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1.
Abstract. Recent work has demonstrated that the Olsen test for phosphorus (P) is an unreliable predictor of plant-available P in soils derived from basalt parent material in Northern Ireland. The present study was conducted to develop a more reliable soil-P test for these soils by regressing P fractions removed from soil by various chemical extractants against herbage P indices calculated from plant tissue test data using a diagnosis and recommendation integrated system. The degree of P saturation of the soil P sorption capacity, based on ammonium oxalate extractable P, Al and Fe, provided a better prediction of P available to swards on basaltic soils than either the Olsen test or a number of other well-known soil-P test procedures. The superiority of the degree of P saturation test on basaltic soils was attributed to the fact that it simultaneously takes account of both P quantity and P buffering capacity factors in predicting P availability. The Olsen-P test, which accounts for the P quantity factor alone, was only reliable for non-basaltic soils. Re-classifying the P fertility status of basaltic soils according to the degree of P saturation test could result in considerably less P being recommended for these soils with possible consequential benefits to water quality. 相似文献
2.
Phosphorus (P) speciation in 21 basaltic and four non-basaltic Irish grassland soils was determined by NaOH–EDTA extraction and 31 P NMR spectroscopy. Organic P in basaltic soils ranged between 30 and 697 mg P kg−1 and consisted of phosphate monoesters (84–100%), DNA (0–16%) and phosphonates (0–5%). Inorganic P was mainly phosphate (83–100%) with small concentrations of pyrophosphate (0–17%). Phosphate monoesters were more important as a proportion of extracted P in basaltic soils, probably because of their greater oxalate-extractable Fe and Al contents. Phosphate monoesters appeared to be strongly associated with non-crystalline Al and increased with total soil P concentration, indicating that they do accumulate in grassland soils. In non-basaltic soils myo -inositol hexakisphosphate constituted between 20 and 52% of organic P, while scyllo -inositol hexakisphosphate constituted between 12 and 17%. These compounds were not quantified separately in basaltic soils because of poor NMR resolution in the phosphate monoester region, but appeared to represent a considerable proportion of the organic P in most samples. DNA concentrations were greater in basaltic soils compared with non-basaltic soils and were associated with acidic pH and large total C contents. The inability of the Olsen P test to assess effectively the P status of basaltic soils may result from strong phosphate sorption to Fe and Al oxides, inducing plant utilization of soil organic P. Phosphorus nutrient management should account for this to avoid over-application of P and associated financial and environmental costs. 相似文献
3.
The influence of parent material and livestock intensification on plant-available phosphorus values by the Olsen method in Northern Ireland 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Abstract. Leaching of phosphorus (P) from agricultural land is the major cause of eutrophication of surface waters in Northern Ireland. However, soil testing using the Olsen method has shown that while soil P in some catchment areas of the Province is low, surface waters within these catchments are, nonetheless, every bit as eutrophic as other local catchments where soil P is high. Soil P measurements on over 6000 samples from Northern Ireland soils (A horizon only) have indicated that Olsen-P values of improved grassland on most parent materials are linearly related to animal intensification. Exceptions are soils derived from peat, marl and basalt. For each of the latter soils, the measured Olsen-P was shown to be around 10 mg L–1 lower than expected for farms with similar intensification on other parent materials. In particular, the mean Olsen-P values of samples from basaltic soils under grass with total Fe above 62 g kg–1 and total Mg above 16 g kg–1 were significantly lower than those from basaltic soils with low total Fe (<37 g kg–1 ) and total Mg (<8 g kg–1 ). As a result of the depressed Olsen-P value, excessive quantities of P may be applied to these soils to maintain a recommended soil P index thereby enhancing the potential for nutrient enrichment of adjacent surface waters. In such cases, coworkers have shown that acid ammonium oxalate may be a better extractant than bicarbonate as an indicator of plant-available P. 相似文献
4.
