首页 | 本学科首页   官方微博 | 高级检索  
相似文献
 共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
Abstract

Soil aggregate-size distribution and soil aggregate stability are used to characterize soil structure. Quantifying the changes of structural stability of soil is an important element in assessing soil and crop management practices. A 5-year tillage experiment consisting of no till (NT), moldboard plow (MP) and ridge tillage (RT), was used to study soil water-stable aggregate size distribution, aggregate stability and aggregate-associated soil organic carbon (SOC) at four soil depths (0–5, 5–10, 10–20 and 20–30 cm) of a clay loam soil in northeast China. Nonlinear fractal dimension (Dm) was used to characterize soil aggregate stability. No tillage led to a significantly greater aggregation for >1 mm aggregate and significant SOC changes in this fraction at 0–5 cm depth. There were significant positive relationships between SOC and >1 mm aggregate, SOC in each aggregate fraction, but there was no relationship between soil aggregate parameters (the proportion of soil aggregates, aggregate-associated SOC and soil stability) and soil bulk density. After 5 years, there was no difference in Dm of soil aggregate size distribution among tillage treatments, which suggested that Dm could not be used as an indicator to assess short-term effects of tillage practices on soil aggregation. In the short term, > 1 mm soil aggregate was a better indicator to characterize the impacts of tillage practices on quality of a Chinese Mollisol, particularly in the near-surface layer of the soil.  相似文献   

2.
Detailed information on the profile distributions of agronomically important soil properties in the planting season can be used as criteria to select the best soil tillage practices. Soil cores (0–60 cm) were collected in May, 2012 (before soybean planting), from soil transects on a 30‐yr tillage experiment, including no‐tillage (NT), ridge tillage (RT) and mouldboard plough (MP) on a Brookston clay loam soil (mesic Typic Argiaquoll). Soil cores were taken every 19 cm across three corn rows and these were used to investigate the lateral and vertical profile characteristics of soil organic carbon (SOC), pH, electrical conductivity (EC), soil volumetric water content (SWC), bulk density (BD), and penetration resistance (PR). Compared to NT and MP, the RT system resulted in greater spatial heterogeneity of soil properties across the transect. Average SOC concentrations in the top 10 cm layer were significantly greater in RT than in NT and MP (P = 0.05). NT soil contained between 0.8 and 2.5% (vol/vol) more water in the top 0–30 cm than RT and MP, respectively. MP soil had lower PR and BD in the plough layer compared to NT and RT soils, with both soil properties increasing sharply with depth in MP. The RT had lower PR relative to NT in the upper 35 cm of soil on the crop rows. Overall, RT was a superior conservation tillage option than NT in this clay loam soil; however, MP had the most favourable soil conditions in upper soil layers for early crop development across all treatments.  相似文献   

