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1.
Chemically treated dietary supplements (CTDS) were prepared with defatted soy flour, sunflower oil, dl-alpha-tocopheryl acetate (TA), and 2,3-butanedione (a generally recognized as safe chemical), and the effects on alpha-tocopherol (VE) concentration and fatty acid profile in ewe's milk were estimated. Ewes fed control diet (CD) had the lowest levels of milk VE (0.66 microg/mL) and serum VE (1.59 microg/mL). Feeding ewes the CD plus 500 IU of TA increased milk and serum VE by 30 and 70%, respectively, compared to ewes fed the CD. The CTDS-fed ewes showed further increased milk and serum VE levels by 40 and 32%, respectively, over those in ewes fed the CD plus 500 IU of TA. Feeding ewes CTDS did not affect milk fat content (3.13%) but altered the fatty acid composition by decreasing the levels of hypercholesteremic fatty acids, while increasing the content of linoleic acid (8.5%). Inclusion of CTDS in ruminant diets might produce nutritionally enhanced milk products.  相似文献   

2.
Arachidonic acid (AA) content, long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) equivalent [LCE; calculated as 0.15 x linolenic acid (LA) + eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) + docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)], and PUFA n-6/PUFA n-3 ratio were determined in meat [breast meat (BM), thigh meat (TM), and fillets (F), respectively] within four sets of chickens, five sets of turkeys, one set of common carp, and four sets of rainbow trout, fed either commercial diet or diets with manipulated PUFA n-3 and PUFA n-6 contents. AA content was within the range of 20 mg/100 g (F of rainbow trout fed the diet with linseed oil, LO) to 138 mg/100 g (TM of chickens fed restrictively the diet based on maize to the age of 90 days). AA content in BM of turkeys fed the diet with LO or fish oil (FO) did not differ (P > 0.05) from that of rainbow trout F. LCE was in the range of 16 mg/100 g (BM of turkeys fed a commercial feed mixture) to 681 mg/100 g (F of rainbow trout fed a commercial feed mixture). With regard to BM, only turkeys fed the diet with LO deposited more (P < 0.01) LCE (71 mg/100 g) as compared to all other poultry sets except turkeys fed the diet with FO (123 mg/100 g). Apart from all fish samples, also both BM and TM of turkeys fed the diet with either LO or FO met the recommended value of the PUFA n-6/PUFA n-3 ratio (<4). AA content in the tissue increased significantly (P < 0.001) with increasing dietary LA in both all chicken tissues and all turkey tissues, which is contrary to the suggested strong metabolic regulation of the AA formation. When all tissues within all animal species were taken as a one set, both AA percentage and EPA + DHA percentage in the tissue (Y, %) decreased (P < 0.001) with increasing fat content in the tissue (X, %), according to the equation Y = 4.7 - 0.54X (R (2) = 0.41) and Y = 6.0 - 0.33X (R (2) = 0.35), respectively. AA content in chicken BM, chicken TM, and turkey BM, respectively, decreased linearly (P < 0.01) with increasing live weight reached at the slaughter age.  相似文献   

3.
A factorial design was used to study the effect of dietary oxidized sunflower oils (fresh, heated at low temperatures, and heated at high temperatures), DL-alpha-tocopheryl acetate (0 or 100 mg/kg), and Zn supplementation (0 or 600 mg/kg) on the composition, oxidative stability, and sensory quality of dark chicken meat with skin from animals fed with a Se supplement (Se-enriched yeast, 0.6 mg of Se/kg). The positional and geometrical isomers of linoleic acid were increased in raw meat from chickens fed oils oxidized at high temperatures. In addition, supplementation with alpha-tocopheryl acetate increased the alpha-tocopherol content, whereas 2-thiobarbituric acid (TBA) values and lipid hydroperoxide content were reduced. Likewise, TBA values, rancid aroma, and rancid flavor also decreased in cooked dark meat. However, none of the dietary factors studied affected consumer acceptability scores of cooked meat. Furthermore, Zn supplementation increased the Se content in raw meat.  相似文献   

