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1.
Abstract

Changes in cropping systems during the past century have led to selective pressure on weed flora. Species and ecotypes with characteristics enabling them to survive in high-input farmland have increased in numbers, at the cost of plants lacking these characters. Since the 1950s, the perennial weed species Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. and Sonchus arvensis L. have mainly been controlled by the herbicide group synthetic auxins like MCPA. During recent decades, C. arvense seems to have become less susceptible to MCPA in both Europe and North America but the reasons are unclear.

To study the importance of selective pressure on weed ecotypes, both short- and long-term studies were carried out in Uppsala, Sweden. The first consisted of two growth-characteristic greenhouse experiments. The hypothesis was that ecotypes of C. arvense and S. arvensis from high-input farmland were different and displayed a more competitive growth pattern than did ecotypes from low-input farmland.

The second study was a field experiment with four ecotypes of C. arvense from low-input farmland to study if selective pressure was in force, over a period of six years. The four ecotypes had different growth characteristics and herbicide sensitivity and they were exposed to crop competition and MCPA treatments during the experimental period. The hypothesis was that ecotypes with a more competitive growth pattern and MCPA tolerance would survive to a greater extent than would other ecotypes. For C. arvense, the results from the growth-characteristic experiment showed that the growth pattern of ecotypes from high-input farmland differed, showing a more directly elongated growth pattern with fewer spines on the leaves compared with ecotypes from low-input farmland, which usually were of rosette-type. Results from the field experiment with C. arvense showed that after six years MCPA-sensitive and/or rosette-type ecotypes had almost disappeared while ecotypes with a more directly elongated growth pattern and less sensitive to MCPA survived to a much greater extent. The conclusion was therefore that when exposed to selective pressure like crop competition and herbicide treatments, ecotypes of C. arvense with a more directly elongated growth pattern and less sensitive to herbicide treatment survived to a greater extent compared with ecotypes missing these traits. Ecotypes from high-input farmland had generally fewer leaf spines than did ecotypes from low-input farmland. This may suggest a trade-off between spine formation and rapid competitive growth. In the growth-characteristic experiment with S. arvensis, no differences between ecotypes from high- and low-input farmland regarding growth characteristics or leaf spines could be detected. This might partly be due to a lower exposure of S. arvensis to selective pressure compared with C. arvense, since S. arvensis generally is less sensitive to MCPA.  相似文献   

2.
This study aimed at investigating mechanisms of salt tolerance and ionic relations of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cultivars with different nitrogen (N) sources. Two resistant genotypes, ILC‐205 and ILC‐1919, were subjected to four levels of salinity (0.5, 3.0, 6.0, and 9.0 dS m‐1). Nitrogen sources consisted of inoculation with two resistant Rhizobium strains, CP‐29 and CP‐32, mineral N additions, and no N application. Data was collected on root and shoot contents of sodium (Na+) chlorine, (Cl‐,) and potassium (K+), and shoot to root Na+ratio, as well as shoot K+ to Na+ ratio. Salinity affected shoot Na+ and Cl‐contents, but nodulating plants had higher shoot Na+ contents than plants supplied with mineral N. Shoot to root Na+ ratios were lower in the mineral N treatment than in nodulating treatments at 3.0 dS m‐1, indicating that root compartmentalization and shoot exclusion were only possible at low salinities. Potassium levels of nodulating plant shoots were lower than those of non‐nodulating plants only at low salinities. N‐source significantly affected shoot K+/Na+ ratio, with nodulating plants having lower ratios than non‐nodulating plants, indicating that rhizobial infection or nodule formation may lead to salt entry curtailing the selective ability of chickpea roots.  相似文献   

3.
Abstract

Soils low in available zinc (Zn) occur in many areas of the world where chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is grown. Improving the ability to grow and produce high yield under limited supplies of Zn (often referred to as Zn efficiency) may increase productivity of chickpea in many of these regions. The effects of Zn on the growth, grain yield and tissue ZN concentration of a number of chickpea genotypes were compared in one field experiment in South Australia and two in Pakistan. The DPTA‐extractable Zn at the sites ranged from 0.24 to 0.30 mg kg?1. In each experiment 10 genotypes were grown with or without additional Zn. Except for Tyson, the genotypes differed between the two experiments in Pakistan and that in South Australia. Grain yield responses to applied Zn, which ranged from 7% to 19%, occurred at each site, but the largest responses occurred at the two sites in Pakistan. The rankings for Zn efficiency from the field experiments were significantly correlated with the rankings in previous pot trials, and there was a significant correlation in the performance of genotypes across sites in Pakistan. The high levels of zinc efficiency suggested that significant genetic gains in productivity under conditions of low Zn supply are possible. The ability of pot trials to predict performance under field conditions indicates that screening for zinc efficiency can be successfully conducted in the glasshouse.  相似文献   

