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1.
E. TZIMAS 《European Journal of Soil Science》1979,30(3):529-534
Soil water properties of an undisturbed uniform soil monolith were studied under laboratory conditions. Water content, hydraulic conductivity and soil water suction were measured simultaneously on a full cycle starting from saturation, drying to a small water content and then wetting until saturation was reached again. The results showed clearly the hysteretic nature of the relations between water content and suction and between hydraulic conductivity and suction, but not between hydraulic conductivity and water content. 相似文献
2.
灌溉水质对土壤水力性质和物理性质的影响 总被引：20，自引：1，他引：19
本文研究了灌溉水质对田间原状土壤非饱和导率水率的影响及其机理,研究结果表明,灌溉水质对土壤导水率有显著影响,随灌溉水矿化度增加,土壤导水率变大,而灌溉水钠吸附比（ＳＡＲ）则有相反的作用,ＳＡＲ愈高,土壤导水率愈低,本文还研究了灌溉水非常低的矿化度对土壤导水率产生的不可逆效应以及表土和度土导水率的差异,同时还研究了灌溉水质对土壤物理性质的影响。 相似文献
3.
Influence of simulated rainfall on physical properties of a conventionally tilled loess soil 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Wouter Schiettecatte Ke Jin Yuqing Yao Wim M. Cornelis Junjie Lu Huijun Wu Koen Verbist Dianxiong Cai Donald Gabriels Roger Hartmann 《CATENA》2005,64(2-3):209
Rainfall simulations were conducted on a loess derived silt loam soil (Henan province, P.R. China) under conventional tillage. This tillage practice is widespread and involves the turning of the plough layer and the wheat stubble in July (primary tillage), followed by a secondary tillage operation in October. Soil samples were collected and in situ measurements were done before each rainfall simulation in order to analyse soil physical properties after successive simulated rainfall events. The purpose of this study was to determine rainfall induced changes in saturated hydraulic conductivity, bulk density, penetration resistance, water retention and soil erodibility. The results only showed significant differences in soil bulk density and erodibility when applying successive rainfall events. Penetration resistance and water retention (at matric potentials ≤ − 3 kPa) were not significantly affected and soil surface sealing was not observed. This was also confirmed by the infiltration measurements, where no significant differences in saturated hydraulic conductivity were found. From a soil conservation point of view, this study indicated that the primary tillage operation (i.e. ploughing at the beginning of July) is rather disadvantageous: the saturated hydraulic conductivity is not significantly affected, but the soil erodibility is considerably higher in comparison to a consolidated soil. Furthermore, the beneficial effects of the wheat stubble on soil and water conservation are lost by the tillage operation. 相似文献
4.
利用计算机断层扫描技术研究土壤改良措施下土壤孔隙 总被引：12，自引：5，他引：7
为探明不同土壤结构改良措施（秸秆覆盖、免耕、有机肥、保水剂）对土壤孔隙特征及分布的影响,采用计算机断层（computed tomography,CT）扫描法定量分析了土壤孔隙的数目、孔隙度及孔隙在土壤剖面上的分布特征。结果表明：不同措施均提高了土壤总孔隙数、大孔隙数及0.13～1.0 mm孔隙数,且其孔隙度也相应提高。同时孔隙成圆率也得到了改善。各处理中以有机肥和免耕处理效果较佳,其次为保水剂和秸秆覆盖,对照最低。此外,不同措施显著提高了土壤的田间持水量和＞0.25 mm 水稳性团聚体含量,降低了土壤容重,且各处理中,仍以有机肥和免耕处理效果最佳,其田间持水量分别较对照提高了15.9%和16.4%,而土壤容重较对照降低了6.8%和8.8%。相关分析表明：田间持水量、容重和＞0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量与土壤总孔隙度和大孔隙度呈显著或极显著正相关;而土壤容重对于总孔隙度和大孔隙度及孔隙成圆率呈显著负相关。 相似文献
5.