4.
The effects of oxidized dietary lipid and the role of vitamin E on lipid profile, retained tocopherol levels, and lipid oxidation of juvenile Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) were evaluated following a 9-week feeding trial. Four isonitrogenous experimental diets containing fresh or oxidized (peroxide value of 94 mequiv/kg) fish oil with or without added vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol or mixed tocopherols) were fed to juvenile cod in duplicate tanks. There was no significant (P > 0.05) influence on major lipid classes of cod liver and muscle by diet with the exception of sterols. Sterols content was increased in liver but decreased in muscle by oxidized dietary oil in the absence of vitamin E. Dietary vitamin E supplementation decreased the sterols level in cod liver but with no significant (P > 0.05) effect on their level in the muscle. Fatty acid composition varied between lipid fractions in muscle tissue and was affected by the diet. Oxidized oil significantly (P < 0.05) decreased the deposition of alpha-tocopherol in liver but not in muscle. gamma- and delta-Tocopherols from dietary tocopherol mixtures were retained at very low levels in liver, but higher retention was observed in muscle tissue. The oxidative state of both liver and muscle, as measured by the 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and headspace propanal, negatively correlated with tissue vitamin E levels. It is suggested that oxidized oil affected juvenile Atlantic cod by causing vitamin E deficiency in certain tissues and that these effects could be alleviated by supplementation of a sufficient amount of dietary vitamin E. The results also indicate that mixed tocopherols were good antioxidants for Atlantic cod, although less effective than alpha-tocopherol alone in many tissues with the exception of muscle, where gamma- and delta-tocopherols were deposited at relatively high levels.  相似文献   

5.
Dietary supplementation of a high-gamma-linolenic acid canola oil (HGCO) containing approximately 36% (w/w) of gamma-linolenic acid (GLA, 18:3n-6) from the seeds of a genetically transformed canola strain, was assessed for its long-term biological effects. Growing Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 30) were fed a purified AIN93G diet containing 5, 10, or 15% (w/w) of HGCO as the fat source. For comparison, a separate group of rats (n = 10) was given the diet containing 15% (w/w) of borage oil (BO), which contained 22% (w/w) of GLA. After 12 weeks of feeding, the growth, relative organ weights, hematology, and serum biochemistry were found to be similar among rats fed the 5, 10, and 15% HGCO diets. The GLA levels in plasma and liver phospholipids (PL) were also similar. However, the levels of GLA in peripheral tissues (muscle PL and adipose triacylglycerols) were significantly higher in rats fed the 10 and 15% HGCO diets than those fed the 5% HGCO diet. When the above biologic parameters were compared between the 15% HGCO and 15% BO dietary groups, there were no significant differences except for lower final body weights and higher tissue levels of GLA, dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (20:3n-6) and arachidonic acid (20:4n-6) in the 15% HGCO dietary group as compared with the 15% BO dietary group. This is due to a higher GLA content and possibly a more favorable stereospecific distribution of GLA in HGCO. Overall, long-term (12-week) feeding with diets containing up to 15% HGCO resulted in no adverse effects on growth, organ weight, hematology and serum biochemistry as compared to the diet containing 15% BO, suggesting that HGCO may be a safe alternative source of GLA.  相似文献   

6.
This study aimed at evaluating the protective effect of long-term dietary oregano on the alleviation of carbon tetrachloride-induced oxidative stress in rats. Twenty-four female Wistar rats were allocated to four groups of six animals each. Groups 1 (control) and 2 (CCl 4) were fed a basal diet, while groups 3 (oregano) and 4 (oregano + CCl 4) were fed the basal diet supplemented further with ground oregano at 1% level. Following six-week feeding, the rats of groups 2 and 4 were given a single intraperitoneal injection of CCl 4 at a dose of 1 mL/kg bw. Six hours after the CCl 4 injection, all animals were sacrificed, and serum, liver, kidney, and heart tissue samples were collected. Analysis results showed that the addition of oregano significantly increased the total phenolic content and the Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity of the basal diet but had no effect on its lipid peroxidation index. Treatment with CCl 4 of rats from the CCl 4 group caused a significant increase in aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in serum, whereas it decreased cholesterol and triglyceride content as compared to the control. It also increased the lipid peroxidation index and decreased the scavenging activities of the 2,2-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid diammonium salt (ABTS) radical cation, the hydroxyl anion radical, the superoxide anion radical, and the hydrogen peroxide in all tested tissues, as compared to that of the control. Without CCl 4 treatment, diet supplementation with oregano had no effect on these biochemical parameters, excluding the hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, which was increased in all tested tissues as compared to that of the control. Feeding oregano before CCl 4 treatment resulted in a significant decline of the increase in AST, ALT, and ALP activities ( P < 0.05 vs CCl 4 group), but the recorded values could not attain those of the control group ( P < 0.05 vs control group). It significantly increased the reduced cholesterol and triglycerides ( P < 0.05 vs CCl 4 group) to values not differing from those of the control. It also resulted in a significant reduction of the increased malondialdehyde ( P < 0.05 vs CCl 4 group) to values that could not attain the levels of the control but had no significant effect ( P > 0.05) on the reduced ABTS radical cation scavenging activity. It increased significantly the reduced hydroxyl anion radical scavenging activity ( P < 0.05 vs CCl 4 group) to values that could not attain those of the control in all tested tissues except kidney. Additionally, it resulted in a significant elevation of the decreased superoxide anion radical scavenging activity in serum and liver but had no effect in kidney and heart, whereas it also resulted in a significant elevation of the decreased hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity in liver, kidney, and heart but had no effect in serum. These results suggest that dietary oregano may effectively improve the impaired antioxidant status in CCl 4-induced toxicity in rats.  相似文献   