3.
  【目的】  探究生物炭配施化肥对不同粒级团聚体中微生物量碳、氮 (MBC、MBN) 含量和胞外酶活性的影响,分析影响团聚体胞外酶活性变化的主控因素,为提升土壤质量提供科学依据。  【方法】  田间微区试验在河南现代农业研究基地进行,供试土壤为石灰性潮土。设置4个处理:不施肥 (CK)、单施化肥 (NPK)、单施生物炭 (BC) 和生物炭配施化肥 (BC+NPK),生物炭是以花生壳为原料高温裂解制备而成,仅在试验开始前施用一次,化肥每季均施用。试验开始于2017年小麦季,于2019年9月玉米收获后采集耕层土壤样品,测定土壤养分含量,分析各粒径团聚体MBC、MBN含量和酶活性。  【结果】  与CK相比,NPK处理可显著提高耕层土壤有效磷、速效钾和硝态氮含量,BC处理可显著提高有机碳和全氮含量,BC+NPK处理则显著提高了以上各指标含量。与CK相比,BC处理显著降低了粒径2～0.25 mm团聚体MBN含量,并明显增加了该粒径的MBC/MBN值;BC+NPK处理显著增加了粒径 > 2 mm和0.25～0.053 mm团聚体中MBC含量 (增幅分别为59.57%和34.68%),也增加了耕层土壤、粒径 > 2 mm和2～0.25 mm团聚体中MBN含量 (增幅分别为17.33%、42.24%和19.28%)。与CK相比,NPK、BC和BC+NPK处理均显著增加粒径 > 2 mm团聚体微生物熵,而BC和BC+NPK处理则显著降低了耕层土壤、粒径2～0.25 mm和0.25～0.053 mm团聚体微生物熵。与CK相比,NPK和BC+NPK处理均显著提高了粒径2～0.25 mm和0.25～0.053 mm团聚体中β-葡糖苷酶、β-纤维二糖苷酶、α-葡糖苷酶和β-木糖苷酶活性;在粒径 > 2 mm团聚体中,仅BC+NPK处理明显提高了该四种酶的活性。与CK相比,NPK和BC+NPK处理均明显提高了粒径 > 2 mm团聚体中脲酶活性及粒径0.25～0.053 mm团聚体中乙酰氨基葡糖苷酶活性,仅BC+NPK处理可显著提高粒径 > 2 mm和0.25～0.053 mm团聚体中亮氨酸氨基肽酶活性。团聚体酶活性变化与MBC、MBN含量以及MBC/MBN值显著相关。粒径 > 2 mm团聚体中酶活性变化与微生物熵、全氮和MBC含量均显著相关,粒径2～0.25 mm团聚体中酶活性变化与MBC/MBN值显著相关,而粒径0.25～0.053 mm团聚体中酶活性变化与MBC含量显著相关。  【结论】  生物炭与化肥配施有利于土壤碳的固存,改善土壤微环境,提升土壤质量,且生物炭添加到土壤中有较长的后效。  相似文献   

4.
连续秸秆还田和免耕对土壤团聚体及有机碳的影响   总被引：10，自引：3，他引：7  
选取湖北省武穴市8年田间定位试验中的传统耕作(CT)、秸秆还田配合传统耕作(CTS)、免耕(NT)和秸秆还田配合免耕(NTS)4种处理,研究连续秸秆还田和免耕措施对表层(0—20cm)和亚表层(20—40cm)土壤团聚体稳定性及有机碳(SOC)的影响。结果表明:CTS、NT和NTS均显著增加了表层5mm水稳性团聚体的含量和团聚体平均重量直径(MWD),秸秆还田显著增加了亚表层土壤水稳性团聚体的MWD。与CT比较,CTS、NT、NTS处理的SOC含量分别增加20.83%,21.98%,32.76%。CTS和NTS处理显著提高了表层5,5~2,0.25mm团聚体中SOC含量,NT则显著提高了5,5~2mm团聚体中SOC含量;CTS显著增加了亚表层0.25 mm团聚体中SOC的含量。秸秆还田增加了表层土壤的碳(C)、氢(H)、氮(N)和氧(O)的含量,免耕降低了H的含量,增加了其他3种元素的含量,但是免耕处理增加了亚表层土壤中H的含量。NT和NTS处理较CT和CTS处理降低了土壤的H/C值,表明土壤的脂肪族成分在不断增加。秸秆还田主要增加了土壤中醇、酚类,芳香类,脂肪族化合物和碳水化合物的含量,而免耕主要增加脂肪族化合物的含量。这些有机组分的增加有助于团聚体稳定性的增强。  相似文献   

5.
The dynamics of soil organic carbon (SOC) is imperative for maintaining soil quality. Our objective was to investigate the effects of tillage practices on SOC and its fractions at the depth (0–60 cm) of Chromic Cambisol profile in northern China. The experiment including no-tillage with straw mulch (NTSM) and conventional tillage (CT). Our results indicated that differences in SOC concentration and stock were primarily evident in the 0–10 cm layer. The particulate organic matter carbon (POM-C), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and microbial biomass carbon (MBC) levels in the top layers (0–10 cm) under the NTSM treatment were 28.5, 26.1 and 51.0% higher than CT. A positive correlation was observed between these labile C fractions and the SOC, and POM-C was the much more sensitive indicator of SOC quality than MBC and DOC. NTSM was unable to sustain the greater yields, and from 2006 to 2011, the mean maize yield for NTSM was significantly lower than that for CT (P < 0.05). NTSM resulted in higher SOC content and stocks in dryland farming systems but lower crop yields is a concern which needs to be addressed in order to make these systems acceptable to the farming community.  相似文献   

