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1.
Study of the relationship between plant litter-derived dissolved organic matter（DOM） and organic pollutant transport in soil is important for understanding the role of forest litter carbon cycling in influencing pollutant behaviour and fate in forest soil.With the aim of providing insight into the capacity of plant litter-derived DOM to influence sorption and desorption of selected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons（PAHs） on soil, batch experiments were carried out with application of a sorption-desorption model incorporating DOM effects. Freshly fallen pine（Pinus elliottii） needles were used as the source of organic matter. Input of the pine needle litter-derived DOM was found to significantly decrease desorption hysteresis as well as soil adsorption capacity of phenanthrene（PHE） and fluoranthene（FLA）. Addition of 1 728 mg L-1dissolved organic carbon（DOC） lowered the organic carbon-normalized sorption distribution coefficient of PHE from 7 776 to 2 541 L kg-1C and of FLA from 11 503 to 4 368 L kg-1C. Decreases of the apparent sorption-desorption distribution coefficients of PHE and FLA with increased DOC concentration indicated that DOM favored desorption of PAHs from soil. Increases in the fraction of apparently dissolved PAHs were attributable to the dissolved PAH-DOM complexes, accounting for the dissolved proportions of 39% to 69% for PHE and 26% to 72% for FLA in the sorption and desorption processes as the concentration of the added DOM solution rose from 0 to 1 728 mg L-1. Our results suggest that pine needle litterderived DOM can have a substantial effect of inhibiting PAHs sorption and promoting PAHs desorption, thus leading to enhanced leaching in soil, which should be taken into account in risk assessment of PAHs accumulated in forest soil.  相似文献   

2.
Tree species have significant effects on the availability and dynamics of soil organic matter. In the present study, the pool sizes of soil dissolved organic matter (DOM), potential mineralizable N (PMN) and bio-available carbon (C) (measured as cumulative CO2 evolution over 63 days) were compared in soils under three coniferous species — 73 year old slash (Pinus elliottii), hoop (Araucaria cunninghamii) and kauri (Agathis robusta) pines. Results have shown that dissolved organic N (DON) in hot water extracts was 1.5–1.7 times lower in soils under slash pine than under hoop and kauri pines, while soil dissolved organic C (DOC) in hot water extracts tended to be higher under slash pine than hoop and kauri pines but this was not statistically significant. This has led to the higher DOC:DON ratio in soils under slash pine (32) than under hoop and kauri pines (17). Soil DOC and DON in 2 M KCl extracts were not significantly different among the three tree species. The DOC:DON ratio (hot water extracts) was positively and significantly correlated with soil C:N (R2 = 0.886, P < 0.01) and surface litter C:N ratios (R2 = 0.768, P < 0.01), indicating that DOM was mainly derived from litter materials and soil organic matter through dissolution and decomposition. Soil pH was lower under slash pine (4.5) than under hoop (6.0) and kauri (6.2) pines, and negatively correlated with soil total C, C:N ratio, DOC and DOC:DON ratio (hot water extracts), indicating the soil acidity under slash pine favored the accumulation of soil C. Moreover, the amounts of dissolved inorganic N, PMN and bio-available C were also significantly lower in soils under slash pine than under hoop and kauri pines. It is concluded that changes in the quantity and quality of surface litters and soil pH induced by different tree species largely determined the size and quality of soil DOM, and plantations of hoop and kauri pine trees may be better in maintaining long-term soil N fertility than slash pine plantations.  相似文献   