长期施肥下黄壤旱地磷对水环境的影响及其风险评价 总被引：23，自引：1，他引：23
通过对贵州中部黄壤旱坡地进行采样以及采用无界径流小区法收集地表径流样品 ,探讨长期施肥下旱地磷素水平与地表径流磷浓度的变化及其对水环境的影响。结果表明 :长期施肥下黄壤旱地的磷素水平不断提高 ,CaCl2 浸提磷 (溶解态活性磷 )和NaOH浸提磷 (藻类可利用的土壤总磷 )与土壤全磷或有效磷之间存在显著的相关性 ,土壤富磷化的同时 ,旱地磷对水环境影响的潜能明显提高。黄壤旱坡地中CaCl2 浸提磷、Olsen P、NaOH浸提磷、土壤磷吸持指数、土壤磷饱和度与地表径流中颗粒态磷、生物有效性磷和溶解态活性磷之间的相关性均达显著水平 ,以这些参数作为评价指标 ,初步将黄壤旱地磷对水环境的潜在影响程度分为 3个等级 相似文献
5.
《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(3):537-550
ABSTRACT Evaluation of the plant-available phosphorus (P) in calcareous soils is commonly performed by removing a portion of solid phase P using chemical extractants. Critical soil test values, however, may be affected by variation in sorption and buffering behavior of different soils. The objective of this study was to evaluate the importance of buffering capacity indices to predict P uptake by wheat (Triticum aestivum). Eleven surface soil samples were assayed for a number of P intensity (CaCl2-P) and quantity (Olsen-P, Colwell-P, and Resin-P) factors. Some phosphorus buffering indices were obtained from P sorption equations. A single-point index of buffering was also determined experimentally. In a greenhouse experiment, wheat was grown for 35 and 70 days on the same soils and P uptake was determined. Nonlinear and linear equations described the P sorption data (P < 0.001). Buffering indices derived from these equations were highly correlated with single-point index of capacity. Clay content was the most important soil property affecting the buffering capacity factor. The phosphorus intensity index (CaCl2-P) was weakly related to P uptake (P < 0.05). Among the quantity factors only Resin-P was significantly correlated with P uptake. Buffering indices showed significant but inverse relationships with P uptake only at 70 days harvest (r = ?0.69 to ?0.71; P < 0.05). Combination of intensity or quantity factors with buffering capacity indices, such as intensity/capacity or quantity/capacity indicators, improved considerably the ability to account for variations in P uptake by wheat. 相似文献
6.
Profile characteristics of accumulated P in 10 representative soils of vegetable fields in suburban districts of Beijing were investigated. Bioavailability of the accumulated P and its potential effect on the environment were studied in a greenhouse pot experiment and a soil column experiment. The results showed that the concentration of Olsen-P in the 0～20 cm soil samples of the vegetable fields ranged from 22.1 to 358.0 mg kg-1, which was 2 to 10 times higher than that of the crop fields in the suburbs of Beijing. Most of the excessive phosphorus was accumulated in the topsoils. The longer the soils cultivated with vegetables, the higher the soil total P, Olsen-P and organic matter concentration. Accumulated P in the soils from vegetable fields had higher bioavailability. Application of phosphorus fertilizer could not increase the dry weights of cucumbers, Chinese cabbage, and rape seedlings continuously planted. The soil column study showed high P concentration (＞ 0.6 mg L-1) in the leachates from the columns of the vegetable field soils with high accumulated P, which has a potential effect on the groundwater and natural water quality. 相似文献
7.