利用CT数字图像和网络模型预测近饱和土壤水力学性质 总被引：7，自引：2，他引：5
在近饱和状态下,土壤的有效水力学性质主要取决于较大孔隙的结构特征,而这又决定了土壤中的优势流通道以及溶质的运移.基于孔隙形态学特征的网络模型可以很好的表现出较大孔隙的几何形态与拓扑特征对有效水力学性质的影响.本文通过对连续土壤切片CT图像的分析,定量获取了土壤孔隙的大小分布以及连通性参数.在此基础上建立了相关网络模型,在孔隙尺度上模拟了土壤中的水分运动过程并预测了近饱和土壤水力学性质.实验结果表明,虽然随机网络模型对室内填装土样本水力学性质的预测结果要优于相关网络模型,但是结合了实测孔隙形态特征的相关网络模型能够表现出田间原状土样本的双重孔隙度结构,其预测结果更符合实际的土壤结构特征. 相似文献
6.
7.
Soil hydraulic properties as related to soil structure 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
8.
K.M. Turpin D.R. Lapen M.J.L. Robin E. Topp M. Edwards W.E. Curnoe G.C. Topp N.B McLaughlin B. Ball Coelho M. Payne 《Soil & Tillage Research》2007,95(1-2):120-132
Tillage action associated with liquid slurry application systems/management practices can modify soil infiltration properties. The degree or nature of such modification will depend largely on the type of tillage implement used, and the soil conditions at time of tillage activity. The specific objective of this study is to evaluate differences in soil infiltration properties, as measured using pressure infiltrometers and Guelph permeameters, resulting from the immediate tine action of two commonly used slurry application tillage implements (Kongskilde Vibro-Flex (S-tine) and the AerWay SSD (rolling aerator-type tine)) over a variety of silt–clay loam soil water content conditions. The results indicated that there were consistent negative correlations between field saturated hydraulic conductivity and soil water content for all tine-disturbed and undisturbed soil treatments. For Kongskilde, field-saturated hydraulic conductivity was, on average, lower in tine-influenced furrow bottoms, relative to those measured in undisturbed conditions at similar depths for most water content conditions. Generally, the Kongskilde tine-action reduced macropore-based infiltration in the bottom of the furrow for most soil conditions, albeit, this effect was most pronounced at the higher soil water contents. For AerWay, the tine-disturbed soils had generally higher field saturated hydraulic conductivities than undisturbed soil treatments over the observed water content range. This effect was manifested to a greater degree at higher, relative to lower observed water contents. 相似文献
9.
生物质炭对旱地红壤理化性状和水力学特性的影响 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
[目的]研究生物质炭对旱地红壤基本理化性质及水分特征曲线的影响,为红壤地区土壤改良提供依据。[方法]分层测定不同生物质炭施用量水平下的土样容重、孔隙度和有机碳含量,采用原状土压力膜法分层测定土壤的水分特征曲线。[结果]施用生物质炭能显著降低土壤的容重,提高土壤的孔隙度及有机碳含量,且随着施用量的增加,土壤容重逐渐降低,孔隙度及有机碳含量逐渐提高;随着生物质炭施用量的增加,土壤饱和含水量、田间持水量和有效水含量逐渐增加,凋萎系数逐渐减小,施用生物质炭30t/hm2的土壤处理饱和含水量、田间持水量和有效水含量最高;生物质炭施用量与土壤饱和含水量、田间持水量和有效水含量呈极显著正相关关系,与凋萎系数呈极显著负相关关系。[结论]施用生物质炭能显著提高红壤田间持水量和有效水含量。 相似文献
10.
关中平原农田土壤水力参数空间分异与模拟 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
土壤水力参数是土壤水分和污染物迁移等陆面过程数值模拟的重要基础参数。为探明关中平原农田土壤水力参数空间分异特征,建立空间分布预测模型,在关中平原网格布设124个样点,采集根层0-20 cm原状和扰动土壤样品,利用van Genuchten模型拟合获取土壤水分特征曲线,获得残余含水量(θr)、饱和含水量(θs)以及系数α和n等土壤水力参数。采用经典统计学、地统计学和结构方程方法分析了θr、θs、α和n的空间变异特征及影响因子,建立了水力参数传递函数预测模型。结果表明:θr和α为强变异,θs为中等变异,n为弱变异。θr、θs、α和n半方差函数最佳拟合模型分别为球状模型、指数模型、指数模型和球状模型。θs和n具有强烈的空间依赖性,变程分别为32.7,54.3 km;θr和α具有中等程度空间依赖性,变程均为52.8 km。土壤质地、容重、pH、有机质和海拔是影响土壤水力参数空间分布的主要因子。基于土壤理化性质和海拔建立的水力参数传递函数模型具有较好的模拟效果,可用于关中地区大尺度农田生态系统土壤水力参数的模拟预测。 相似文献
11.
