feed cultivars. Variations in nutrient concentrations were measured among the adjunct and all-malt cultivars, which could potentially affect the malting and brewing qualities. Grain yield, quality, nutrient concentrations and nutrient removal varied among cultivars grown under identical environmental conditions, which may influence end-use. 相似文献
17.
Llobet JM Falcó G Casas C Teixidó A Domingo JL 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2003,51(3):838-842
This study was designed to estimate the dietary intake of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), and lead (Pb) by the general population of Catalonia, Spain. The concentrations of these elements were determined in food samples randomly acquired in seven cities of Catalonia between June and August 2000. A total of 11 food groups were included in the study. As, Cd, Hg, and Pb levels were measured by ICP-MS and AAS. The dietary intake of these elements was determined by a total diet study. Calculations were carried out on the basis of recent data on the consumption of the selected food items. Trace element intake was estimated for five population groups: children, adolescents, male and female adults, and seniors. The highest dietary intakes of As (223.6 microg/day), Cd (15.7 microg/day), Hg (21.2 microg/day), and Pb (28.4 microg/day) corresponded to male adults. For all analyzed elements, fish and shellfish was the group showing the highest contribution to the respective intakes. In comparison with previous results, a general decrease in As, Cd, Hg, and Pb intake has occurred. The dietary intake of these elements was also compared with the provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI). Dietary intakes of As, Cd, Hg, and Pb by the population of Catalonia are currently well below the respective PTWIs. 相似文献
18.
N Beaulieu C Gagné E G Lovering 《Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists》1986,69(1):178-179
A liquid chromatographic procedure has been developed for the assay, content uniformity, and identification of single active ingredient formulations of desipramine, fluphenazine, and promazine. The drugs are extracted from formulations with methanol or dilute hydrochloric acid and quantitated against an internal standard (norephedrine). The drugs are identified by comparison of retention times with those of the reference standards. 相似文献
19.
Rababah TM Hettiarachchy NS Horax R 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2004,52(16):5183-5186
The total phenolics and antioxidant activities of fenugreek, green tea, black tea, grape seed, ginger, rosemary, gotu kola, and ginkgo extracts, vitamin E, and tert-butylhydroquinone, were determined. Grape seed and green tea were analyzed for their phenolic constituents using high-performance liquid chromatography. The total phenolics of the plant extracts, determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method, ranged from 24.8 to 92.5 mg of chlorogenic acid equivalent/g dry material. The antioxidant activities of methanolic extracts determined by conjugated diene measurement of methyl linoleate were 3.4-86.3%. The antioxidant activity of the extracts using chicken fat by an oxidative stability instrument (4.6-10.2 h of induction time) followed a similar trend in antioxidant activity as determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method. Seven phenolics in grape seed and green tea extracts were identified that ranged from 15.38 to 1158.49 and 18.3 to 1087.02 mg/100 g of extract, respectively. Plant extracts such as green tea and grape seed extracts can be used to retard lipid oxidation in a variety of food products. 相似文献
20.
A Macherius T Eggen WG Lorenz T Reemtsma U Winkler M Moeder 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2012,60(32):7785-7791
Many xenobiotics entering wastewater treatment plants are known to be persistent during wastewater treatment and tend to adsorb to sewage sludge. The application of sewage sludge as fertilizer in agriculture may pose the risk of an incorporation of xenobiotics in the cultivated plants and, finally, an inclusion into the food chain. This study was performed to investigate the uptake of common sewage sludge contaminants, galaxolide, tonalide, and triclosan, by plants used for human consumption and livestock feeding. Barley, meadow fescue, and four carrot cultivars were sown and grown in spiked soils under greenhouse conditions. After harvesting the plants, roots and leaves were analyzed separately, and the respective bioconcentration factors were calculated. In carrots, a concentration gradient of the xenobiotics became evident that decreased from the root peel via root core to the leaves. A significant influence of the differing root lipid contents on the uptake rates cannot be supported by our data, but the crucial influence of soil organic carbon content was confirmed. Barley and meadow fescue roots incorporated higher amounts of the target substances than carrots, but translocation into the leaves was negligible. The results indicated that an introduction of persistent semi- and nonpolar xenobiotics into the food chain via edible plants like carrots could be of certain relevance when sludge is applied as fertilizer. Due to low rates found for the translocation of the xenobiotics into the aerial plant parts, the entrance pathway into food products via feeding livestock is less probable. 相似文献