3.
Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is a small but reactive pool of the soil organic matter (SOM) that contributes to soil dynamics including the intermediary pool spanning labile to resistant SOM fractions. The solubilization of SOM (DOM production) is commonly attributed to both microbially driven and physico-chemically mediated processes, yet the extent to which these processes control DOM production is highly debated. We conducted a series of experiments using 13C-ryegrass residue or its extract (13C-ryegrass-DOM) separately under sterile and non-sterile conditions to demonstrate the importance of DOM production from microbial and physico-chemical processes. Soils with similar properties but differing in parent material were used to test the influence of mineralogy on DOM production. To test the role of the source of C for DOM production, one set of soils was leached frequently with 13C-ryegrass-DOM and in the other set of soils 13C-ryegrass residue was incorporated at the beginning of the experiment into the soil and soils were leached frequently with 0.01 mol L−1 CaCl2 solution. Leaching events for both treatments occurred at 12-d intervals over a 90-day period. The amount of dissolved organic C and N (DOC and DON) leached from residue-amended soils were consistently more than 3 times higher in sterile than non-sterile soils, decreasing with the time. Despite changes in the concentration of DOC and DON and the production of CO2, the proportion of DOC derived from the 13C-ryegrass residue was largely constant during the experiment (regardless of microbial activity), with the majority (about 70%) of the DOM originating from native SOM. In 13C-residue-DOM treatments, after successive leaching events and regardless of the sterility conditions i) the native SOM consistently supplied at least 10% of the total leached DOM, and ii) the contribution of native SOM to DOM was 2–2.9 times greater in 13C-residue-DOM amended soils than control soils, suggesting the role of desorption and exchange reactions in DOM production in presence of fresh DOM input. The contribution of the native SOM to DOM resulted in higher aromaticity and humification index. Our results suggest that physico-chemical processes (e.g. exchange or dissolution reactions) can primarily control DOM production. However, microbial activity affects SOM solubilization indirectly through DOM turnover.  相似文献   

4.
Dissolved organic matter (DOM) plays a central role in driving many chemical and biological processes in soil; however, our understanding of the fluxes and composition of the DOM pool still remains unclear. In this study we investigated the composition and dynamics of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and nitrogen (DON) in five temperate coniferous forests. We subsequently related our findings to the inputs (litterfall, throughfall, atmospheric deposition) and outputs (leaching, respiration) of C and N from the forest and to plant available sources of N. With the exception of NO3?, most of the measured soil solution components (e.g. DOC, DON, NH4+, free amino acids, total phenolics and proteins) progressively declined in concentration with soil depth, particularly in the organic horizons. This decline correlated well with total microbial activity within the soil profile. We calculated that the amount of C lost by soil respiration each day was equivalent to 70% of the DOC pool and 0.06% of the total soil C. The rapid rate of amino acid mineralization and the domination of the low molecular weight soluble N pool by inorganic N suggest that the microbial community is C‐ rather than N‐limited and that C‐limitation increases with soil depth. Further, our results suggest that the forest stands were not N‐limited and were probably more reliant on inorganic N as a primary N source rather than DON. In conclusion, our results show that the size of the DON and DOC pools are small relative to both the amount of C and N passing through the soil each year and the total C and N present in the soil. In addition, high rates of atmospheric N deposition in these forests may have removed competition for N resources between the plant and microbial communities.  相似文献   

5.
About the sorption of dissolved organic matter to forest soils This investigation characterizes the major forest soils of the temperate climatic zones (leptosols, vertisols, cambisols, luvisols, podzols, stagnosols, gleysols) as sorbents for dissolved organic matter (DOM). Sorption isotherms were obtained for 135 soil horizons from 36 profiles. When solutions containing no DOC were added, the release of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was highest for horizons rich in organic C (A and Bh horizons). In subsoil horizons DOC release was much lower. Most of the investigated top soils (A and E horizons) and Bh, Bg, and C horizons showed a weak DOC sorption. This was caused by low contents of sorbents (clay and sesquioxides) and/or high contents of organic C. Organic C seems to reduce the DOC sorption by occupying binding sites. Subsoils rich in clay and sesquioxides like Bs, Bt, and Bw horizons showed a strong retention of DOC. Under the aerobic conditions of the experiments, some of the subsoils of stagnosols and gleysols also showed a strong sorption of DOC. However, in sorption experiments conducted after an anaerobic incubation, the DOC sorption decreased significantly.  相似文献   

