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1.
The competitiveness of a mesquite Rhizobium (AZ-M1) and its ability to survive in desert soils was compared to a selected commercial strain (31A5). In a greenhouse study, the native isolate out-competed strain 31A5 in nodule occupancy, when applied as a mixed inoculant to seed germinated and grown in sand culture, and irrigated with N-free nutrients. A high incidence of nodule double occupancy was found when double strain inoculants were used. The survival rate of the two strains was tested in three desert soils in a controlled laboratory study. The desert strain AZ-M1 grew and survived in all the soils for 1 month. The commercial strain 31A5, did not grow, and the population decreased in 14 days from 108 cells g?1 dry soil to below 104 cells g?1. Both strains survived to a lesser extent in a saline-sodic soil. A significant morphological change from a rod to a coccus was observed 2 days after strain 31A5 had been introduced into the desert soils.  相似文献   

2.
Rhizobial symbionts were isolated from the surface (0-0.5 M) and phreatic (3.9-5.0 M) root environments of a mature mesquite woodland in the Sonoran Desert of Southern California, and from variable depths (0-12 m) of non-phreatic mesquite ecosystems in the Chihuahuan Desert of New Mexico. They were tested for their ability to tolerate high salinity, and respire NO3− as mechanisms of free-living survival. Sixteen of 25 isolates were grown in yeast-extract mannitol (YEM) broth at NaCl concentrations of 2 (basal concentration), 100, 300, 500 and 600 mM, and their specific growth rates, cell dry weight and lag times were determined. Twenty of the 25 isolates were also grown in YEM broth under anaerobic conditions with or without 10 mM KNO3. Three categories of NaCl salinity responses were observed: (1) eight isolates showed decreased specific growth rates at NaCl concentrations of 100, 300 and 500 mM, but they nevertheless remained viable at 500 mM NaCl concentration; (2) the specific growth rate of six isolates increased significantly at 100 and 300 mM NaCl; and (3) specific growth rates of two isolates were significantly greater than the base-rate at all concentrations of NaCl. Five of 11 of the Bradyrhizobium isolates tested respired NO3−, but showed no growth. Seven Rhizobium isolates, three from the deep (3.9-5 m) phreatic rhizobial community, and four from the surface community denitrified NO3− but only the isolates from the phreatic community displayed anaerobic growth. Long-term interactions between rhizobial and bradyrhizobial communities and the surface and phreatic root environments of the mature Sonoran Desert mesquite woodland appear to have selected for strains of NO3− respiring rhizobia, general salt tolerance of both rhizobial and bradyrhizobial symbionts, and strains of weak facultative halophilic bradyrhizobia. These survival characteristics of mesquite rhizobia may be important regarding mesquite's establishment and long-term productivity in marginal desert soils, and may provide novel types of rhizobia for food crops growing in harsh environments.  相似文献   

3.
Four strains of Rhizobium phaseoli were examined for N2 fixation effectiveness and for competitiveness for nodule occupancy by utilizing strain-specific fluorescent antibodies. Competition studies in Leonard jars held in a growth chamber showed strain KIM-5 (a cool season isolate from Kimberly, Idaho) consistently occupied the majority of nodules on bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cv. Kentucky Wonder, when applied as a mixed inoculant with desert strains (K-1, 36 or 90). Competitiveness of KIM-5 was relatively independent of cell numbers as shown by the high recovery of KIM-5 from nodules, even when extensively outnumbered in the inoculant. KIM-5 out-competed the desert strains regardless of whether they were ineffective (strains 36 and 90) or highly effective (K-1). Although KIM-5 was more competitive than K-l, no difference in infectiveness (as shown by nodule mass) or effectiveness (as shown by % N, total plant N, C2H2 reduction and total plant weight) was observed.In YEM broth, strain K-l showed increasing growth rates when the temperature was increased from 27° to 35°C, and was viable at 40°C. These data indicate K-1 to be an unusually heat-tolerant strain. Growth rates of KIM-5 were constant from 27° to 35°C and the organism was not viable at 40°C. Both strains produced acid in a defined broth medium.The effectiveness of KIM-5 and K-l was also evaluated under field conditions using single strain inoculants with two cultivars of pinto beans (P. vulgaris L.) ev. Mexicali 80 and Delicias 71. Inoculation with K-1 resulted in yield increases with both cultivars over uninoculated plants, whereas there was little difference between KIM-5 inoculated and uninoculated plants.  相似文献   