Soil compaction affects hydraulic properties, and thus can lead to soil degradation and other adverse effects on environmental quality. This study evaluates the effects of three levels of compaction on the hydraulic properties of two silty loam soils from the Loess Plateau, China. Undisturbed soil cores were collected from the surface (0–5 cm) and subsurface (10–15 cm) layers at sites in Mizhi and Heyang in Shaanxi Province. The three levels of soil compaction were set by increasing soil bulk density by 0% (C0), 10% (C1) and 20% (C2) through compression and hammering in the laboratory. Soil water retention curves were then determined, and both saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity were estimated for all of the samples using standard suction apparatus, a constant head method and the hot-air method, respectively. The high level of compaction (C2) significantly changed the water retention curves of both the surface and subsurface layers of the Heyang soil, and both levels of compaction (C1 and C2) changed the curves of the two layers from the Mizhi site. However, the effects of compaction on the two soils were only pronounced below water tensions of 100 kPa. Saturated hydraulic conductivities (Ks) were significantly reduced by the highest compaction level for both sampled layers of the Heyang soil, but no difference was observed in this respect between the C0 and C1 treatments. Ks values decreased with increasing soil compaction for both layers of the Mizhi soil. Unsaturated hydraulic conductivities were not affected by soil compaction levels in the measured water volume ratio range, and the values obtained were two to five orders of magnitude higher for the Mizhi soil than for the Heyang soil. The results indicate that soil compaction could strongly influence, in different ways, the hydraulic properties of the two soils. 相似文献
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13.
There is limited information on the effects of tillage practices on soil hydraulic properties, especially changes with time. The objective of this study was to evaluate on a long-term field experiment the influence of conventional tillage (CT), reduced tillage (RT) and no-tillage (NT) on the dynamics of soil hydraulic properties over 3 consecutive 16–18 month fallow periods. Surface measurements of soil dry bulk density (ρb), soil hydraulic conductivity (K(ψ)) at −14, −4, −1 and 0 cm pressure heads using a tension disc infiltrometer, and derived hydraulic parameters (pore size, number of pores per unit of area and water-transmission porosity) calculated using the Poiseuille's Law were taken on four different dates over the fallow period, namely, before and immediately after primary tillage, after post-tillage rains and at the end of fallow. Under consolidated structured soil conditions, NT plots presented the most compacted topsoil layer when compared with CT and RT. Soil hydraulic conductivity under NT was, for the entire range of pressure head applied, significantly lower (P < 0.05) than that measured for CT and RT. However, NT showed the largest mean macropore size (0.99, 0.95 and 2.08 mm for CT, RT and NT, respectively; P < 0.05) but the significantly lowest number of water-conducting pores per unit area (74.1, 118.5 and 1.4 macropores per m2 for CT, RT and NT, respectively; P < 0.05). Overall, water flow was mainly regulated by macropores even though they represented a small fraction of total soil porosity. No significant differences in hydraulic properties were found between CT and RT. In the short term, tillage operations significantly increased K (P < 0.05) for the entire range of pressure head applied, which was likely a result of an increase in water-conducting mesopores despite a decrease in estimated mesopore diameter. Soil reconsolidation following post-tillage rains reduced K at a rate that increased with the intensity of the rainfall events. 相似文献
14.
Soil microbes produce exudates which upon drying become water-repellent, thus altering hydraulic properties. The influence of microbial activity caused by adding plant nutrients on the hydraulic characteristics of soil aggregates is reported. Soil aggregates were collected from a field that had been fertilized with different amounts of nitrogen. Aggregates were also incubated with different nutrient treatments in the laboratory. Their sorptivity, hydraulic conductivity and water repellency were measured with a new device. Adding nitrogen was found to decrease sorptivity and hydraulic conductivity because of increased water repellency in the field. In the laboratory studies, the addition of nutrients caused severe water repellency in the soil aggregates. Respiration studies identified a large increase in biological activity following nutrient amendment which produces water-repellent materials. 相似文献
15.