红壤一般偏酸且铁铝富集,磷与铁、铝形成Fe-P、Al-P,降低了红壤磷的有效性。施磷提高红壤供磷能力,但是未被作物利用的磷积累在土壤中,对水体环境构成威胁。研究红壤磷素状况对于提高作物产量和保护环境具有重要意义。已有很多关于红壤磷素状况方面的报道,但是很少将红壤磷素状况与水体磷进行关联分析。在典型红壤区江西省余江县布点采集了旱地和水田土样各54份,周边水样24份,分析了土壤有效磷(Olsen-P和Bray-P)含量、水溶性磷(CaCl2-P)含量和水样总磷含量。结果表明,以Olsen-P为指标,11%的旱地和39%的水田土壤缺磷,61%的旱地和39%的水田土壤磷适合作物生长,11%的旱地和11%的水田土壤处于高磷状态。以Bray-P为指标,11%的旱地和33%的水田土壤缺磷,6%的旱地和33%的水田土壤磷适合作物生长,77%的旱地和6%的水田土壤处于高磷状态。Olsen-P、Bray-P与CaCl2-P三者之间具有极显著相关关系,对Olsen-P与Ca Cl2-P、Bray-P与CaCl2-P分别进行回归分析,求得土壤磷流失突变点的Olsen-P和Bray-P含量分别为56.31和118.4 mg·kg-1。依据这两个标准,水田土壤有效磷均未超过磷流失突变点,旱地土壤Olsen-P和Bray-P超过突变点的样品比例分别为50%和33%。水田周边排水沟渠水的总磷含量均低于《地表水环境质量标准》Ⅱ类水标准。总之,调查的红壤区水田土壤整体较为缺磷、磷流失风险低,旱地土壤有效磷含量和磷流失风险都较高。 相似文献
8.
北京地区菜园土壤磷素积累的剖面特征及对环境的潜在影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Profile characteristics of accumulated P in 10 representative soils of vegetable fields in suburban districts of Beijing were investigated. Bioavailability of the accumuIated P and its potential effect on the environment were studied in a greenhouse pot experiment and a soil column experiment. The results showed that theconcentration of Olsen-P in the 0-20 cm soil samples of the vegetable fields ranged from 22.1 to 358.0 mg kg-1, which was 2 to 10 times higher than that of the crop fields in the suburbs of Beijing. Most of theexcessive phosphorus was accumulated in the topsoils. The longer the soils cultivated with vegetables, thehigher the soil total P, Olsen-P and organic matter concentration. Accumulated P in the soils from vegetablefields had higher bioavailability. Application of phosphorus fertilizer could not increase the dry weights ofcucumbers, Chinese cabbage, and rape seedlings continuously planted. The soil column study showed high P concentration (> 0.6 mg L-1) in the leachates from the columns of the vegetable field soils with high accumulated P, which has a potential effect on the groundwater and natural water quality. 相似文献
9.
太湖水网地区不同种植类型农田磷素渗漏流失研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
采用田间原位小型土壤渗漏计法研究了太湖流域水网地区不同种植类型农田土壤中的速效磷累积量与渗漏水中磷素含量之间的关系。结果表明:研究区菜地、果园高的年均磷肥施用量分别为946.8 kg/hm2和832.6 kg/hm2,显著高于水田的年均磷肥施用量（83.6 kg/hm2）,约为水田的10～12倍。施入农田中的磷肥主要累积在土壤表层,0—5 cm土层中的Olsen-P含量最高,菜地、果园和水田的平均含量分别高达161.75 mg/kg、143.88 mg/kg和23.77 mg/kg,菜地和果园显著高于水田,约为水田的6～8倍。随着土层深度的增加,土壤中Olsen-P的含量显著降低。农田浅层渗漏水中的可溶态磷在总磷中所占的比例远高于颗粒态磷所占的比例。本研究结果显示,农田浅层渗漏水中溶解性正磷酸盐（DRP）含量与土壤中速效磷（Olsen-P）含量之间具有极显著的指数相关关系,表明伴随着农田施肥量的增加和土壤中速效磷含量的增加,浅层渗漏水中的溶解性正磷酸盐含量会显著增加,大大提高了农田磷素的渗漏淋失风险,造成对农业面源污染的巨大潜在压力。 相似文献
10.