6.
The degradability and chemical characteristics of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and nitrogen (DON) from the litter, F and H layers of silver birch (Betula pendula Roth), Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stands were studied in an incubation experiment. Soil dissolved organic matter (DOM) was collected by centrifugation. Degradability was assessed in an incubation experiment by measuring the loss of DOC and DON, the mineralization rate of DOC and the availability of DOM to both bacteria and fungi, and by estimating the proportion of labile DOC of the total DOC. The degradability of DOC was highest in the litter layer and in that layer under birch. In the F and H layers, however, the degradability was highest under spruce. The most degradable fractions were the hydrophilic neutral fraction of DOC, the hydrophilic base fraction of DON, and the phenol fraction, as well as the smallest (<1 kDa) and largest (>100 kDa) molecular size classes of both DOC and DON. The degradability of these fractions seemed to be related to their relatively low C-to-N ratios. The hydrophilic acid fraction and the molecular size class of 1-10 kDa were more abundant in the H layer than in the litter layer, and thus apparently indicating a more decomposed DOM. In general, the effect of tree species on DOM was more obvious in the litter layer than in the lower organic layers.  相似文献   

7.
可溶性有机物对土壤中绿麦隆吸附与解吸的影响   总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7  
A batch equilibrium techniques was used to examine the effect of dissolved organic matter （DOM） extracted from both non-treated sludge （NTS） and heat-expanded sludge （HES） on the sorption and desorption of chlorotoluron （3-（3-chloro-p-tolyl）-1,1-dimethylurea） in two types of soils, a yellow fluvo-aquic and a red soil from China. Without DOM,sorption of chlorotoluron was significantly greater （P 〈 0.05） in the red soil than in the yellow fluvo-aquic soil. However,with DOM the effect was dependent on the soil type and nature of DOM. Chlorotoluron sorption was lower in the yellow fluvo-aquic soil than in the red soil, suggesting that with the same DOM levels the yellow fluvo-aquic soil had a lower sorption capacity for this herbicide. Application of DOM from both NTS and HES led to a general decrease in sorption to the soils and an increase in desorption from the soils. Desorption of chlorotoluron also significantly increased （P 〈 0.05） with an increase in the DOM concentration. Additionally, for sorption and desorption, at each DOM treatment level the NTS treatments were significantly lower （P 〈 0.05） than the HES treatments. This implied that non-treated sludge had a greater effect on the sorption and desorption of chlorotoluron than heat-expanded sludge.  相似文献   

8.
Partition coefficients K P of nonylphenol (NP) in soil were determined for 193 soil samples which differed widely in content of soil organic carbon (SOC), hydrogen activity, clay content, and in the content of dissolved organic carbon (DOC). By means of multiple linear regression analysis (MLR), pedotransfer functions were derived to predict partition coefficients from soil data. SOC and pH affected the sorption, though the latter was in a range significantly below the pKa of NP. Quality of soil organic matter presumably plays an important but yet not quantified role in sorption of NP. For soil samples with SOC values less than 3 g kg?1, model prediction became uncertain with this linear approach. We suggest that using only SOC and pH data results in good prediction of NP sorption in soils with SOC higher than 3 g kg?1. Considering the varying validity of the linear model for different ranges of the most sensitive parameter SOC, a more flexible, nonlinear approach was tested. The application of an artificial neuronal network (ANN) to predict sorption of NP in soils showed a sigmoidal relation between K P and SOC. The nonlinear ANN approach provided good results compared to the MLR approach and represents an alternative tool for prediction of NP partitioning coefficients.  相似文献   