Soil macropore dynamics affected by tillage and irrigation for a silty loam alluvial soil in southern Portugal 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
Soil tillage can have a significant effect on soil porosity and water infiltration. This study reports field measurements of near saturated hydraulic conductivity in an undisturbed soil under two tillage treatments, conventional tillage (CT) and minimum tillage (MT). The objective was to determine effective macro and mesoporosities, porosity dynamics during the irrigation season, and their contribution to water flow. Field observations were performed during the 1998 maize (Zea mays L.) cropping season in an Eutric Fluvisol with a silty loam texture, located in the Sorraia River Watershed in the south of Portugal. Infiltration measurements were done with a tension infiltrometer. At each location an infiltration sequence was performed corresponding to water tensions (φ) of 0, 3, 6 and 15 cm. Five sets of infiltration measurements were taken in both treatments in the top soil layer between May and September. One set of measurements was done at the depth of 30 cm at the bottom of the plowed layer in the CT plot. After 5 years of continuous tillage treatments the results show that regardless of the tillage treatment, saturated conductivity values K(φ0) were several times larger than near saturation conductivity K(φ3). This indicates that subsurface networks of water conducting soil pores can exist in both CT and MT maize production systems. In CT, the moldboard plow created macro and mesoporosity in the top soil layer while breaking pore continuity at 30 cm depth. This porosity was partially disrupted by the first irrigation, resulting in a significant decrease of 45% in the macropore contribution to flow. Later in the season, the irrigation effect was overlaid by the root development effect creating new channels or continuity between existing pores. In MT macroporosity contribution to flow did not show significant differences in time, representing 85% of the total flow. In both the treatments, macropores were the main contributing pores to the total flow, in spite of the very low macroporosity volumes. 相似文献
16.
Summary Vertical translocation of the introduced transposon Tn5-tagged Pseudomonas fluorescens cells was studies after irrigation of 50-cm long soil columns of loamy sand. The soil in the columns was slowly brought to saturation using groundwater, and enough water was then slowly added to permit collection of the percolated water. Introduced bacteria were transported to lower soil layers to a significantly higher degree in undisturbed soil cores than in repacked cores; water transport was hampered in both core types due to high soil bulk densities. Soil bulk density affected the degree of transport of the introduced cells; progressively more cells were translocated to deeper soil layers and into the percolation water at decreasing soil bulk densities. Repeated percolation of soil at a bulk density of 1.25 caused an increase in Tn5-tagged cell numbers in the lower soil layers and in the percolated water. Further, cells initially introduced into a dry (5.3% moisture) soil were translocated to a lesser extent than cells introduced into a wetter (13% moisture) soil. Finally, wheat roots enhanced the water-induced transport of introduced cells to the 40- and 50-cm deep soil layers and into the effluent, but not to the remaining soil layers. Large soil columns such as those used in the present study are useful in assessing the transport and survival of introduced bacterial cells in soils under a variety of simulated environmental conditions. 相似文献
17.
不同灌溉施肥模式下土壤湿胀干缩特征曲线及其滞后效应 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2
采用淹灌、间歇灌2种灌溉模式与不施氮肥、含氮复合肥、缓控释氮肥、有机无机氮肥4种施肥模式配成8个处理开展水稻种植田间试验,研究了不同灌溉施肥模式下土壤湿胀干缩特征曲线及其滞后效应。结果表明:指数模型能较好地描述不同灌溉施肥模式下的土壤收缩过程与土壤膨胀过程;各模式下土壤干缩特征曲线与湿胀特征曲线指数模型中的a值(干土的比容积,即干土体积质量的倒数)和b值(单位含水量变化时土壤比容积变化的自然对数单位值)存在差异;土壤干缩曲线与湿胀曲线不完全重合,二者的b值及其差异也不同,存在滞后现象;土壤湿胀干缩效应受多种土壤性质的影响,其中主要通过土壤孔隙结构与持水性质的影响体现。 相似文献
18.