4.
The mechanisms affecting the heat sensitivity of chickpea are largely unknown. Heat-tolerant (ICCV07110, ICCV92944) and heat-sensitive (ICC14183, ICC5912) chickpea genotypes were sown in February in the soil-filled pots. At the time of flowering, these were subjected to varying day/night temperatures of 30/20, 35/25, 40/30 and 45/35°C in the growth chambers (12 h light/12 h dark; light intensity, 250 μmol m?2 s?1, 80% relative humidity). The pollen viability, pollen germination, tube growth, pollen load and stigma receptivity decreased with increases in temperatures to 45/35°C. The heat-tolerant genotypes experienced significantly less damage to pollen and stigma function. Membrane integrity, chlorophyll content, photochemical efficiency and cellular oxidizing ability were inhibited by the increase in temperature, with greater impacts on the sensitive genotypes. Oxidative injury as lipid peroxidation and hydrogen peroxide content was significantly greater in sensitive genotypes at 40/30 and 45/35°C. Enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants showed increased levels at 40/30°C, but decreased considerably at 45/35°C. Heat-tolerant genotypes possessed greater activity of ascorbate peroxidase and glutathione reductase, along with higher levels of ascorbate and reduced glutathione at 40/30 and 45/35°C. Biomass, pod set and yield were not affected significantly at 35/25°C, but began to decrease at 40/30°C and were lowest at 45/35°C. The sensitive genotypes were not able to set any pods at 45/35°C, whereas the tolerant genotypes produced only few fertile pods at this temperature. It was concluded that heat stress leads to loss of pollen as well as stigma function and induces oxidative stress in the leaves that cause failure of fertilization and damage to the leaves, respectively.  相似文献   

5.
Summary The karyotype of Cicer arietinum L. was characterized after the use of chromosome differential staining obtained through various techniques, such as C-banding and fluorochrome staining. It was possible to individually identify all the chromosomes of this species. Moreover the use of fluorochromes with different DNA targets allowed the distinction of at least two types of heterochromatin.The importance of chickpea heterochromatin characterization is discussed in the perspective of evolutionary and breeding studies.Abbreviations BSG Barium-Saline-Giemsa banding - CMA Chromomycin A3 - DAPI 4-6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole - H33258 Bis-benzimide derivate Hoechst 33258  相似文献   

6.
Crop drought tolerance improvement is one of the most challenging objectives of plant breeding programs. Developing an efficient screening technology and access to genetic variation for the traits contributing toward drought tolerance are major steps in this direction. To go in this quest, an experiment was conducted under controlled condition in a greenhouse. Nine Kabuli chickpea genotypes were grown under well-watered condition (85–90% field capacity (FC)) until start of flowering. Then, the following water treatments were imposed: well-watered, intermediate (55–60% FC), and severe (25–30% FC) drought stress. Physiological and agronomical traits were compared under different water treatments. Drought stress and genotypes interaction was significant in all measured traits, indicating that various genotypes responded differently to drought stress. Among measured traits, electrolyte leakage, stomatal conductance, yield components, and harvest index exhibited the highest variations. Yield components and stomatal conductance showed maximum reduction under drought stress and in susceptible known genotype, ILC3279, reduction reached up to 95%. Principal component analysis indicated that relative water content, photochemical efficiency of photosystem II, and stomatal conductance are the physiological traits with greater contribution toward drought tolerance. Therefore, these traits should be evaluated ahead of many other traits in making selections for drought-tolerant chickpea genotypes.  相似文献   

7.
Purification and partial characterization of chickpea 2S albumin   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
A chickpea 2S albumin has been purified by solubilization in 60% methanol and ion-exchange chromatography. Under denaturing conditions it is composed of two peptides of 10 and 12 kDa. Native molecular mass determined by gel filtration chromatography is 20 kDa. Amino acid composition shows that it is rich in sulfur amino acids, mainly cysteine with 4.6% of the total. On the other hand, it has antinutritional characteristics of being allergenic for chickpea-sensitive individuals and inhibitory against porcine chymotrypsin with a lesser degree toward trypsin. The results of interest from a nutritional point of view are discussed.  相似文献   