4.
ABSTRACT

Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is relatively poor in dinitrogen (N2) fixation, so selecting compatible host cultivar and Rhizobium strain combinations may offer an improvement. The effectiveness of six rhizobial strains was evaluated using five bean cultivars of bean (three pinto and two black bean) in a growth-room experiment. We subsequently selected the three best strains to assess whether multi-strain inoculation had advantages over single-strain inoculation in growth-room and field experiments. In the first-growth-room experiment, Rhizobium strains UMR 1899, RCR 3618, and USDA 2676 were selected for high nodulation, plant dry weight, shoot nitrogen (N), and N2 fixation. In a second growth-room experiment, the individual strains and a mixture of the three strains generally did not differ in the parameters evaluated. Total shoot N accumulated ranged from 172.9 to 162.8 mg plant?1, of which 32.1% to 33.6% (equivalent to 54.0 to 59.2 mg plant? 1) was fixed. In field experiments, plant biomass and seed N2 fixed did not differ among the inoculants at any site. These results suggest that the three strains were equally effective and that the multi-strain inoculant offered no consistent advantage over the single-strain inoculants.  相似文献   

5.
Field pea (Pisum sativum L.) is widely grown in South Australia (SA), often without inoculation with commercial rhizobia. To establish if symbiotic factors are limiting the growth of field pea we examined the size, symbiotic effectiveness and diversity of populations of field pea rhizobia (Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae) that have become naturalised in South Australian soils and nodulate many pea crops. Most probable number plant infection tests on 33 soils showed that R. l. bv. viciae populations ranged from undetectable (six soils) to 32×103 rhizobia g−1 of dry soil. Twenty-four of the 33 soils contained more than 100 rhizobia g−1 soil. Three of the six soils in which no R. l. bv. viciae were detected had not grown a host legume (field pea, faba bean, vetch or lentil). For soils that had grown a host legume, there was no correlation between the size of R. l. bv. viciae populations and either the time since a host legume had been grown or any measured soil factor (pH, inorganic N and organic C). In glasshouse experiments, inoculation of the field pea cultivar Parafield with the commercial Rhizobium strain SU303 resulted in a highly effective symbiosis. The SU303 treatment produced as much shoot dry weight as the mineral N treatment and more than 2.9 times the shoot dry weight of the uninoculated treatment. Twenty-two of the 33 naturalised populations of rhizobia (applied to pea plants as soil suspensions) produced prompt and abundant nodulation. These symbioses were generally effective at N2 fixation, with shoot dry weight ranging from 98% (soil 21) down to 61% (soil 30) of the SU303 treatment, the least effective population of rhizobia still producing nearly double the growth of the uninoculated treatment. Low shoot dry weights resulting from most of the remaining soil treatments were associated with delayed or erratic nodulation caused by low numbers of rhizobia. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) fingerprinting of 70 rhizobial isolates recovered from five of the 33 soils (14 isolates from each soil) showed that naturalised populations were composed of multiple (5-9) strain types. There was little evidence of strain dominance, with a single strain type occupying more than 30% of trap host nodules in only two of the five populations. Cluster analysis of RAPD PCR banding patterns showed that strain types in naturalised populations were not closely related to the current commercial inoculant strain for field pea (SU303, ≥75% dissimilarity), six previous field pea inoculant strains (≥55% dissimilarity) or a former commercial inoculant strain for faba bean (WSM1274, ≥66% dissimilarity). Two of the most closely related strain types (≤15% dissimilarity) were found at widely separate locations in SA and may have potential as commercial inoculant strains. Given the size and diversity of the naturalised pea rhizobia populations in SA soils and their relative effectiveness, it is unlikely that inoculation with a commercial strain of rhizobia will improve N2 fixation in field pea crops, unless the number of rhizobia in the soil is very low or absent (e.g. where a legume host has not been previously grown and for three soils from western Eyre Peninsula). The general effectiveness of the pea rhizobia populations also indicates that reduced N2 fixation is unlikely to be the major cause of the declining field pea yields observed in recent times.  相似文献   