9.
秸秆还田对稻田土壤溶液中溶解性有机质的影响   总被引：23，自引：2，他引：23  
卢萍  单玉华  杨林章  韩勇 《土壤学报》2006,43(5):736-741
研究了麦秆不同方式还田、施用无机氮肥及不同移栽时间对水稻田土壤溶液中溶解性有机碳（DOC）、溶解性有机氮（DON）浓度的影响。结果表明，淹水后土壤溶液中DOC浓度在淹水初期明显增加，而后逐渐下降。添加麦秆这一有机物料，在水稻生长期前2个月内显著提高了DOC，对DON在一段时间内也表现出促进作用，其后差异不显著。施用无机氮肥降低了土壤溶液中DOC、DON浓度。DON的浓度与施肥量呈负相关。水稻推迟移栽，土壤溶液中溶解性有机质（DOM）均显著降低。  相似文献   

10.
While dissolved organic matter (DOM) in soil solution is a small but reactive fraction of soil organic matter, its source and dynamics are unclear. A laboratory incubation experiment was set up with an agricultural topsoil amended with 13C labelled maize straw. The dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration in soil solution increased sharply from 25 to 186 mg C L−1 4 h after maize amendment, but rapidly decreased to 42 mg C L−1 and reached control values at and beyond 2 months. About 65% of DOM was straw derived after 4 h, decreasing to 29% after one day and only 1.3% after 240 days. A significant priming effect of the straw on the release of autochthonous DOM was found. The DOM fractionation with DAX-8 resin revealed that 98% of the straw derived DOM was hydrophilic in the initial pulse while this hydrophilic fraction was 20-30% in control samples. This was in line with the specific UV absorbance of the DOM which was significantly lower in the samples amended with maize residues than in the control samples. The δ13C of the respired CO2 matched that of DOC in the first day after amendment but exceeded it in following days. The straw derived C fractions in respired CO2 and in microbial biomass were similar between 57 and 240 days after amendment but were 3-10 fold above those in the DOM. This suggests that the solubilisation of C from the straw is in steady state with the DOM degradation or that part of the straw is directly mineralised without going into solution. This study shows that residue application releases a pulse of hydrophilic DOM that temporarily (<3 days) dominates the soil DOM pool and the degradable C. However, beyond that pulse the majority of DOM is derived from soil organic matter and its isotope signature differs from microbial biomass and respired C, casting doubt that the DOM pool in the soil solution is the major bioaccessible C pool in soil.  相似文献   

11.
The aim of this study was to determine whether tree species consistently affects soil microbial activities related to C and N cycling and to compare these activities with the characteristics of soil dissolved organic matter (DOM). Samples were taken from the mor-type organic layer (Of+Oh) underlain by podzols of six 20–72-year-old tree-species experiments on different site types in different parts of Finland. Sampling plots were dominated by silver birch (Betula pendula Roth), Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst) or Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L., only on four sites). Amounts of C and N in the microbial biomass and rates of C mineralization (CO2 production) and net N mineralization were determined, and water extracts were analysed for concentrations of DOC and DON and characterized according to molecular size by ultrafiltration and according to chemical composition using a resin fractionation technique. In all older stands, birch, compared to spruce or pine, increased soil pH, NH4-concentration and amounts of C and N in microbial biomass and decreased the C-to-N ratio and ratio of dissolved organic N (DON)-to-mineral N. Birch had similar effects also in part of the younger stands. Birch also increased the rates of both C and net N mineralization compared to spruce or pine but only on two sites. In all soils, net nitrification was low. The distribution of DOC into different fractions based on chemical composition and molecular size was rather similar in all soils. The most abundant chemical fraction was hydrophobic acids, and the most abundant molecular size fraction was 10–100 kDa. The C-to-N ratio varied but was lowest in hydrophilic bases and in the smallest molecular size class. Mineralization of C was highly and positively correlated with concentration of DOC (Pearson's correlation coefficient r = 0.9, P < 0.01). The results indicated close interactions between microbial processes and dissolved organic matter.  相似文献   