8.
Phosphorus (P) is a major nutrient factor influencing nitrogen (N) accumulation and partitioning of photosynthates in plants, especially the symbiotic N2‐fixation in legumes. This study was conducted to investigate how P application (0, 20, 40, and 60 kg P2O5/ha) affects symbiotic N2‐fixation of three cultivars (C 235, Pusa 408, and Pusa 417) of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Application of P in general significantly increased leaf area, shoot dry weight, and the rate of acetylene (C2H2) reduction. Phosphorus concentration of shoots and roots, soluble sugar content of nodules, and shoot N accumulation were also significantly increased, especially by P at the 40 kg P2O5/ha rate. The P concentration in nodules was, however, not affected by different levels of P. The Pusa 417 cultivar responded better than the others to the P treatments. Phosphorus‐deficient plants accumulated sugar in their leaves. The interaction effect was found significant on leaf area, shoot dry weight, nodule number, and shoot N accumulation. Pusa 417 gave greatest response to 40 kg P2O5/ha but Pusa 408 and C 235 interacted best with the 20 kg P2O5/ha rate only. The increased nodulation and symbiotic N2‐fixation on P application seem to be the result of morphologically advanced shoots which are making more photosynthates for transport to nodules and not the direct effect of P on the nodules.  相似文献   

9.
Evaluation of Ethiopian chickpea landraces for tolerance to drought   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  
Ethiopia is a secondary center of diversity for chickpea.It is possible that these germplasm lines have developed certain degrees ofadaptation to drought during many centuries of cultivation on residual soilmoisture. We, therefore, evaluated 482 genotypes of chickpea collected fromdifferent regions of Ethiopia for their tolerance to drought at Alem Tena, adrought-prone site. Differences were observed among genotypes in their reactionsto drought and 18 tolerant genotypes were identified based on drought responseindex (DRI). These were in the top 10% yielding genotypes under drought stress.The drought susceptible check Mariye gave grain yields of only 348kg/ha. Two of the drought tolerant genotypes ACC41235 and ACC 209025 were further evaluated in pots alongwith Mariye under stressed and nonstressed moisture regimes.Unlike Mariye the two test genotypes had relatively smallerindividual leaf area, which was further reduced under low moisture stresstreatment. On the other hand, dry root weight, root volume and rooting depthdecreased significantly under low moisture stress only forMariye. It appears that reduced water loss from the plant andextensive extraction of soil moisture are factors involved in the adaptation ofEthiopian chickpeas to drought conditions. The combined effect of the twofactors enables the plant to maintain high water status.  相似文献   

10.
Biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) is a sustainable alternative for nitrogen supply to agriculture worldwide. One approach to increasing BNF in agriculture is to breed and use legumes with greater BNF capacity. To assess the capacity for BNF in chickpea (Cicer arietinum) global germplasm, a genetically diverse subset from the USDA global chickpea core collection was assayed for BNF potential. The greenhouse experiment assayed 39 global accessions and commercial cultivar UC-5, inoculated with Mesorhizobium ciceri. Plant height, branch number, nodule number, shoot weight, root weight, nodule weight, proportion of nitrogen fixed, and total nitrogen fixation were determined. All characteristics varied significantly among the accessions. Proportion of plant nitrogen fixed ranged from 47% to 78% and was correlated with shoot weight (r = 0.21, P < 0.01) and total plant weight (r = 0.20, P < 0.01), but not with nodule number or weight. Accession 254549 from Iraq produced the greatest total fixed nitrogen, more than any other accession and 121% more than that fixed by UC-5. The variation among BNF capacities of the accessions supports the preservation and use of global germplasm resources and suggests that nitrogen fixation in commercial chickpea varieties may be improved by introgressing positive alleles from the global chickpea germplasm collections.  相似文献   

11.
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12.
Chickpea and lentil protein-stabilized emulsions were optimized with regard to pH (3.0-8.0), protein concentration (1.1-4.1% w/w), and oil content (20-40%) for their ability to form and stabilize oil-in-water emulsions using response surface methodology. Specifically, creaming stability, droplet size, and droplet charge were assessed. Optimum conditions for minimal creaming (no serum separation after 24 h), small droplet size (<2 μm), and high net droplet charge (absolute value of ZP > 40 mV) were identified as 4.1% protein, 40% oil, and pH 3.0 or 8.0, regardless of the plant protein used for emulsion preparation.  相似文献   

13.
This study aims to highlight the beneficial effect of the phosphorus on enhancing of growth plant, the efficiency of use rhizobial symbiosis and ionic partition in chickpea grown under salt stress. Exposure of plants to salt stress (0, 150 mM of NaCl) caused ionic imbalance, which resulted in increased Na+ and P and reduced K+ contents in the leaves and root. Indeed, stressed plants showed decrease of plant growth and phosphorus use efficiency. The efficiency use of rhizobial symbiosis was also affected by salinity. However, addition of two different level of phosphorus (37 and 55 mM) to saline soil increased significantly availability of P in plant organs. Specially, the (150 mM NaCl?×?37 mM P) mixture increased (33%) phosphorus use efficiency, induced better nodulation and increased plant biomass which results in the high efficiency in use of the rhizobial symbiosis. Our findings suggest that the combination of low level of P to saline soil presumably improved the tolerance of chickpea plant to salinity.