6.
A two‐year field experiment was conducted to determine if using mixed strains of Rhizobium inoculant and starter nitrogen (N) fertilizer could improve yield and nodulation of four common bean varieties on a Vertisol at Alemaya, Ethiopia. A granular mixed inoculant of CIAT isolates 384, 274, and 632 and a starter N fertilizer at a rate of 23 kg N ha‐1 (50 kg urea ha‐1) were applied separately at planting. Inoculation with mixed strains and starter N fertilizer gave a significantly higher grain yield, nodule number, and dry matter yield for most varieties used. Both grain yield and dry matter yield showed a significant correlation (r=0.93 and r=0.87; P<0.05 for grain yield and dry matter yield, respectively, for 1991 crop season and r=0.90 and r=0.86; P<0.05 for grain yield and dry matter yield, respectively, for 1992 crop season) with nodule number. It is recommended that resource‐poor farmers adopt the practice of using a Rhizobium inoculant or starter N to improve common bean yields in the Hararghe highlands, Ethiopia.  相似文献   

7.
Summary Soil solarization greatly reduced the native chickpea Rhizobium population. With inoculation, it was possible to increase the population of the Rhizobium in solarized plots. In the 1st year, 47% nodulation was obtained with chickpea inoculant strain IC 59 when introduced with a cereal crop 2 weeks after the soil solarization and having a native Rhizobium count of <10 g-1 soil, and only 13% when introduced 16 weeks after solarization at the time the chickpeas were sown, with 2.0×102 native rhizobia g-1 soil. In the non-solarized plots inoculated with 5.6×103 native rhizobia g-1 soil, only 6% nodulation was obtained with the inoculant. In the succeeding year, non-inoculated chickpea was grown on the same plots without any solarization or Rhizobium inoculation. The treatment that showed good establishment of the inoculant strain in year 1 formed 68% inoculant nodules. Other treatments indicated a further reduction in inoculant success, from 1%–13% to 1%–9%. Soil solarization thus allowed an inoculant strain to successfully displace the high native population in the field and can serve as a research tool to compare strains in the field, irrespective of competitive ability. In year 1, Rhizobium inoculation of chickpea gave increased nodulation and increased plant growth 20 and 51 days after sowing, and increased dry matter, grain yield, and grain protein yield at maturity. These beneficial effects of inoculation on plant growth and yield were not measured in the 2nd year.Submitted as Journal Article No. JA 945 by the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India  相似文献   

8.
A salinity-tolerant strains of Rhizohium able to grow and fix nitrogen in symbiosis with lentil (Lens esculenta) in saline soil was derived frorn effective Rhizobium strain RL 5. A forced mutation with the mutagen nitrosoguanidine resulted in the isolation of five different mutant strains. The salinity tolerance, streptomycin resistance, growth, nodulation behaviour and relative efficiency of symbiotic N2-fixation of these strains were studied. Among the five mutants and parent, LM 4 and LM 1 successfully tolerated 200 μ g ml?1 streptomycin and 1.5%NaCl. These two mutants also significantly increased number and dry weight of nodules per plant, dry matter yield of the crop and N2-fixation. Between the two, LM 4 seemed generally the better.  相似文献   

9.
Nitrogen balance studies were conducted to quantify the nitrogen fixed by peanut/Rhizobium symbiotic system under field conditions in a sandy soil. Large scale inoculation with three NifTAL strains of cowpea rhizobia, 1000, 169, 1371 was done using two inoculation techniques: peat-based inoculant or injection of inoculant with irrigation water through an injection tank attached to the central pivot system. The results show nitrogen fixation amounting up to 186 kg N ha?1 in peat-based inoculant and 171 kg N ha?1 in liquid inoculant injected through the irrigation system. However, no significant differences in yield response were recorded between both inoculation techniques.  相似文献   