6.
The study was based on data from selected long-term field trials established at the Experimental Fields of the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, Novi Sad (Serbia). The effect of tillage systems on SOC concentration and SOC stock was most pronounced at 0–10 cm depth. In a 0–40 cm soil layer, in a 7-year period, no-till (NT) sequestrated 863 kg SOC ha?1 yr?1 more compared to moldboard plow tillage (PT), while the effects of disc tillage (DT) and chisel tillage (CT) were not significantly different. Unfertilized three-crop rotation (CSW) compared to two-crop rotation (CW) enhanced SOC storage in a 0–30 cm soil layer by 151 kg C ha?1 yr?1 in a 56-year period. Within fertilized treatments, SOC concentration was highest under continuous corn (CC). Mineral fertilization (F) non-significantly increased the SOC stock compared to no fertilization in corn monoculture in a 32-year period. The incorporation of mineral fertilizers and harvest residues (F + HR) and mineral fertilizers and farmyard manure (F + FYM) sequestered 195 and 435 kg C ha?1 yr?1 more than the unfertilized plot, respectively, in a 0–30 cm soil layer, in a 35-year period. Irrigation did not significantly affect SOC sequestration.  相似文献   

7.
秸秆深还对土壤团聚体中胡敏素结构特征的影响   总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10  
朱姝  窦森  关松  郭聃 《土壤学报》2016,53(1):127-136
秸秆还田主要是覆盖和表层浅施,存在着影响种子发芽生长、土壤升温慢和病虫害增加等问题。秸秆深还(corn stover deep incorporation,CSDI)是指将玉米秸秆施入土壤亚表层(20~40 cm),不仅能解决秸秆焚烧的问题,还能达到保碳、蓄水、培肥、稳产的目的,使秸秆还田得到改善。虽对秸秆深还后胡敏素(Hu)的结构性质有一些研究,但是对秸秆深还后土壤团聚体中Hu的变化还未见报道。探究秸秆深还对土壤腐殖质的影响,可以为如何提高土地肥力、如何利用秸秆深还创建合理耕层提供理论依据。本试验采集于吉林农业大学试验站玉米连作耕地试验田,采用湿筛法将其分为2 mm、2~0.25 mm、0.25~0.053 mm和0.053 mm 4个粒级并提取Hu,通过元素组成、红外光谱和差热分析研究秸秆深还对团聚体中Hu结构特征的影响。结果表明:用此方法制备的黑土Hu的平均含碳量为721 g kg-1;H/C的平均值为0.776;Hu的缩合度高于相应的HA;秸秆深还促使土壤表层和亚表层团聚体中Hu的氧化度降低,脂族链烃减少,活性结构增多,稳定性降低,Hu的结构趋于简单化、年轻化。  相似文献   

8.
Soil organic carbon (SOC) in mineral soil accounts for a large portion of total ecosystem carbon (C) in boreal forests. We evaluated the effects of stand age and disturbance origin on SOC, soil aggregate stability, and aggregate-associated SOC in the boreal forests of Ontario, Canada. Mineral soils at 0–15 cm depth were sampled in 27 stands of six post-fire age classes (2- to 203-year-old) and three post-clearcut age classes (2- to 29-year-old), each with three replications. In post-fire stands, the SOC pool increased from 2- and 10-year-old to 29-, 85- and 140-year-old, and then decreased in 203-year-old stands. Aggregate-associated SOC showed a similar trend. Abundance of water stable aggregates (>0.25 mm in diameter) was the highest in 2-year-old stands. Compared with the same-aged post-fire stands, the SOC pool and aggregate-associated SOC were higher, and aggregate stability was lower in 2- and 10-year-old post-clearcut stands. But the differences in SOC pool, aggregate-associated SOC, and aggregate stability between the two stand origins diminished or became less dramatic in 29-year-old stands. Our results indicate that aggregate stability is more dependent on thermal modification of SOC by fire than on aggregate-associated SOC. Our results also show higher SOC pool and aggregate-associated SOC but lower aggregate stability in post-clearcut than post-fire stands shortly after disturbance; however, differences between the two stand origins diminish when stands become older.  相似文献   