Abbreviations: phosphorus (P); phosphorus use efficiency (PUE); biological nitrogen fixation (BNF); plant dry weight (PDW); yeast extract mannitol (YEM); efficiency in use of the rhizobial symbiosis (EURS); shoot dry weight (SDW); symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF).  相似文献   

14.
酶解鹰嘴豆蛋白制备抗氧化肽工艺优化研究   总被引：9，自引：3，他引：6  
为优化 Alcalase 蛋白酶酶解鹰嘴豆蛋白制备抗氧化肽的工艺条件,采用响应面分析法,以还原能力、超氧阴离子捕获率为响应值,研究了酶与底物的比值([E]/[S])、酶解温度和酶解时间对制备抗氧化肽工艺的影响.综合考虑成本和工艺要求等问题,最终确定酶解鹰嘴豆蛋白制备抗氧化肽的工艺条件为:底物浓度2%,pH值8.0,[E]/[S]2.72%,温度52℃,时间31 min.该条件下制备的鹰嘴豆酶解产物还原能力和超氧阴离子捕获率分别为0.667和61.55%,与理论预测值的相对误差在±1%以内,说明利用该文建立的模型在实践中进行预测是可行的.  相似文献   

15.
A major limitation to chickpea grown on residual soil moisture after the harvest of rice in the High Barind Tract (HBT) of Bangladesh is acidic surface soil. A diagnostic trial conducted in the 2001/02 season showed that Mo was limiting growth and yield of chickpea. Multilocational on‐farm trials in the 2002/03 season established that Mo applied to the soil at 500 g ha–1 improved nodulation and plant growth and resulted in grain‐yield responses of 58%–173%. In addition, we tested an application method suitable for resource‐poor farmers where Mo and Rhizobium were added in the seed‐priming process. Multilocational trials in farmers' fields in 2003/04 confirmed that this was as effective as soil application of Mo, giving yield responses of 37%–90%. In each of 2004/05 and 2005/06 seasons, 50 farmers implemented on‐farm evaluations of adding Mo + Rhizobium in the priming solution in operational scale plots (666 m2) across the HBT. Mean responses of up to 50%, compared to priming in water only, were obtained. These results suggest that the severe N deficiency of chickpea commonly observed in the HBT can be effectively alleviated by applying Mo and Rhizobium inoculum through a simple low‐cost technology within the scope of resource‐poor farmers.  相似文献   

16.
The determination of flavonoid profiles from different genotypes of triguero asparagus and their comparison to those from green asparagus commercial hybrids was the main goal of this study. The samples consisted of 32 commercial hybrids and 65 genotypes from the Huetor-Tajar population variety (triguero). The analysis of individual flavonoids by HPLC-DAD-MS has allowed the determination of eight naturally occurring flavonol derivatives in several genotypes of triguero asparagus. Those compounds included mono-, di-, and triglycosides of three flavonols, that is, quercetin, isorhamnetin, and kaempferol. The detailed analysis of the flavonoid profiles revealed significant differences among the distinct genotypes. These have been classified in three distinct groups as the result of a k-means clustering analysis, two of them containing both commercial hybrids and triguero asparagus and another cluster constituted by 21 genotypes of triguero asparagus, which contain several key flavonol derivatives able to differentiate them. Hence, the triglycosides tentatively identified as quercetin-3-rhamnosyl-rutinoside, isorhamnetin-3-rhamnosyl-rutinoside, and isorhamnetin-3-O-glucoside have been detected only in the genotypes grouped in the above-mentioned cluster. On the other hand, the compound tentatively identified as isorhamnetin-3-glucosyl-rutinoside was present in most genotypes of triguero asparagus, whereas it has not been detected in any of the commercial hybrids.  相似文献   