10.
Depth of root symbiont occurrence in soil   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
Summary The woody legume Prosopis glandulosa (mesquite) growing in the California Sonoran Desert develops functional root symbiotic associations (N2-fixing nodules, vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi) at depths greater than 4 m in moist soil above a seasonally stable water table. Population densities of symbiotic microorganisms are substantially greater at depth than near the surface. Inferences of plant symbiotic dependence based upon examination of surface roots and soil may be incorrect since deep roots can support the symbioses which are critical for plants utilizing deep water.  相似文献   

11.
Honey mesquite (Prosopis juliflora), a representative species of the Sonoran Desert ecosystem, was studied as a possible bioindicator for industrial smelter pollution. Samples from soils, leaves and bark were collected along distance and elevation gradients from the largest operating copper smelter in Arizona and analyzed for element concentrations of Zn, Cu, Fe, Ti, Mn, Al, Mg, Cs, Sm, Ce, U, Th, Yb, As, La, Hf, Sb, Sc, V, In, W, Ba, Br, K, Na, Cl and Au. Depending on the sample type — soil, leaf or bark — between 5 and 15 elements were identified as smelter immissions. Two distinct covariate element groups formed in samples from the study site could be related to the chemistry of different smelting processes. A common atmospheric transport pattern was found to exist for the smelter emittants Cu, Sb and As over long distances. The identification and specification of smelter immissions in honey mesquite makes this tree a well-suited bioindicator for industrial smelter pollution.  相似文献   

12.
Bradyrhizobium strains were isolated from nodules obtained from field-grown soybean plants sampled in 12 soybean production locations in Argentina. These fields had been annually cropped with soybean and did not show decreases in yields even though they had been neither N-fertilized nor inoculated for at least the last 5 years. We hypothesized that the isolated strains maintained high competitiveness and efficiency in fixing adequate N2 levels. A set of strains that showed the highest nodular occupancy in each sampling location were assayed for symbiotic performance under greenhouse and field conditions and comparatively evaluated with Bradyrhizobium japonicum E109, the strain officially recommended for inoculant formulation in Argentina. An inoculant pool, formed by four strains obtained from nodules collected from Cañada Rica, developed higher nodular biomass than B. japonicum E 109 in assays carried out in greenhouses under well irrigated conditions. Additionally, neither nodule production nor specific nitrogenase activity decreased with respect to B. japonicum E 109 when plants were drought stressed during 7 days from sowing. The mean yields obtained under field conditions and plotted against the principal component one (CP1) obtained with an additive main effect and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) model showed that the inoculant pool from Cañada Rica had higher contribution to yield than strain E 109, although with lower environmental stability. The inoculant pool from Cañada Rica could be considered an improved inoculant and be used for preliminary assays, to formulate inoculants in Argentina.  相似文献   

13.
The efficiency of symbiotic dinitrogen (N2) fixation in Vicia faba L. in combination with 3 different Rhizobium leguminosarum strains was studied in a pot experiment during vegetative and reproductive growth. The objective of the experiments was to assess variability among Rhizobium strains inoculated on single legume species and determine possible reasons for observed variations. Dry matter formation, N2 fixation and the carbon (C) costs of N2 fixation were determined in comparison with nodule free plants grown with urea. Nodule number and the capacity of different respiratory chains in the nodules were also measured. The plants inoculated with the Rhizobium strain A 37 formed less dry matter and fixed less N compared to the other two Rhizobium strains (Vic 1 and A 150). This coincided with a lower number of nodules and higher C costs of N2 fixation. The C costs for N2 fixation were in all cases significantly lower during reproductive growth compared to vegetative growth. Neither the latter nor the differences in C expenditure for N2 fixation between the Rhizobium strains could be explained in terms of differences or shifts in the capacity of different respiratory chains in the nodules.  相似文献   