9.
Although many studies suggest that no-tillage (NT) increases soil organic carbon (SOC) within the soil profile relative to mouldboard ploughing, other studies indicate that no net change occurs. The latter studies suggest that NT only stratifies the SOC, where a near-surface increase in SOC is offset by a concomitant decrease in the subsurface. We examined the SOC distribution and stocks in a cool, humid Brookston clay (Typic Argiaquoll) soil under four soil management systems with a corn–soybean rotation. The objectives of this study were to compare the profile distribution and total amount of SOC under long-term (21 years) NT and mouldboard plough (MP) tillage with the changes that occur over 8 years when 13-years continuous NT is converted to MP, and when 13-years continuous MP is converted to NT. In the top 5 cm of soil, the long-term NT management accumulated greater SOC compared with the long-term MP treatment. However, this near-surface increase was offset by lower SOC concentrations in the 10–20 cm depth, resulting in similar total amounts of SOC stored in 0–20 cm for both long-term NT and MP. The SOC stratification that existed after 13 years of NT management was eliminated with one mouldboard ploughing operation, however the total SOC content in the plough layer of the new-MP treatment remained relatively constant over the subsequent 8 years. Soil organic carbon stratification was evident in the new no-tillage treatment 3 years after the cessation of tillage. The continuous build-up of SOC in the surface of new-NT soils was associated with no change in the total amount of SOC in the plough layer relative to long-term NT. This implies that the diminution of SOC in the 10–20 cm depth was at the same rate as the accumulation of SOC in the 0–5 cm depth. Although there was no net effect of tillage on total carbon stocks in this fine-textured soil, SOC stratification required several years to build-up after adoption of NT, but only a single year to destroy under MP.  相似文献   

10.
以秸秆焚烧后覆盖的耕层土壤为对象,研究秸秆焚烧对不同耕层土壤酶(过氧化氢酶,磷酸酶,脲酶和多酚氧化酶)活性、微生物数量的影响,并探讨土壤有机质含量、含水量、速效养分、微生物数量的增减程度与土壤酶活性增减程度的相关性。结果表明:过氧化氢酶、磷酸酶、脲酶和多酚氧化酶活性在焚烧秸秆后有不同程度的降低,其中耕层0-2cm,2-5cm土壤酶活性在焚烧前后都形成极显著性差异,5-13cm耕层的酶活性变化较小,13-20cm耕层的酶活性没变化。在微生物数量方面,焚烧秸秆导致0-2cm耕层的微生物数量大幅度减少,减少程度在80%左右,2-5cm耕层的微生物数量也有43%～52%的减少,5-13cm和13-20cm耕层的微生物数量没有变化。相关性分析表明,只有脲酶活性的降低程度与速效磷含量的增加程度达到显著相关,相关系数是0.959*。多酚氧化酶活性的降低程度与细菌、放线菌、真菌数量的降低程度均呈极显著相关性,相关系数分别是0.998**,0.999**,0.998**。同时脲酶活性的降低程度与细菌、放线菌、真菌数量的降低程度均呈显著相关性,相关系数分别是0.977*,0.974*,0.954*。  相似文献   

11.
Land use change is a key factor driving changes in soil organic carbon (SOC) around the world. However, the changes in SOC following land use changes have not been fully elucidated, especially for deep soils (>100 cm). Thus, we investigated the variations of SOC under different land uses (cropland, jujube orchard, 7‐year‐old grassland and 30‐year‐old grassland) on hillslopes in the Yuanzegou watershed of the Loess Plateau in China based on soil datasets related to soils within the 0–100 cm. Furthermore, we quantified the contribution of deep‐layer SOC (200–1,800 cm) to that of whole soil profiles based on soil datasets within the 0–1,800 cm. The results showed that in shallow profiles (0–100 cm), land uses significantly (p  < 0·05) influenced the distribution of SOC contents and stocks in surface layer (0–20 cm) but not subsurface layers (20–100 cm). Pearson correlation analysis indicated that soil texture fractions and total N were significantly (p  < 0·05 or 0·01) correlated with SOC content, which may have masked effects of land use change on SOC. In deep profiles (0–1,800 cm), SOC stock generally decreased with soil depth. But deep soils showed high SOC sequestration capacity. The SOC accumulated in the 100–1,800 m equalled 90·6%, 91·6%, 87·5% and 88·6% of amounts in the top 100 cm under cropland, 7‐year‐old grassland, 30‐year‐old grassland and jujube orchard, respectively. The results provide insights into SOC dynamics following land use changes and stressed the importance of deep‐layer SOC in estimating SOC inventory in deep loess soils. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