7.
A new analytical method for measuring tannic acid (TA) using tannase was developed and applied to the investigation of TA metabolism in the rat following oral administration at a dose of 1.0 g/kg. The proposed method for TA determination was based on the enzymatic hydrolysis of TA to gallic acid (GA) and subsequent determination by HPLC. TA metabolites were determined by HPLC. 4-O-Methylgallic acid (4-OMGA), pyrogallol (PY), and resorcinol (RE) were detected in serum. TA was excreted into urine as GA (0.01%), 4-OMGA (0.10%), PY (0.24%), and RE (2.06%) and into feces as TA (62.74%), GA (0.19%), PY (0.02%), and RE (0.76%) within 54 h after oral administration. It was suggested that >60% of TA remained unchanged but that some was hydrolyzed to GA by tannase in the intestine and further metabolized to 4-OMGA, PY, and RE.  相似文献   

8.
The authentication of the conditions of animal production, based on the analysis of meat commercial cuts, is a major challenge on both societal and analytical grounds. The aim of the present work was to propose a method for the extraction of the volatile compounds from ruminant raw muscles trimmed of fat and to assess by mass spectrometry-based techniques the relevance of these compounds for the authentication of the type of feeding offered to the animals. The first step of the study consisted of validating conditions of dynamic headspace (DH) extraction of volatile compounds that enabled us to minimize the appearance of heat-induced artifacts and to maximize the richness of the DH-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry profile (DH-GC-MS) of raw lamb muscle. An extraction temperature of 35 degrees C (vs 60 and 90 degrees C) and a sample mass of 6.25 g (vs 12.5, 25, and 50 g) were shown to be suitable. The second step aimed at identifying volatile compounds enabling us to discriminate muscle samples from 16 experimental lambs fed either concentrate (n = 8) or pasture (n = 8). Before, to carefully explore the information given by the DH-GC-MS signal, the MS spectra acquired along the chromatogram were summed and then converted in a virtual-DH-MS spectral fingerprint to have a quick overview of the discriminative potential of the volatile fraction. According to univariate (analysis of variance) and to multivariate (principal component analysis) data treatments performed on virtual-DH-MS fingerprints, the meat volatile fraction was relevant to reveal the type of feeding of the living animal. The detailed examination of the information given by the GC dimension showed that 33 volatile compounds among the 204 detected in the muscle by DH-GC-MS enabled us to discriminate the type of feeding of the lambs. The relevance of these results is discussed in light of previous studies performed on adipose tissues.  相似文献   