12.
Influence of Soil Properties on the Release of Dissolved Organic Matter (DOM) from the Topsoil A percolation experiment over a period of three month with small monoliths from forest and grassland soils varying in their anthropogenic changes was carried out to identify, to weigh and to quantify important soil properties for DOM release from the topsoil. Quality of soil organic matter determines the amount of DOM released from the topsoil if the soils have a low ability to adsorb and to precipitate DOM. Favorable conditions for high DOC concentrations in the soil solution are wide C/N ratios in the soil and in the hot water soluble fraction, a high soil content of hot water soluble organic carbon and a high portion of hot water soluble organic carbon in the total organic carbon content. Anthropogenic changes of the soils are effective to DOM release via changing quality of soil organic matter. Long dry periods and large water fluxes can further increase DOM release. The effects of soil organic matter can be disguised in soils with a high DOM retention capacity (high CEC, high content of exchangeable bases, Feox and Fed). Then adsorption and precipitation determine DOM release from the topsoil and contribute to a decrease of DOM release.  相似文献   

13.
The mobility of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in soils can be influenced by the presence of dissolved organic matter. Partition coefficients of selected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, ranging from 3-ring to 6-ring compounds, to water-soluble soil organic matter (WSSOM) were determined. Partition coefficients were determined for WSSOM obtained from two soils under agricultural use and forest and for commercially available humic acid (Aldrich), taking advantage of a reversed phase (C18) separation method. The WSSOM was characterised with regard to charge and hydrophilic/hydrophobic properties with a dissolved organic matter (DOM) fractionation method. No sorption to WSSOM was found for the tri- and tetracyclic PAH, whereas the penta- and hexacyclic PAH showed a significant binding to both types of WSSOM and to Aldrich humic acid. The affinity of penta- and hexacyclic PAH to WSSOM was considerably lower compared to the affinity to Aldrich humic acid. This is suggested to be due to the lower amount of hydrophobic fractions, c. 30%, in the natural WSSOM as compared to Aldrich humic acid. Effective partition coefficients (Koceff) for the sorption of PAH to bulk soil calculated from KDOC and DOM in the naturally occurring concentration range were only 60–70% of the Koc values in pure water. The impact of DOM on pollutant transport is further influenced by non-equilibrium behaviour of PAH in soils and by sorption of DOM to the solid-soil matrix. Several scenarios are described in which the effect of DOM on pollutant transport may become important.  相似文献   

14.
We estimated the contribution of dissolved organic matter (DOM) to cation leaching and the translocation of acidity in three acid forest soils. The analysis was based on monitored (2 years) concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the field, measured total acidities of DOM, and measured as well as predicted weighted mean dissociation constants of the organic acids. Although the forest floor solutions were strongly acidic (pH 3.47–4.10), a considerable proportion of the organic acids was dissociated and organic anions represented 22–40% of the total anions in the mineral soil input. The flux of DOM-associated exchangeable protons from the forest floor to the mineral soil ranged from 0.35 (Wülfersreuth) to 3.72 (Hohe Matzen) kmol ha?1 yr?1. In the subsoil, this organic acidity may be neutralized by microbial decomposition of the organic acids, but a part of the hydrogen ions may dissociate and contribute to acidification of the soil solution and to weathering processes. Due to the pronounced retention of DOM in the mineral subsoil horizons, the contribution of DOM to the output of cations and acidity from the soil is much lower than in the surface horizons but still significant.?  相似文献   

15.
Abstract

Diethylaminoethyl cellulose (DEAE cellulose), a weak anion exchange resin, has been used to isolate dissolved organic matter (DOM) from soil solutions collected from three different soil types, to investigate the amount of DOM isolated from soil solutions of various origin, and the extent to which inorganic ions are isolated together with DOM. The concentration of DOM in the various soil solutions ranged from 2.5 to 32.8 mg#lbL‐1 DOC. More than 80% of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was usually isolated with DEAE cellulose. High concentrations of aluminum (Al) and sulfate (SO4 2‐) in the soil solutions have reduced DOC recovery. More than 90% of potassium (K+), calcium (Ca2+), and magnesium (Mg2+), were removed during the isolation procedure, but 10 to 20% of Al and 30 to 40% of iron (Fe) were isolated together with the DOC, probably due to strong complexation to DOM. The advantages of using DEAE cellulose were that the use of strong acids and bases was limited and that pH adjustments of the sample, leading to chemical modification of DOM, was not required.  相似文献   