12.
针对黄淮海地区秸秆还田难度大不利于土壤快速培肥的问题,探讨秸秆颗粒化高量还田快速提高土壤有机碳的可行性。采用2a的田间定位试验,设置秸秆不还田(CK)、秸秆颗粒12 000 kg/hm~2(KL1)、秸秆颗粒36 000 kg/hm~2(KL3)、粉碎秸秆12 000 kg/hm~2(FS1)、粉碎秸秆36 000 kg/hm~2(FS3)5种用量30～40 cm还田处理,研究了颗粒化秸秆高、低量还田对土壤有机碳、养分元素比例平衡以及小麦-玉米产量的影响。结果表明,秸秆还田2a内对20～40、40～60 cm土层有机碳含量影响显著,其中FS1提升幅度最低,分别为7.2%(20～40cm)、5.9%(40～60cm),KL3提升幅度最高,分别为12.3%(20～40 cm)、11.1%(40～60 cm)。与粉碎还田相比,秸秆颗粒化还田能在还田1a显著提高土壤有机碳含量,KL3较FS320～40、40～60 cm土壤有机碳分别提高1.7%、1.3%,KL1较FS120～40、40～60 cm分别提高0.8%、0.7%。另外,高量还田具有大幅提高有机碳的优势,FS3较FS1分别提高20～40 cm土壤有机碳1.7%～3.9%、40～60 cm土层有机碳0.7%～3.8%,KL3较KL1分别提高20～40 cm有机碳2.4%～4.7%、40～60 cm土层1.3%～5.1%。秸秆颗粒高量还田(KL3)在各生长季均具有较高的有机碳累积速率,且总体均值最高。秸秆颗粒化高量还田能在一定程度上提高土壤碳氮比(RCN)、碳磷比(RCP)、碳钾比(RCK),促使土壤养分比向高肥力方向转化。该试验中秸秆颗粒化高量还田连续4个生长季增产4.57%、11.40%、10.87%、8.87%,增产效果显著。综上可见,秸秆颗粒36000kg/hm~2深埋还田最有利于黄淮海地区土壤有机碳的提高,在解决土壤"碳饥饿"等问题、保障农业可持续发展上具有重要意义。  相似文献   

13.
ABSTRACT

Studying changes in soil organic carbon (SOC) pools and soil microbial C substrate utilization under plastic mulching in different seasons is of great significance for improving soil fertility and sustainable agricultural development. Based on a 2-year plastic film mulching experiment in northeastern China, we investigated the SOC, labile SOC fractions under three treatments: non-mulching (NM), autumn mulching (AM) and spring mulching (SM). The results showed that SOC decreased with soil depth under the AM and SM treatments compared with the NM treatment. The microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) under the AM treatment increased significantly in the 0–10 cm soil layer, by 31.2% and 27.2% (p < 0.05), respectively. The AM treatment significantly increased the utilization of amino acids and carbohydrate C sources. Redundancy analysis (RDA) indicated that MBC was the main factor influencing microbial metabolic functional diversity and accounted for the largest variation in the 0–10 cm layer. Pearson’s correlation analysis illustrated that MBC was strongly correlated with the utilization of the microbial C substrate. We suggest that AM may be an effective and sustainable management practice for improving soil quality and maintaining microbial functional diversity in semi-arid agroecosystems in this area.  相似文献   