9.
The fatty acid and tocopherol compositions of three heartnut (Juglans ailanthifolia var. cordiformis) varieties (Imshu, Campbell CW1, and Campbell CW3) were examined and compared with those of two Persian walnut (Juglans regia L.) varieties (Combe and Lake). The major fatty acids found in heartnuts and walnuts were identified by gas chromatography as linoleic (18:2n-6), alpha-linolenic (18:3n-3), oleic (18:1n-9), palmitic (16:0), and stearic acid (18:0). Polyunsaturated fatty acids were the main group of fatty acids found in both heartnut and walnut, ranging from 73.07 to 80.98%, and were significantly higher in heartnut than in Persian walnuts (P < 0.001). In addition, heartnuts had significantly higher levels of 18:2n-6 and lower levels of 18:3n-3 compared to the Persian walnuts. gamma-Tocopherol was the main tocopherol homologue present in both types of nuts, followed by delta- and alpha-tocopherol. The highest concentration of gamma-tocopherol was found in Combe Persian walnut at 267.87 mug/g, followed by Lake Persian walnut and Imshu, Campbell CW1, and CW3 heartnut at 205.45, 187.33, 161.84, and 126.46 mug/g, respectively. Tocopherols, particularly the gamma-tocopherol, were found to contribute the most to the strong total antioxidant activities of both walnut and heartnut oils using either the free radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay or the photochemiluminescence method.  相似文献   

10.
This study investigated the effect of feeding broilers with diets differing in dietary fat source (lard, sunflower oil, olive oil) and vitamin E (basal vs supplemented with 200 mg of alpha-tocopheryl acetate/kg) on meat lipid oxidative stability. The diets differed by their degree of unsaturation and included the natural antioxidant alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E). Glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx) activity was measured in raw meat and ranged from 3.62 to 8.06 nmol NADPH/min/mg protein. The enzyme activity was influenced by the degree of unsaturation of the diet. Capillary gas chromatography analyses showed that dietary alpha-tocopherol accumulated in the muscle tissue and contributed to a better oxidative stability of the raw and cooked meat. Thigh meat alpha-tocopherol levels ranged from 2.73 to 3.62 microg/g in unsupplemented chickens whereas levels from 8.69 to 13.37 microg/g were observed in the thigh meat from alpha-tocopherol supplemented animals. The inclusion of olive oil and alpha-tocopherol in the animal diet gave lower thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) values and lower GSHPx activity. High correlations were found between the parameters studied. The results suggest that the glutathione peroxidase activity could be used as an indicator of the meat oxidative stability. A negative relationship was observed between GSHPx activity and tissue alpha-tocopherol levels, and a positive relationship was evidenced between TBARS and antioxidant enzyme activity.  相似文献   

11.
The objectives of this study were to isolate the antioxidative components in the broth filtrate of Aspergillus candidus (CCRC 31543), to characterize their antioxidative properties, and to evaluate their safety. Three major compounds were isolated and identified as 3,3' '-dihydroxyterphenyllin, 3-hydroxyterphenyllin, and candidusin B. In the linoleic acid peroxidation system, the inhibition of peroxidation in these three compounds was greater than 95% and was significantly higher than that of alpha-tocopherol but equal to that of BHA at 12.5-200 microg/mL. As measured using the Rancimat method in lard, 3,3' '-di-OH-terphenyllin exhibited a protection factor value of 7.82, which was substantially higher than those of BHA (5.58) and alpha-tocopherol (4.29) at 200 microg/mL. 3,3' '-di-OH-terphenyllin and 3-OH-terphenyllin also exhibited marked scavenging effects on the alpha,alpha-diphenyl-beta-picrylhydrazyl radicals (94.7 and 96.0%, respectively), which were similar to those of BHA and alpha-tocopherol. Safety studies showed that these three compounds were neither cyto- nor geno-toxic toward human intestine 407 (INT 407) cells, nor mutagenic toward Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100.  相似文献   

12.
Three levels (0%, 1%, and 2%) of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) were combined with two levels (low and high) of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) for pig feeding. The activity of neutral lipase (NL), acid lipase (AL), phospholipase (PL), neutral esterase (NE), and acid esterase (AE) was measured in extracts from muscle and subcutaneous adipose tissues. The addition of CLA in the diet only affected the lipolytic activity in muscle, whereas differences in MUFA content of pig diets were mainly responsible for the lipolytic enzyme modifications observed in adipose tissue. Nevertheless, a significant effect of the interaction CLA x MUFA on the activity of several lipolytic enzymes was observed in both tissues. The effect of either linoleic acid (LA) or CLA on the activity of muscle and adipose lipolytic enzymes was determined by in vitro assays. Remarkable inhibitory or activation effects were detected depending on the enzyme and kind of tissue.  相似文献   