The agricultural lands of typic tundra of the Yamal Peninsula in Russia are pastures for reindeer (Rangifer tarandus sibiricus Murr.) herds. Currently, degradation of tundra soil cover is mainly caused by mechanical impacts of tracked vehicles used in construction operations. The objective of this study was to evaluate changes in morphological, micro-structural, and physical properties of Cryozems and Cryogenic peaty soils affected by these tracked vehicles. Soil samples were taken from the surface and underlying horizons before and 5 years after four and 100 passes of tracked vehicles. Surface horizons (0–10 cm) of the undisturbed Cryozems and Cryogenic peaty soils were organogenic. Passage of tracked vehicles caused mixing of these horizons with lower sandy loam and loam mineral horizons. Properties of the organomineral horizons formed in this way differed essentially from those of the surface horizons of the undisturbed soils. Microaggregates were completely disturbed, even after only four passes of tracked vehicles. Large inter-aggregate pores disappeared and thin pores or cracks formed as a result of vehicle-induced mechanical impacts. Humification of plant residues was observed to be faster in the compacted organomineral horizons of disturbed soils compared with undisturbed ones. The organic substances formed in the compacted organomineral horizons readily moved downward within the soil profile or were lost during runoff events. High correlation coefficients of organic carbon content with both specific surface area and water retention showed that the above-mentioned organic substances were hydrophilic. Specific surface area and water retention of the disturbed soils rose with increasing organic carbon content. The results obtained in this study demonstrated a high susceptibility of Cryozems and Cryogenic peaty soils to mechanical impacts. 相似文献
19.
Mechanisms of soil vulnerability to compaction of homogenized and recompacted Ultisols 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Soil compaction is a main cause of soil degradation in the world and the information of soil compaction in subtropical China is limited. Three main Ultisols (quaternary red clay, sandstone and granite) in subtropical China were homogenized to pass through 2 mm sieve and recompacted into soil cores at two bulk densities (1.25 and 1.45 g cm−3). The soil cores were equilibrated at different matric potential values (−3, −6 and −30 kPa) before subjected to multi-step compaction tests. Objectives of this study were to determine how different initial soil conditions and loading time intervals influence pre-compression stress and to evaluate an easy measure to determine soil vulnerability to compaction. It became evident that the soil strength indicator, pre-compression stress, was affected by soil texture, initial soil bulk density and matric potential. The coarser the soil texture, the lower the bulk density and the higher the matric potential, the lower was the pre-compression stress. The pre-compression stress decreased exponentially with increasing initial soil water content. Soil water content and air permeability decreased after compaction. The amount of water loss was affected not only by soil texture, bulk density and initial water content but also by loading time interval. These results indicate soil pore structure and hydraulic conductivity changed during compactions. The applied stress corresponding to the highest changes of pore water pressure during compaction had a significant linear relationship with the pre-compression stress (R=0.88, P<0.001). The correlation was ascribed to that the changes in pore water pressure describe the dynamics of the interactive effects of soil pore characters and soil water movement during compaction. The results suggested the evaluation of soil vulnerability to compaction have to consider the initial soil condition and an easy method to measure the changes in pore water pressure can be applied to compare soil strength and soil vulnerability to compaction. 相似文献
20.
The use of fire in rangeland management is standard practice, but the impact of fire frequency on soil physical properties is still not properly understood. In this study, the effect of fire frequency on selected physical properties was studied in a long-term burning experiment. Treatments included: no burn (control), sexennial, quadrennial, triennial, biennial and annual burns. A line intercept sampling technique was used to collect disturbed and undisturbed soil samples from the surface for analysis. Frequent burning significantly increased the aggregate stability and bulk density when compared to less frequent burning. Frequent burning resulted in lower hydraulic conductivities and water conducting macroporosity when compared to intermediate burning frequencies, likely due to lower organic carbon contents associated with frequent burning. Soil water repellency was the highest in quadrennial burned plots. The results indicate that frequent burning can have a detrimental impact on soil physical properties, but small variations in inherent soil properties (texture) have a more dominant effect on the physical properties than fire frequency management. The results emphasize the complexity related the effect of fire on soil properties and future work should include all environmental factors in order to derive sustainable burning frequencies for this site. 相似文献