14.
This study investigated long‐term effects of soil management on size distribution of dry‐sieved aggregates in a loess soil together with their organic carbon (OC) and their respiratory activity. Soil management regimes were cropland, which was either abandoned, left bare fallow or cropped for 21 yr. Abandonment increased the abundance of macroaggregates (>2 mm) in the surface soil layer (0–10 cm) and reduced that of microaggregates (<0.25 mm) relative to Cropping, whereas the Fallow treatment reduced the abundance of macroaggregates at depths of 0–10 and 10–20 cm. All treatments yielded similar aggregate size distributions at a depth of 20–30 cm. The SOC content of aggregate size fractions in the surface soil from the Abandoned plots was greater (by 1.2–4.8 g/kg) than that of the corresponding fractions from the Cropped plots, but the opposite trend was observed in the subsurface soils. Conversely, the Fallow treatment reduced the SOC content of every aggregate size fraction. Smaller aggregates generally exhibited greater cumulative levels of C mineralization than larger ones. However, the bulk of the SOC losses from the soils via mineralization was associated with aggregates of >2 mm. Abandonment significantly increased the relative contribution of macroaggregates (>2 mm) to the overall rate of SOC loss, whereas the Fallow treatment significantly reduced the contribution of 0.25–2 mm aggregates to total SOC loss in the surface soil while substantially increasing their contribution in the subsurface soil.  相似文献   

15.
A variety of soil properties can directly or indirectly affect nematode community structure. The effects of subsurface clay content (at 20–40 cm depth) on nematodes in the surface layer (0–20 cm depth) of a sandy soil were examined in field experiments in Florida, USA. Plots were established in a site with a relatively uniform sandy upper soil layer (88–91% sand and 5–7% clay at 0–20 cm depth) but with varying levels of clay in the subsurface layer (3–35% clay at 20–40 cm depth). Nematode numbers in the surface soil layer were affected by the amount of clay in the subsurface layer. Population densities of a number of different nematode genera were greater in the surface layer of plots with 35% subsurface clay than in plots with 3% subsurface clay. Indices of nematode community structure were largely unaffected, since effects of subsurface clay were observed across all nematode groups. Most nematodes (70–80% of total numbers) occurred at 0–20 cm depth, although Teratocephalus was more common at 20–40 than at 0–20 cm. Subsurface clay content indirectly affected soil moisture and other environmental factors in the upper soil layer in which most nematodes reside.  相似文献   

16.
耕作与轮作方式对黑土有机碳和全氮储量的影响   总被引：10，自引：1，他引：9  
土壤有机碳(SOC)及全氮(TN)对土壤肥力、作物产量、农业可持续发展以及全球碳、氮循环等都具有重要影响。为探索不同耕作和轮作方式对耕层黑土SOC和TN储量的影响,本文以吉林省德惠市进行了8 a的田间定位试验中层黑土为研究对象,对免耕、垄作和秋翻三种耕作方式及玉米-大豆轮作和玉米连作两种轮作方式下SOC和TN在各土层的含量变化进行了分析,并采用等质量土壤有机质储量计算方法,对比分析了不同处理对0～30 cm SOC和TN储量的影响。结果表明,与试验开始前相比,玉米-大豆轮作系统中,秋翻下SOC和TN储量均有所降低;免耕显著增加了0～5 cm SOC及TN含量,但SOC在亚表层亏损,导致其储量并未增加;而垄作处理下SOC及TN含量在0～5、5～10 cm的均显著增加,0～30 cm储量亦分别增加了4.9%和10.7%。玉米连作系统的两种耕作处理(免耕和秋翻)下SOC和TN储量均有所增加,且TN储量增幅均高于玉米-大豆轮作系统,其中免耕下TN储量增幅是玉米-大豆轮作的3.2倍。所有处理下C/N均呈降低趋势,其中垄作0～5 cm C/N由12.05降至11.04,降低幅度分别是免耕和秋翻的3.2和2.8倍。综上可知,对质地黏重排水不良的中层黑土,玉米-大豆轮作系统下免耕并不是促进SOC固定的有效形式,而垄作则促进了黑土SOC和TN的积累,这不仅有利于土壤肥力的改善,而且是使农田黑土由CO2"源"变为"汇"的有效形式之一。与玉米-大豆轮作相比,玉米连作下三种耕作方式都有利于SOC和TN积累。  相似文献   