13.
The recovery of tartaric acid (TA) from distilled vinification lees coming from the white and red winemaking technology was optimized using response surface methodology and Statistica 5.0 software. The sequential treatment of dissolving TA and further calcium tartrate (CaT) precipitation could be used to recover up to 92.4% of the initial TA when distilled white lees were used. The residual lees were employed as economic nutrients for lactic acid production by Lactobacillus pentosus CECT-4023 using hemicellulosic vine shoot hydrolysates as carbon source. Distilled lees after TA extraction used as nutrients provided values of lactic acid (18.4-18.9 g/L), global volumetric productivities (0.82-0.84 g/L.h), and product yields (0.69-0.70 g/g) similar to those achieved when using the general medium for Lactobacilli (18.6 g/L, 1.11 g/L.h, and 0.62 g/g, respectively) or lees without TA extraction (16.4-17.2 g/L, 0.96-1.21 g/L.h, and 0.61-0.66 g/g, respectively). This technology not only avoids pollutant disposal but also represents a commercial source of tartaric acid and economic nutrients for biotechnological processes.  相似文献   

14.
Forty-eight steers were used to study the influence of feeding soybean oil (SO) on the conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) content of beef. Steers were fed either a control diet containing 954 g/kg of dry matter (DM) corn-based concentrate (CTL) or a control diet supplemented with SO at 20 (SO2) or 40 g/kg (SO4) of diet DM for 105 days. Adipose tissue samples were collected from the M. longissimus dorsi (LD) and from the M. semitendinosus (ST) on days 0 and 63 of the experiment. Adipose and muscle tissue samples were collected from the LD and ST immediately after slaughter. Feeding 40 g/kg of DM as SO increased the proportions of trans-C(18:1) in beef lipid as compared to CTL and SO2 treatments. The C(18:2) cis-9, trans-11 isomer of CLA as a proportion of total fat was not different in adipose and muscle across treatments. Supplementing SO increased C(18:2) trans-10, cis-12 CLA in adipose tissue of the LD. Supplementing high-grain finishing diets with SO is not an effective strategy to enhance the C(18:2) cis-9, trans-11 isomer of CLA in beef.  相似文献   

15.
The effect of processing, with and without fermentation, upon the nutritional composition of pickled garlic was evaluated. On a dry basis, the fermented product had a higher content of riboflavin, alpha-tocopherol, and most individual amino acids but a lower thiamin level than the unfermented product. Ascorbic acid was totally lost during processing. The chemical scores for the unfermented and fermented product were 88 and 108%, respectively, with the limiting amino acid being leucine. Water blanching (90 degrees C for 4 min) affected only the ascorbic acid content, whereas fermentation significantly affected the contents of thiamin, ascorbic acid, and alpha-tocopherol, as well as glutamic acid and arginine. For each processing type, the effect of the preservation method and storage time on vitamins and amino acid composition was also analyzed. In the case of the fermented product, usage of the corresponding fermentation brine plus refrigerated storage was also assayed as the packing/preservation method and was found to give the best result from a nutritional standpoint.  相似文献   

16.
针对厌氧消化酸化后传统恢复产气方法成本高,产气率低的问题,该文通过对比研究钢渣和碱对酸化后发酵体系的恢复作用,结果表明酸化体系添加钢渣后累积产气率为285.33 m L/g,较传统法(加碱)提高了25.8%,两组数据差异显著。同时对恢复产气后的p H值,总挥发性脂肪酸(total volatile fatty acid),碱度(alkalinity),挥发性脂肪酸(volatile fatty acids)进行了监测分析,发现两组的上述数据差异并不显著,TVFA/TA和丙酸/乙酸的比值更加有效指示两体系恢复后的稳定性,且添加钢渣体系较加碱体系提前8 d恢复正常。最后分析了恢复产气后消化液中重金属,两体系的重金属含量完全满足NY/T 2065-2011沼肥施用技术规范中的相关要求,此举提供了一种优于传统恢复酸化液渣产气的方式,为解决实际工程易酸化、恢复产气成本高的问题提出了新的解决方法。  相似文献   