福建菜田氮磷积累状况及其淋失潜力研究 总被引：9，自引：1，他引：8
本文通过采集460个福建菜田代表性耕层土样,采用土壤测试和土柱渗漏水模拟试验的方法研究菜田土壤硝态氮和Olsen P含量状况和淋失临界指标及其淋失潜力。结果表明,耕层土壤硝态氮含量为47.455.5 mg/kg,Olsen-P含量则为61.743.2 mg/kg, 其中瓜果类蔬菜种植地土壤硝态氮和Olsen-P含量明显高于叶菜类和根茎类蔬菜种植地。 应用双速率转折点建模法,得到氮、 磷淋失临界指标X0分别为土壤硝态氮76.3 mg/kg和Olsen-P 42.8 mg/kg。 淋失临界值相当于或略高于满足蔬菜营养的农学指标。当土壤硝态氮或Olsen-P含量低于X0时,随着其含量增加,渗漏水硝态氮或总磷浓度以线性方式缓慢增加,反之,则以非线性形式急剧增大。土壤硝态氮和Olsen-P含量高于其X0的土样数分别占17.9%和81.3%, 表明这些样点具有较高的氮、 磷淋失潜力,是氮、 磷污染控制的关键地块。 瓜果类菜田土壤硝态氮和Olsen-P含量高于其X0的土样数分别占到32.3%和96.3%,淋失潜力明显高于叶菜类和根茎类菜田,是氮、 磷污染控制的优先区域。 相似文献
11.
不同栽培年限日光温室土壤磷素累积特性研究 总被引：6，自引：2，他引：4
测定了陕西关中地区不同栽培年限日光温室土壤不同形态磷素的含量,以评价土壤磷素累积特性。结果表明:与农田土壤相比,日光温室栽培土壤全磷、有效磷、水溶性磷含量显著增加,土壤表层Olsen-P和水溶性磷平均含量分别达227 mg kg-1和8.45 mg kg-1;0～20 cm土层土壤全磷、Olsen-P和水溶性磷含量平均分别为农田的1.78倍,8.00倍和3.70倍,20～40 cm土层的分别为农田的0.62倍,3.24倍和2.53倍;且随日光温室栽培年限的增加,不同形态磷的累积量呈逐年递增的趋势。日光温室土壤全磷、有效磷、水溶性磷三者关系呈显著线性相关关系,有效磷与水溶性磷达极显著正相关。表明研究地区日光温室栽培下土壤磷素过量累积带来的淋溶风险值得关注。 相似文献
12.
长期不施肥条件下几种典型土壤全磷和Olsen-P的变化 总被引：8，自引：3，他引：5
研究了11个不同气候条件、不同耕作制度、典型土壤类型长期定位试验不施肥处理土壤全磷和Olsen-P变化及其影响因素。结果表明,在长期不施肥条件下耕作,土壤Olsen-P含量下降比全磷的明显;在试验进行5年左右,土壤全磷含量都有所降低,以后各点表现不尽相同,新疆灰漠土、长沙水稻土和郑州潮土全磷含量随时间延长呈显著直线下降,其它试验点全磷的变化不明显;作物携出磷与土壤全磷下降之间,无论绝对含量或相对含量都不成比例。土壤Olsen磷下降率比全磷高几倍。Olsen-P下降趋势与起始土壤Olsen磷含量有关:起始土壤Olsen-P磷大于20 mg/kg时,25年内一直呈现明显下降趋势,降低40.5 mg/kg,特别是前5年下降更快,降低30 mg/kg;起始土壤Olsen-P为10～20 mg/kg时,下降趋势比前者缓慢,15年内一直呈明显下降趋势,下降19 mg/kg, 前5年下降15 mg/kg,15年后几乎不变;起始土壤Olsen-P小于10 mg/kg时,25年内无明显变化。Olsen-P下降量与起始Olsen-P占全磷的比例成显著直线关系。 相似文献
13.