17.
Abstract

Crop management has the potential to either enhance or degrade soil quality, which in turn impacts on crop production and the environment. Few studies have investigated how crop management affects soil quality over different landscape positions. The objective of the present study was to investigate how 12 years of annual cropping system (ACS) and conservation reserve program (CRP) practices impacted soil quality indicators at summit, backslope and footslope landscape positions of a claypan soil in north-central Missouri. Claypan soils are particularly poorly drained because of a restrictive high-clay subsoil layer and are vulnerable to high water erosion. Three replicates of four management systems were established in 1991 in a randomized complete block design, with landscape position as a split-block treatment. The management systems were investigated: (1) annual cropping system 1 (ACS1) was a mulch tillage (typically ≥ 30% of soil covered with residue after tillage operations) corn (Zea mays L.)–soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) rotation system, (2) annual cropping system 2 (ACS2) was a no-till corn–soybean rotation system, (3) annual cropping system 3 (ACS3) was a no-till corn–soybean–wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) rotation system, with a cover crop following wheat, (4) CRP was a continuous cool-season grass and legume system. In 2002, soil cores (at depths of 0–7.5, 7.5–15 and 15–30 cm) were collected by landscape position and analyzed for physical, chemical and biological soil quality properties. No interactions were observed between landscape and crop management. Relative to management effects, soil organic carbon (SOC) significantly increased with 12 years of CRP management, but not with the other management systems. At the 0–7.5-cm soil depth in the CRP system, SOC increased over this period by 33% and soil total nitrogen storage increased by 34%. Soil aggregate stability was approximately 40% higher in the no-till management systems (ACS2 and ACS3) than in the tilled system (ACS1). Soil aggregation under CRP management was more than double that of the three grain-cropping systems. Soil bulk density at the shallow sampling depth was greater in ACS3 than in ACS1 and ACS2. In contrast to studies on other soil types, these results indicate only minor changes to claypan soil quality after 12 years of no-till management. The landscape had minor effects on the soil properties. Of note, SOC was significantly lower in the 7.5–15-cm soil depth at the footslope compared with the other landscape positions. We attribute this to wetter and more humid conditions at this position and extended periods of high microbial activity and SOC mineralization. We conclude that claypan soils degraded by historical cropping practices will benefit most from the adoption of CRP or CRP-like management.  相似文献   

18.
No‐till (NT) farming can restore the soil organic carbon (SOC) pool of agricultural soils, but the SOC pool size and retention rate can vary with soil type and duration of NT. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to determine the effects of NT and soil drainage characteristics on SOC accumulation across a series of NT fields on Alfisols in Ohio, USA. Sites under NT for 9 (NT9), 13 (NT13), 36 (NT36), 48 (NT48) and 49 (NT49) years were selected for the study. Soil was somewhat poorly drained at the NT48 site but moderately well drained at the other sites. The NT48 and NT49 on‐station sites were under continuous corn (Zea mays), while the other sites were farmers' fields in a corn–soybean (Glycine max) rotation. At each location, the SOC pool (0–30 cm) in the NT field was compared to that of an adjacent plough‐till (PT) and woodlot (WL). At the NT36, NT48 and NT49 sites, the retention rate of corn‐derived C was determined using stable C isotope (13C) techniques. In the 0‐ to 10‐cm soil layer, SOC concentration was significantly larger under NT than PT, but a tillage effect was rarely detected below that depth. Across sites, the SOC pool in that layer averaged 36.4, 20 and 40.8 Mg C/ha at the NT, PT and WL sites, respectively. For the 0‐ to 30‐cm layer, the SOC pool for NT (83.4 Mg C/ha) was still 57% greater than under PT. However, there was no consistent trend in the SOC pool with NT duration probably due to the legacy of past management practices and SOC content differences that may have existed among the study sites prior to their conversion to NT. The retention rate of corn‐derived C was 524, 263 and 203 kg C/ha/yr at the NT36, NT48 and NT49 sites. In contrast, the retention rate of corn‐C under PT averaged 25 and 153 kg C/ha/yr at the NT49 (moderately well‐drained) and NT48 (somewhat poorly drained) sites, respectively. The conversion from PT to NT resulted in greater retention of corn‐derived C. Thus, adoption of NT would be beneficial to SOC sequestration in agricultural soils of the region.  相似文献   