17.
The color of fresh meat is one of the most important quality criteria of raw muscle foods. This red color is principally due to the presence of oxymyoglobin. The present study was undertaken to examine the effect of a diet rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), the addition of NaCl, and the influence of dietary supplementation with vitamin E on calf muscle oxymyoglobin oxidation (color) and lipid peroxidation. Vitamin E was added to the feed at a concentration of 4000 mg/day for 90 days before slaughter. This diet increased the alpha-tocopherol concentration in muscle membrane from 2.6-2.8 to 6.5-7.0 microg/g of fresh weight. It was found that the diet rich in PUFA and, especially, the addition of NaCl increased muscle lipid peroxidation and oxymyoglobin oxidation as indicated by the contents of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances and substances that impaired color value readings during storage at 4 degrees C. Both undesirable reactions during storage were controlled very efficiently by the presence of a critically high concentration of alpha-tocopherol in the muscle tissues. The findings concerning the antioxidant activity of alpha-tocopherol in this study form additional evidence of its efficient protection against oxidative reactions during storage of muscle tissues and its potential to maintain a high nutritional value in them.  相似文献   

18.
内源性CNT在动物血液及组织中的变化与分布   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  
以豚鼠为实验动物,应用放射免疫测定方法研究了内源性ｃＡＭＰ 和ｃＧＭＰ 在动物血液中含量变化及组织分布。结果表明,正常情况下动物血液中ｃＡＭＰ 和ｃＧＭＰ的变化幅度不大, 二者含量基本稳定在２０７３８ ±０９６７ｐ ｍｏｌ／ ｍｌ 和５８１５ ±００３２ｐ ｍｏｌ／ ｍｌ;肝脏细胞中含ｃＡＭＰ 最多（８３２００ ±２１４６ｐｍ ｏｌ／ｇ） ,脂肪细胞中最少（５７６７ ±３６８ｐｍ ｏｌ／ｇ） ;ｃＧＭＰ 则以小肠分布最多（３６９７ ±１７０ｐ ｍｏｌ／ｇ） ,脂肪中最少（１９３ ±００５ｐｍ ｏｌ／ｇ） ,各组织或器官ｃＡＭＰ／ｃＧＭＰ 值在１８６５ ～７５０６ 范围内变化。  相似文献   

19.
Conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) were enzymatically acidolyzed with olive oil to produce structured lipids (SL), and their antiatherosclerotic properties were investigated in C57BL/6J mice. Twenty-eight mice were divided into four groups and fed control diet or atherogenic diets supplemented with high cholesterol and high fat (HCHF) containing 5% of lard, olive oil, or SL based on control diet for 4 weeks. The supplementation of SL diet (0.6% CLA) significantly reduced the levels of serum total cholesterol and total triglyceride and increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level as compared to lard and olive oil diet groups (p < 0.05). The activity of liver acyl CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) of mice fed the SL diet was significantly lower than that of mice fed the lard or olive oil diet. A reduced formation of aortic fatty streak was observed in SL group. The extent of CLA incorporation depended on tissues or types of phospholipids. More CLA was incorporated in adipose tissue (1.85 mol %) than in the liver (0.33 mol %). Besides, more CLA was found in phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) (0.47 mol %) than in phosphatidylcholine (PC) (0.05 mol %) of hepatic phospholipids. Hepatic phospholipids (PC and PE) of mice fed the SL diet contained reduced contents of arachidonic and linoleic acid compared with mice fed the olive oil or lard diet. The present study suggests that SL could be considered as a functional oil for preventing risks of atheroscelerosis.  相似文献   

20.
Several decontamination agents including water, sodium hypochlorite, peroxyacetic acid, neutral electrolyzed oxidizing water, and chlorine dioxide gas were tested for their effectiveness to reduce the natural microflora on grated carrots. Microbial reductions of the total aerobic count obtained after the different treatments varied between 0.11 and 3.29 log colony-forming units (cfu)/g. Whether or not a decontamination step induced significant changes in the sensory attributes of grated carrots is highly dependent on the type and concentration of disinfectant. To maintain the nutritional value, the influence of the decontamination agents on carotenoid content, alpha-tocopherol content, total phenols, and antioxidant capacity was studied. Besides the part of the nutrients that was leached away from the cutting areas by water, the nutrient losses caused by adding sanitizers were rather limited. Compared with the untreated carrots alpha-tocopherol content was, however, significantly reduced when 250 ppm of peroxyacetic acid (-80%) or 200 ppm of sodium hypochlorite (-59%) was used. Additional losses in carotenoid content were caused by contact with chlorine dioxide gas (-9%). On the condition of an optimized decontamination process toward time and concentration, the microbial quality of fresh-cut carrots could be improved without negatively influencing their sensory quality and nutrient content.  相似文献   

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