潮土磷素累积流失风险及环境阈值 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：1
潮土是中国分布比较广、施肥强度大的典型耕作土壤，潮土中磷素累积与流失对区域水环境的污染风险不容忽视。该研究在潮土面积最大的河南省采集磷素水平不同的典型潮土作为供试土壤，采用人工模拟降雨及土柱模拟试验方法，通过测定土壤中Olsen-P和溶解态活性磷CaCl2-P含量以及径流或淋滤液中各形态磷浓度，研究了潮土中磷素随地表径流和下渗流失特征，并通过分段线性模型对潮土的磷素环境阈值进行拟合。结果表明：1）不同形态磷在潮土土壤剖面中均有一定程度的累积，土壤Olsen-P和CaCl2-P含量表现为高磷最大，中磷次之，低磷最小，而磷吸持指数值表现为低磷最大，中磷次之，高磷最小。从磷素的剖面分布来看，低磷和中磷水平潮土Olsen-P和CaCl2-P含量随着土壤深度的增加而降低，而高磷水平的潮土Olsen-P和CaCl2-P含量在20～40 cm土层含量最高。2）不同磷水平潮土径流中总磷（TP）、可溶性总磷（TDP）和颗粒磷（PP）浓度和流失量大小表现为高磷最高，中磷和低磷水平土壤次之，潮土径流流失以PP为主。3）低磷和中磷水平潮土淋滤液中的各形态磷浓度和流失量随着土层深度的增加而降低，而在高磷水平的潮土淋滤液中，20～40 cm土层淋滤液中磷浓度和流失量要显著高于其他土层，在整个土壤剖面磷素浓度随着土层深度的增加呈现先上升后下降的趋势，潮土淋滤流失以TDP为主，其中，高磷和低磷水平潮土以可溶性有机磷占主导，而中磷水平潮土以钼酸盐反应磷（MRP）占主导。4）通过分段回归模型将不同含磷水平潮土的水溶性磷与土壤中Olsen-P含量进行拟合，得出潮土土壤磷素环境阈值为24.65 mg/kg，研究还表明径流和渗漏液中TP浓度与土壤CaCl2-P含量呈显著正相关，因此可通过测定CaCl2-P来预测并判断土壤磷素流失风险。 相似文献
14.
Mohsen Jalali 《Compost science & utilization》2013,21(4):241-246
The use of organic residue is appropriate in maintaining long-term phosphorus (P) requirement of crops. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of time and organic residue addition on P availability in some calcareous soils. Five plant residues and two manures in a wide range of C/N ratios were added to the soil samples at rates of 20 g kg?1 soil. The samples were incubated for 2, 72, 336, 672, 1440, and 2160 hours at constant temperature and moisture. Extractable phosphorus (Olsen-P) was determined after the incubation. There were decreases in the Olsen-P in all five amended soils during 2160 hours of incubation. The power model was found to be suitable to describe P transformation rates from amended soils. The constant b in the power model of P for amended soils was defined as transformation rate were in the order (average of five soils) vegetables waste > sheep manure > potato > poultry manure > sunflower > rape > weeds residues. There were significant correlations between C/P in residues and parameters a and parameter b. There were significant correlations between clay content and calcium carbonate and transformation rate of P in soils. The model parameters of P are suitable to estimate the P-fertilizer effect of organic residues. 相似文献
15.
潮土CaCl2-P含量对磷肥施用的响应及其淋失风险分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
16.
作物的磷素需求和投入的差异导致土壤磷素积累对环境的影响不同。通过分析京郊平谷区果树、蔬菜和粮食作物的磷素投入数量和农田土壤有效磷含量,比较研究不同作物体系中土壤磷素积累对环境的影响。结果表明,粮田、菜地和果园平均年际磷投入量分别为76、575kgP2O5·hm^-2和693kgP2O5·hm^-2,其中菜地和果园的磷素投入以有机肥为主,年际磷盈余分别达到498kgP2O5·hm^-2和468kgP2O5·hm^-2,远大于粮田的磷素盈余（38kgP2O5·hm^-2）。这种状况造成粮田、菜地和果园土壤Olsen—P含量差异很大,分别为18．4（n=260）、44．3（n=108）mg·kg^-1和40．4mg·kg^-1（n=548）。分析钙质土壤Olsen—P与CaCl2浸提P的相关性发现,钙质土壤存在着Olsen—P与CaCl2-P突变拐点即磷的淋溶拐点,在拐点之后土壤CaCl2-P随土壤Olsen—P的增加而显著增加,且土壤磷淋溶拐点明显受土壤类型及质地的影响。按质地分类,砂壤、轻壤和重壤拐点分别是23．1、40．1mg·kg^-1和51．5mg·kg^-1,土壤质地由轻至重拐点Olsen—P值随之逐渐增加。根据质地模拟,7．7％的粮田、44．0％的菜田、33．6％的果园土壤磷淋失风险较高。因此,合理的磷素投入在果树、蔬菜作物的可持续生产中具有重要的意义。 相似文献
17.