16.
We conducted a laboratory incubation of forest (Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) or beech (Fagus sylvatica)), grassland (Trifolium repens/Lolium perenne) and arable (organic and conventional) soils at 5 and 25 °C. We aimed to clarify the mechanisms of short-term (2-weeks) nitrogen (N) cycling processes and microbial community composition in relation to dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and N (DON) availability and selected soil properties. N cycling was measured by 15N pool dilution and microbial community composition by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) and community level physiological profiles (CLPP). Soil DOC increased in the order of arable<grassland<forest soil while DON and gross N fluxes increased in the order of forest<arable<grassland soil; land use had no affect on respiration rate. Soil DOC was lower, while respiration, DON and gross N fluxes were higher at 25 than 5 °C. Gross N fluxes, respiration and bacterial biomass were all positively correlated with each other. Gross N fluxes were positively correlated with pH and DON, and negatively correlated with organic matter, fungal biomass, DOC and DOC/DON ratio. Respiration rate was positively correlated with bacterial biomass, DON and DOC/DON ratio. Multiple linear modelling indicated that soil pH, organic matter, bacterial biomass, DON and DOC/DON ratio were important in predicting gross N mineralization. Incubation temperature, pH and total-C were important in predicting gross nitrification, while gross N mineralization, gross nitrification and pH were important in predicting gross N immobilization. Permutation multivariate analysis of variance indicated that DGGE, CLPP and PLFA profiles were all significantly (P<0.05) affected by land use and incubation temperature. Multivariate regressions indicated that incubation temperature, pH and organic matter content were important in predicting DGGE, CLPP and PLFA profiles. PLFA and CLPP were also related to DON, DOC, ammonium and nitrate contents. Canonical correlation analysis showed that PLFA and CLPP were related to differences in the rates of gross N mineralization, gross nitrification and soil respiration. Our study indicates that vegetation type and/or management practices which control soil pH and mediate dissolved organic matter availability were important predictors of gross N fluxes and microbial composition in this short-term experiment.  相似文献   

17.
利用田间试验,探讨生物炭与强还原处理(RSD)对退化设施蔬菜土壤可溶性有机质(DOM)的影响.处理为对照(CK)、生物炭修复(BC)、淹水(SF)、淹水覆膜(SFF)、强还原修复(RSD)、RSD与生物炭联合修复(RSD+BC),对比研究不同处理对0-20,20-40 cm 土壤DOM含量及光谱特征的影响.结果表明:0...  相似文献   

18.
Microbial decomposition of extracted and leached dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and nitrogen (DON) was demonstrated from three pasture soils in laboratory incubation studies. DOC concentration in water extracts ranged between 29 and 148 mg C L?1 and DON concentration ranged between 2 and 63 mg N L?1. Between 17 and 61 % of the DOC in the water extracts were respired as CO2 by microbes by day 36. DON concentrations in the extracts declined more rapidly than DOC. Within the first 21 days of incubation, the concentration of DON was near zero without any significant change in the concentration of NO3 ? or NH4 +, indicating that microbes had utilized the organic pool of N preferentially. Decomposition of leached DOC (ranged between 7 and 66 mg C L?1) and DON (ranged between 6 and 11 mg N L?1) collected from large lysimeters (with perennial pasture; 50 cm diameter?×?80 cm deep) followed a similar pattern to that observed with soil extracts. Approximately 28 to 61 % of the DOC in leachates were respired as CO2 by day 49. The concentration of DON in the leachates declined to below 1 mg N L?1 within 7–14 days of the incubation, consistent with the observations made with extractable DON. Our results clearly show that DOC and DON components of the dissolved organic matter in pasture soils, whether extracted or leached, are highly decomposable and bioavailable and will influence local ecosystem functions and nutrient balances in grazed pasture systems and receiving water bodies.  相似文献   