14.
《Applied soil ecology》2000,14(2):165-175
A commonly observed preferential association was quantified between mature native mesquite (Prosopis articulata) trees and the seedlings of six cactus species (Pachycereus pringlei, Opuntia cholla, Lophocereus schottii, Machaerocereus gummosus, Lemaireocereus thurberi, Mammilaria sp.) in a previously-disturbed area of the Sonoran Desert of Baja California, Mexico. We hypothesized that, in addition to more favorable edaphic factors, the inoculum potential of beneficial vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi was higher, and therefore, more favorable for cactus seedling establishment under the mesquite tree canopy (UC) compared to adjacent barren areas (BAs) away from the trees. In the greenhouse inoculum potential assays, VAM fungi were detected in onion (Allium cepa) trap plants from all soil samples regardless of collection site, but cardon cactus (P. pringlei) trap seedlings formed no VAM even after 6.5 months. Test soils were further used to preinoculate new onion seedlings transplanted into pots, to serve as nurse plants to inoculate adjacent cardon seedlings by vegetative transfer. After 15 months, cardon seedlings did develop slight VAM colonization, confined exclusively to the outermost cortical layers. Examination of test soils for spores or root fragments revealed very few to none, and spore production on onion trap plant roots was also sparse even though colonization was high. Analysis of UC and BA soils revealed that the water holding capacity, nutrient content, cation exchange capacity, total carbon, and total nitrogen contents of the UC soils were all higher than those of the BA soils. Since the VAM inoculum density in this study was not different between sites under and away from the mesquite tree canopy, we concluded that VAM inoculum density is not the primary factor for the establishment of cactus seedlings and that edaphic factors probably play a more important role. Our results suggest, however, that VAM inoculum potential in these hot desert soils, although relatively low, is probably maintained in the upper layers by means of hyphal fragments rather than spores.  相似文献   

15.
Five strains of Rhizohium trifolii were used to inoculate Trifolium subterraneum cv. Woogenellup sown into two soils with naturally-occurring populations of R. trifolii. In the 1st year all inoculant strains used singly were present at high frequency in the sampled nodule populations from the inoculated plots. Where an inoculant containing a mixture of equal parts of the 5 strains was used. one strain (WU95) predominated at both sites.The persistence of the strains was followed for a further 3 years at one site. Three of the strains WU95, CC2480a and WU290, were maintained at a high frequency (>75% of nodules sampled) for the entire period, but the other two strains showed poor persistence in this environment. Highly effective strains of rhizobia, not identifiable as inoculant strains, nor present in the nodule population at the first sampling, appeared during the course of the study. One strain. WU290, showed a high degree of variation in symbiotic effectiveness between single colony isolates from the stock culture and also between field isolates that were serologically identical with this strain.  相似文献   

16.
Three slow-growing legume trees used for desert reforestation and urban gardening in the Sonoran Desert of Northwestern Mexico and the Southwestern USA were evaluated whether their growth can be promoted by inoculation with plant growth-promoting bacteria (Azospirillum brasilense and Bacillus pumilus), unidentified arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (mainly Glomus sp.), and supplementation with common compost under regular screenhouse cultivation common to these trees in nurseries. Mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata) and yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla) had different positive responses to several of the parameters tested while blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida) did not respond. Survival of all tree species was over 80% and survival of mesquite was almost 100% after 10 months of cultivation. Inoculation with growth-promoting microorganisms induced significant effects on the leaf gas exchange of these trees, measured as transpiration and diffusive resistance, when these trees were cultivated without water restrictions.  相似文献   