19.
秸秆还田方式对农田土壤结构及冬小麦产量的影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
为探索一种能够充分发挥秸秆改良土壤结构和提高作物产量作用的秸秆还田措施, 通过2 a小区试验, 以传统的秸秆还田方式[长秸秆(50 mm)覆盖或翻压还田, CK1、CK2]作为对照, 对比研究了粉碎、氨化秸秆以及与无机土壤改良剂(硫酸钙)混合翻压施用措施对农田土壤结构及冬小麦产量的影响。结果表明, 粉碎并氨化秸秆施入土壤后, 能显著(P<0.05)降低耕层(0~15 cm)土壤的容重, 增加土壤孔隙度, 但对耕层以下土壤容重及孔隙度改善效果不明显; 氨化秸秆施入土壤后较未氨化秸秆能显著(P<0.05)增加0~15 cm土壤中>0.25 mm土壤团聚体含量, 粉碎并氨化秸秆能显著(P<0.05)降低土壤团聚体分形维数, 提高0~15 cm土壤平均重量直径和几何平均直径各项评价指标。此外, 冬小麦穗粒数、1 m2有效穗数、千粒重和地上部总干物质量与籽粒产量的相关系数分别为0.30(P>0.05)、0.76(P<0.01)、 0.89(P<0.01)和0.88(P<0.01), 提高冬小麦有效穗数或地上部总干物质量可能是增加作物产量的主要途径。粉碎并氨化秸秆还田较秸秆覆盖能显著(P<0.05)提高冬小麦有效穗数; 粉碎并氨化秸秆与无机土壤改良剂(硫酸钙)混合施用措施提高冬小麦产量效果最为显著, 在冬小麦2个生长季比长秸秆覆盖还田(CK1)分别增产11.12%和17.84%, 比长秸秆翻压还田(CK2)分别增产7.39%和16.58%, 是本试验最佳秸秆还田方式。该研究成果可为干旱、半干旱地区改良秸秆还田措施、提高作物产量提供理论依据。  相似文献   

20.
An experiment was carried out to investigate the decomposition and microbial use of maize leaf straw incubated in packed soil columns at different depths. The straw was incorporated into the top layer at 0–5 cm depth and into the bottom layer at 15–20 cm depth of a sandy or a loamy soil. Microbial biomass C was significantly increased after adding straw to the bottom layer of both soils. After adding straw to the top layer, this increase was significantly lower in the sandy soil and significantly higher in the loamy soil. Maize straw application significantly increased the ergosterol-to-microbial biomass C ratio in both soils from 0.26% to a mean content of 0.72% after adding straw to the top layer and to a mean content of 1.11% after adding straw to the bottom layer. The calculation of the maize-derived CO2 production revealed that the mineralization rates of maize C were always higher in the sandy soil, with a mean of 20%, than in the loamy soil, with a mean of 14%. The application of maize straw always significantly increased the soil organic matter-derived CO2 production. This increase was stronger in the loamy soil than in the sandy soil and stronger after application of the maize straw to the top layer than to the bottom layer. On average, 100% of the maize straw C was recovered in the different fractions analysed. In the layers with maize leaf straw application, 28% of the maize C was recovered as particulate organic matter (POM) > 2 mm and 32% as POM 0.4–2.0 mm, without a significant difference between the two soils and the depth of application. In the layers with maize leaf straw application, 19% of the maize C was recovered as microbial residue C and 3.1% as microbial biomass C. In the three layers without straw, the microbial biomass incorporated a further 2.4% of the maize C in the sandy soil, but only 0.9% in the loamy soil. Considerable amounts of substrate C were transferred within the microbial biomass over a decimetre distance. The finer pore space of the loamy soil seems to obstruct the transfer of maize-derived C. This was especially true if the maize leaf straw was added to the bottom layer.  相似文献   

设为首页 | 免责声明 | 关于勤云 | 加入收藏

Copyright©北京勤云科技发展有限公司  京ICP备09084417号