采用土柱培养的模拟试验方法研究了在不同磷水平土壤上大量施用磷肥和有机肥对土壤测试磷、土壤磷渗漏的影响及影响机理。结果表明,不同磷水平土壤施用磷肥或有机肥土壤CaCl2-P、Olsen—P和土壤渗漏液中可溶性磷均显著增加;单位量磷肥或有机肥所增加土壤各形态磷量随土壤磷水平的增加而增大;随着磷肥或有机肥用量的增加,单位量磷肥或有机肥所增加各形态磷量也逐渐增大,差异均达到显著和极显著水平。在施用磷肥的基础上增施有机肥可以提高土壤CaCl2-P、Olsen—P含量和土壤渗漏液中可溶性磷的增长幅度。土壤磷的渗漏量与土壤测试磷呈显著正相关;单位量磷肥或有机肥所增加的土壤渗漏磷量随着磷肥或有机肥用量以及土壤磷水平的增加而增加。Olsen—P含量与土壤磷吸持指数（PSI）呈显著负相关关系,与土壤磷的吸附饱和度（DPS）呈显著正相关关系。 相似文献
18.
L. Z. Liang R. F. Shen X. Y. Yi X. Q. Zhao Z. C. Chen R. F. Chen & X. Y. Dong 《Soil Use and Management》2009,25(2):152-158
Due to the high economic value of vegetables, farmers in China often apply more fertilizer than is required for plant growth. This leads to phosphorus accumulation in soils, which can pollute the aquatic environment. This conflict arises because vegetables often use nutrients inefficiently, and require high phosphorus levels in the growth medium. In this study, amaranth ( Amaranthus mangostanus L.) was grown in soils with 14.7, 23.8, 45.3, 54.6, 74.2, 101 or 116 mg Olsen-P/kg, and with and without phosphorus fertilizer (175 mg P/kg or equivalent to 385 kg P/ha). The yield of amaranth was positively correlated with soil Olsen-P content. CaCl2 -P content was positively correlated with Olsen-P content and CaCl2 -P markedly increased at Olsen-P contents exceeding 53.8 mg P/kg in the pot experiment or 55.9 mg P/kg in the field survey. These values were regarded as the 'change points' for phosphorus loss; to achieve 85 or 95% of maximum amaranth yield, the amaranth crop required 91or 101 mg Olsen-P/kg soil, respectively, and application of 175 mg P/kg was still able to significantly increase amaranth yield at an Olsen-P level of 74.2 mg P/kg soil. These results indicated that the phosphorus requirement of amaranth exceeded the 'change point' (53.8 or 55.9 mg Olsen-P/kg); the C min (minimum concentration in the media at which no net influx occurs) of phosphorus for 3-week-old amaranth was 1.55 μ m . This value is much higher than that reported for other crops, and may explain the inefficient P use of amaranth. The high C min value also indicates that the phosphorus requirement of amaranth is beyond the 'change point' of P loss. 相似文献
19.
Tahereh Raiesi Ali Reza Hosseinpur 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2017,48(5):501-510
The objectives of this research were to evaluate the rhizospheric effects of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) on phosphorus (P) availability and dissolved organic carbon (DOC), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), microbial biomass phosphorus (MBP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and P in the particulate fraction (PF-P) in some calcareous soils under rhizobox conditions. The results showed that DOC, MBC, MBP and ALP strongly increased in the rhizosphere soils compared with the bulk soils (p < 0.05). Also, the amounts of PF-P and P extracted with different tests in the rhizosphere were lower compared to the bulk soils (p < 0.05). The correlation studies showed that plant indices (dry yield and P uptake) had a positive relationship with Olsen-P, MBP, DOC, ALP and PF-P in both the rhizosphere and the bulk soil. Therefore, bean rhizosphere caused increases of DOC, MBC, MBP and ALP and decreases of available P and PF-P in the studied soils. In addition, the results of this research showed that the Olsen-P method and MBP and PF-P could be used to estimate bean-available P in the studied calcareous soils. 相似文献
20.
漫灌和滴灌棉花土壤有效磷丰缺指标与临界值研究 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3