17.
Summary Iron-deficiency chlorosis is often seen in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) fields in the Mediterranean region and is particularly severe in fields where iron-deficiency susceptible cultivars are sown. Therefore, ICARDA's breeding programme field evaluated 6224 kabuli chickpea germplasm accessions for iron-deficiency chlorosis on a high pH Calcic Rhodoxeralf soil (pH 8.5, 20–25% calcium carbonate) at Tel Hadya, Syria during the winter and spring of 1987/88. Two resistant and 17 susceptible lines were grown during autumn, winter and spring of 1988/89 to examine the effect of sowing time on the appearance of the deficiency. About 99% of accessions showed no iron-deficiency symptoms. Evaluation of susceptible accessions during autumn, winter, and spring sowing revealed that iron-deficiency chlorosis was more pronounced during winter sowing. There were also significant genotype x season interactions, indicating differential responses of genotypes to time of sowing. Since the iron-deficiency chlorosis character is controlled by recessive genes, a negative selection to discard the susceptible lines from breeding material is recommended as an effective breeding strategy.Joint contribution from ICARDA and ICRISAT (International Crops Research Institute for Semi-Arid Tropics), Patancheru P.O., A. P. 502 324, India.  相似文献   

18.
等离子体对鹰嘴豆分离蛋白溶解性和乳化特性的影响   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  
鹰嘴豆作为植物蛋白的优质来源,营养价值高,但功能性质较差无法满足现代食品工业需求。该研究利用介质阻挡放电(Dielectric Barrier Discharge,DBD)等离子体对鹰嘴豆分离蛋白(Chickpea Protein Isolates,CPI)进行改性处理,研究不同处理时间(0、1、2、3、4 min)对CPI溶解性、乳化特性、结构的影响及其之间的相关性。结果表明:经等离子体处理后,鹰嘴豆分离蛋白溶液的pH值降低,电导率增加。溶解性、乳化活性和乳化稳定性得到显著的改善(P 0.05)。十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分析表明等离子体处理并未改变CPI的组成成分及种类,但7S和11S等主要亚基条带强度增加。等离子体处理后α-螺旋含量、自由巯基含量和表面疏水性显著增加(P 0.05),无规卷曲含量降低(P0.05),表明蛋白的高级结构发生改变。扫描电镜显示随着处理时间的延长,样品的尺寸减小,表面结构变得更为松散。利用Pearson相关性分析和主成分分析表明,不同处理时间后,蛋白结构的变化与功能性质的改善呈现较强的相关性。等离子体处理4 min后,CPI的溶解性及乳化特性达到较优效果,研究结果可为开发利用鹰嘴豆分离蛋白和指导实际生产实践提供技术支持。  相似文献   

19.
Abstract

Field experiments were conducted at the Regional Research Station, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Bawal, India, to evaluate the contribution of different bioinoculants in terms of nodule number, nodule biomass, root rot incidence and seed yield in chickpea. Nodule number and biomass were positively affected by the application of bioinoculants. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) alone or in combination with bioinoculants reduced plant mortality and increased seed yield of the crop. Seed yield at 50% fertilizer dose (RF) plus all the three inoculants was at a maximum during all the three years of experimentation.  相似文献   

20.
Chickpea plants (Cicer arietinum L cv. ILC 195) were grown for 24 days in water culture under two regimes of nitrogen nutrition (NO3 or NH4‐N) with or without Fe. For plants fed with NO3‐N, Fe stress severely depressed fresh weight accumulation and chlorotic symptoms of Fe‐deficiency developed rapidly. Little difference in growth occurred in the NH4‐fed plants, whether or not Fe was withheld, with no visual evidence of Fe‐deficiency indicating a beneficial effect of NH4 in depressing the symptoms of Fe chlorosis. Typical pH changes were measured in the nutrient solution of the control plants in relation to nitrogen supply, increasing with NO3 and decreasing with NH4‐nutrition. With both forms of nitrogen, plants acidified the nutrient solution in response to Fe‐stress. Under NH4‐nutrition, acidification was enhanced by withholding Fe. In the NO3‐fed plants the uptake of all nutrients was reduced by the stress but proportionally NO3‐ and K+ were most affected. Total anion uptake was depressed more than that of cation uptake. For the NH4‐fed plants withholding Fe resulted in an increased uptake of all ions except NH4 + which was depressed. Regardless of the form of N‐supply, when Fe was withheld from the nutrient solution the net H+ efflux calculated from the (C‐A) uptake values was closely balanced by the OH” added to the nutrient solution to compensate for the pH changes. Evidence of accumulation of organic acids in the Fe‐stressed plants was found, especially in the NO3‐fed plants, indicating a role for these internally produced anion charges in balancing cation charge in relation to the depression of NO3 ‐ uptake associated with Fe‐stress.  相似文献   

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