19.
Composition and Speciation of Soil Solution collected in a Heavy Metal polluted calcareous Soil Close to a brass foundry, which had emitted heavy metal containing dusts for over 80 years, soil water was collected in the topsoil (18 cm) and in the subsoil (40 cm) of a severely polluted Calcic Fluvisol by means of polyethylen suction cups over a period of 2 years. The total metal content of the topsoil (extracted with 2M HNO3 at 100 °C for 2 hours) was 38 nmol g?1, 24 μmol g?1, and 25 μmol g?1 for Cd, Cu, and Zn, respectively. The mean heavy metal concentrations of the soil solution were 0.5 mol L?1, 300 nmol L?1, and 200 nmol L?1 in the topsoil and 0.6 nmol L?1, 90 nmol L?1, and 30 nmol L?1 in the subsoil for Cd, Cu, and Zn, respectively. Solubility calculations showed that the soil solutions were undersaturated with respect to heavy metal carbonates as well as to hydroxides. It seems that the heavy metal concentration is determined by sorption processes rather than by precipitation. The composition of the soil solution has been shown to be governed by the presence, of calcite, by the soil temperature and by the partial pressure of CO2 in the soil air. The pCO2 in the soil air (in both depths) has been estimated at 2 mbar during the winter term and at 20 mbar during the summer term. A corresponding increase of the concentration of macroelements (Ca, Mg, Na) as well as of total dissolved carbonate and of dissolved organic matter (DOC) has been measured in the summer half year. No significant seasonal variations of the heavy metal concentrations were detected and no correlations with concentrations of other components could be found.  相似文献   

20.
Leaching of dissolved organic matter (DOM) from pastoral soils is increasingly seen as an important but poorly understood process. This paper examined the relationship between soil chemical properties, microbial activity and the losses of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and nitrogen (DON) through leaching from six pasture soils. These soils differed in carbon (C) (4.6–14.9%) and nitrogen (N) (0.4–1.4%) contents and in the amount of organic C and N that had accumulated or been lost in the preceding 20+ years (i.e. −5131 to +1624 kg C ha−1 year−1 and −263 to +220 kg N ha−1 year−1, respectively). The paper also examined whether between‐soil‐type differences in DOC and DON leaching was a major explanatory factor in the observed range of soil organic matter (SOM) changes in these soils. Between 280 and 1690 kg C ha−1 year−1 and 28–117 kg N ha−1 year−1 leached as DOC and DON, respectively, from the six soils in a lysimeter study, with losses being greater from two poorly drained gley soils. Losses of C and N of this magnitude, while at the upper end relative to published data, could not fully explain the losses at Rawerawe, Bruntwood and Lepperton sites reported by Schipper et al. (2007) . The study highlights the leaching of DOM as a significant pathway of loss of C and N in pasture soils that is often ignored or given little attention in predictive models and nutrient budgeting. Leaching losses of DOC and DON alone, or in combination with slightly increased respiration losses of SOM given a 0.2°C increase in the mean annual soil temperature, do not fully explain long‐term changes in the SOM observed at these sites. When soils examined in the present study were separated on the basis of drainage class, the losses of DOC by leaching were correlated with both total and hot‐water extractable C (HWC), the latter being a measure of the labile SOM fraction. Basal microbial CO2 respiration rates, which varied between 1 and 3.5 µg CO2‐C g−1 soil hour−1 in surface soils (0–75‐mm depth), was also linked to HWC and the quantities of C lost as DOC. Adoption of the HWC method as an approach that could be used as a proxy for the direct measurement of the soil organic C lost by leaching as DOC or respired needs to be examined further with a greater number of soils. In comparison, a poor relationship was found between the hot‐water extractable N (HWN) and loss of DON by leaching, despite HWN previously being shown to be a measure of the mineralizable pool of N in soils, possibly reflecting the greater competition for N than C in these soils.  相似文献   

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