17.
We examined whether strains of Bradyrhizobium japonicum selected for growth on acid media in vitro would also survive and grow better in acid soils. Four agar screening media for acid-tolerant rhizobia, which differed in the number of acid soil stresses imposed (pH, low calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P), high aluminum (Al) and manganese (Mn)), were assessed for their effects on the survival of 14 Indonesian strains and two commercial strains of B. japonicum. Survival of B. japonicum in the agar media was compared with that in two acid soils. A repeat stab inoculation method which provided a declining range of inoculum cell number to 103 cells per stab was used to assess the daily growth of the strains on the screening media at 5 pH levels (3.8, 4.2, 4.5, 5.0, and 6.8). The growth and survival of the 16 strains were then measured at days 1, 8, 18, and 28 after inoculation in two acid soils (pH 4.24 and 4.35) sterilized using γ-irradiation at 5.0 Mrad. Selectivity of the agar media improved as more acid stress factors were incorporated in the media. Those strains of Bradyrhizobium identified as acid, Al and Mn-tolerant in acidic agar media, also had better survival in the low pH soils. There was no relationship between acid or alkali production on agar media and acid tolerance on agar or in soil. There was no apparent relationship between symbiotic performance and acid tolerance, and one acid-tolerant strain was as effective as the commercial inoculant strain CB1809. The most acid-tolerant strain was also the most ineffective.  相似文献   

18.
Summary Variation in nodulation and N2 fixation by the Gliricidia sepium/Rhizobium spp. symbiosis was studied in two greenhouse experiments. The first included 25 provenances of G. sepium inoculated with a mixture of three strains of Rhizobium spp. N2 fixation was measured using the 15N isotope dilution method 12 weeks after planting. On average, G. sepium derived 45% of its total N from atmospheric N2. Significant differences in fixation were observed between provenances. The percentage of N derived from atmospheric N2 ranged from 26 to 68% (equivalent to 18–62 mg N plant-1) and was correlated with total N in the plant (r=0.70; P=0.05). The second experiment included six strains of Rhizobium spp. and two methods of inoculation and the plants were harvested 14,35 and 53 weeks after planting. In the first harvest significant differences were found between the number of nodules and the percentage and amount of N2 fixed. There was also a significant correlation between the number of nodules and the amount of N2 fixed (r=0.92; P=0.05). In the final harvest no correlation was observed, although there were significant differences between the number of nodules and the percentage of N derived from the atmosphere. The amount of N2 fixed increased with time (from an average of 27% at the first harvest to 58% at the final harvest) and was influenced by the Rhizobium spp. strain and the method of inoculation. It ranged from 36% for Rhizobium sp. strain SP 14 to 71% for Rhizobium SP 44 at the last harvest. Values for the percentage of atmosphere derived N2 obtained by soil inoculation were slightly higher than those obtained by seed inoculation.  相似文献   

19.
This study tested the competitive ability of three locally isolated Cyclopia rhizobia and strain PPRICI3, the strain currently recommended for the cultivation of Cyclopia, a tea-producing legume. Under sterile glasshouse conditions, the three locally isolated strains were equally competitive with strain PPRICI3. In field soils, the inoculant strains were largely outcompeted by native rhizobia present in the soil, although nodule occupancy was higher in nodules growing close to the root crown (the original inoculation area). In glasshouse experiments using field soil, the test strains again performed poorly, gaining less than 6% nodule occupancy in the one soil type. The presence of Cyclopia-compatible rhizobia in field soils, together with the poor competitive ability of inoculant strains, resulted in inoculation having no effect on Cyclopia yield, nodule number or nodule mass. The native rhizobial population did not only effectively nodulate uninoculated control plants, they also out-competed introduced strains for nodule occupancy in inoculated plants. Nonetheless, the Cyclopia produced high crop yields, possibly due to an adequate supply of soil N.  相似文献   

20.
Different strains of Rhizobium (isolates from Glycine max, Phaseolus mungo and Vigna unguiculuta) adapted to tetramethylthiuram disulfide (thiram, TMTD) 30 μg ml?1). The number of transfers (5–19) and days of incubation (20–95) during which different strains of Rhizobium developed resistance varied. The results of reversion experiments show that the developed resistance was stable. The rates of growth was faster in resistant strains but their final cell numbers were less than those of sensitive strains. Dehydrogenase activity decreased with the development of resistance except in strain D-338. With the development of resistance total lipids and phospholipids increased, glycolipids decreased and neutral lipids varied. The presence of compounds stimulating lipid production in cells increased the total lipids of the strains and their resistance to TMTD.  相似文献   

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